Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Muhammad Faizan Malik

 Week 5 – Timers and Counters

2
Course Outline
Week Topic
1 Introduction
8051Microcontroller
2
 Architecture
3  Assembly Language
4  Assembly Language Contd.
 Timers and Counters
5, 6  Serial Port
 Interrupt
7  Design and Interface Examples
8086 / 8088 Microprocessor
8
 Introduction and Architecture
9 Midterm Exam
10  Hardware and Design
11  Programming in Assembly
PIC 18 F Microcontroller
12
 Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins
13  Programming
14  Timers
15, 16  Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers
17 Revision

3
Organization

 Introduction

 Timers
 Delay Generation
 Measuring Time

 Counters

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Timers and Counters
 2 Timers in 8051
 T0
 T1

 Timers can be used to

1. Measure time between events
2. Generate required amount of time
3. Count events
4. Generate baud rate for Serial communication

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Timers and Counters
Modes of operation are

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

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Timers and Counters
 Always counts up in any operational mode
 Timer
 Counter

 Timer
 Timer increments by 1 every machine cycle
 Counter
 Increments at every input pulse

Time of 1 Machine Cycle, for 12 MHZ crystal?

1 micro second for crystal of 12 MHz
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Timers and Counters
Time of 1 Machine Cycle for 11.0592 MHz crystal?
 Oscillator (Crystal) : 11.0592 MHz

 12 Clock cycles make 1 Machine cycle

1 Machine Cycle = 12 Clock cycles

 Time of 1 clock cycle = 1 / 11.0592M

 Time of 1 Machine Cycle = 12* (1 / 11.0592M )

1 Machine Cycle = 1.0851 Micro Seconds

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Timers and Counters
Timer SFRs

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Timers and Counters
Timer SFRs

SFR Timer Description

TMOD T0 and T1 Set Timer Mode

TCON T0 and T1 Control Timer Operation

TL0 T0 Timer 0 Low Byte

TH0 T0 Timer 0 High Byte

TL1 T1 Timer 1 Low Byte

TH1 T1 Timer 1 High Byte

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Timers and Counters
 Separate Registers – TH and TL
 High and Low byte of Timer
 Timer 0:
TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
TIMER 0

 Timer 1:
TH1 TL1
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
TIMER 1

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Timers and Counters
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Configuring = 1 Timer will only run when INT1 is
Timers high. (Calculate Time between
7 GATE1 1
events)
= 0 for Timer1

TMOD =1 Input on P3.5 drives time. Counter

6 C/T1 Mode 1
= 0 Crystal drives Timer. Timer Mode
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
= 1 Timer will only run when INT0 is
high. (Calculate Time between
3 GATE0 0
events)
= 0 for Timer0
=1 Counter
2 C/T0 0
= 0 Timer
1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
12
0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
Timers and Counters

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 Timers

14
Timers and Counters
Modes of operation are

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

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Timers

 Timer Operation
1. Configure timers (TMOD)
2. Initialize values (TH and TL)
3. Start and Stop Timer (TCON)

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Timers
Using 8051 Timers TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
 TH and TL contain the TIMER 0
‘value’ of timer
TH1 TL1
 Timers count UP. This value (1 Byte) (1 Byte)
will be incremented by 1 every TIMER 1
machine cycle

 When TH and TL have maximum value, next machine cycle would set
them both to ZERO.

 Practice
 What is the maximum value TH and TL (1 Byte each) can have?

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Timers
Using 8051 Timers
TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
 What is the maximum value TIMER 0
TH and TL (1 Byte each) can have?

 Maximum value = 1111 111 1111 1111

TH TL
 = FF FF = 65,535

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 Maximum value of Timer TH0 TL0
(1 Byte) (1 Byte)
Registers= FF FF = 65,535 TIMER 0

Timer
Operation Timer
Value
(TH , TL)

Time
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Timers
Timer Modes

 Mode 0 – 13 Bit Timer

 Mode 1 – 16 Bit Timer
 Mode 2 – 8 Bit Timer
 Mode 3 – Split Timer

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Timers
Timer Modes

 Mode 0 – 13 Bit Timer

 To keep compatibility with 8048 (old)
 TL counts 0 to 31
 From 31, TL resets to ZERO and increments TH by 1

 Not used generally

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Timers
Timer Modes

65,535d
 Mode 1 – 16 Bit Timer FF FFh
 Commonly used
 Counts up to FF FF and resets to zero

 Working: as discussed previously

Timer
Value
(TH , TL)

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Timers
Timer Modes
 Mode 2 – 8 Bit Timer
 8 Bit Auto-Reload Mode
 TH = Reload value
 TL = Time Value Reset
Reload
Timer
Value
Value

23 Time
 Timers
Timer Modes

 Mode 3 – Split Timer

 When Timer 0 is placed in mode 3, it becomes 2 x 8 bit Timers
 Timer 0 is TL0
 Timer 1 is TH0
 Bits of Timer1 are related to TH0

 Timer 1 can be in mode 0,1 or 2.

 Timer 1 will be incremented every machine cycle in any case – no
control

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Timers
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Configuring = 1 Timer will only run when INT1 is
high. (Calculate Time between
Timers 7 GATE1
events)
1

TMOD = 0 for Timer1

=1 Input on P3.5 drives time. Counter
6 C/T1 Mode 1
= 0 Crystal drives Timer. Timer Mode
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
= 1 Timer will only run when INT0 is
high. (Calculate Time between
3 GATE0 0
events)
= 0 for Timer0
=1 Counter
2 C/T0 0
= 0 Timer
1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
25 0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
Timers
Configuring Timers
TMOD

Timer Mode

TxM1 TxM0 Timer Mode Description of Mode

0 0 0 13-bit Timer.
0 1 1 16-bit Timer
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload
1 1 3 Split timer mode

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 Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Timers = 1 for External Time
7 GATE1 Measurement 1
Configuring Timers = 0 for Timer 1
TMOD =1 Counter
6 C/T1 1
= 0 Timer
5 T1M1 Timer mode bit 1
Practice 4 T1M0 Timer mode bit 1
 Timer 0 in Mode 1 = 1 for External Time
3 GATE0 Measurement 0
 Timer 1 in Mode 2 = 0 for Timer 0
Timer Description =1 Counter
TxM1 TxM0 2 C/T0 0
Mode of Mode = 0 Timer
0 0 0 13-bit Timer. 1 T0M1 Timer mode bit 0
0 1 1 16-bit Timer 0 T0M0 Timer mode bit 0
8-bit auto-
1 0 2
reload
Split timer
1 1 3
27 mode
Timers
Configuring Timers
TMOD
 Timer0 in Mode1
 Timer1 in Mode3

MOV tmod,#00100001b

OR

MOV tmod,#21h

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Timers
Controlling Timers
TCON
Bit Name Explanation of Function Timer
Timer 1 Overflow.
7 TF1 1
= 1 when T1 Overflows
Timer 1 Run.
6 TR1 = 1 Timer1 Runs 1
= 0 Timer 1 Stops
Timer 0 Overflow.
5 TF0 0
= 1 when T0 Overflows
Timer 0 Run.
4 TR0 = 1 Timer0 Runs 0
= 0 Timer 0 Stops

Lower Bits are related to Interrupts and will be covered later on

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Timers
Controlling Timers
TCON

setb tr0 ;running the timer

Label: JNB tf0, Label ; waiting till overflow flag is set

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Timers

Using 8051 / 8052 Timers

 How to run timers for a given time?

 How to measure time between 2 events?

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 How to run timers for a given time?

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 How to run timers for a given time?
1. Select Timer Mode – TMOD
2. Store a Value in Timer Register – TH and TL
3. Wait for Timer to Over-flow or Reset – TCON

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 How to run timers for a given time?
1. Select Timer Mode
2. Set an appropriate Value in Timer Register

Timer Value = 65535 – (Desired

Number of Machine Cycle)
Value Reset
Timer
Value

34 Time
Timers
Practice
 Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

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Timers
 Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

 Finding Value of Timer

 0.05 sec = 50,000 micro seconds

 1.0851 micro sec = 1 Machine Cycle

 1 micro sec = (1 / 1.0851) Machine Cycles
 50,000 micro sec = 50,000 * (1/1.0851)
= 46079 Machine Cycles

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

Value to load in TH and TL?

 Timer Value = 65535 – (Desired Number of Pulses)

= 65535 – 46079
= 19456 = 4C 00h

 TH = 4Ch ; TL = 00h

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

Timer Mode
 Mode 1 = 16 Bit timer Mode can be used
 TMOD = 0000 0001b
T1 T0

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Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 Set P3.0 high for 0.05 seconds using Timer 0

MOV TMOD,#00000001b;
MOV TH0,#4Ch;
MOV TL0,#00h;

setb P3^0
setb TR0

Here: JNB TF0, Here

CLR P3^0

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Timers

 How to measure time between 2 events?

40
Timers
Using 8051 / 8052 Timers
 How to measure time between 2 events?

2 Timers

Serial
Timers Counters
Port

Measure Generate
Time Time

41
Timers
 How to measure time between 2 events?

 Set GATE Bit in TMOD

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Timers
 How to measure time between 2 events?

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Timers
 How to measure time between 2 events?

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Timers
 How to measure time between 2 events?

 Set GATE Bit in TMOD

 C / T = 0 to ensure that crystal is connected to timers

 When TR = 1, timer will run ONLY WHEN P3.2or P3.3 is set

 So, timer value be corresponding to the time P3.2 or P3.3

remains high

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 Counters

46
Counters

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Counter
Counter

 If TCON – Bit “C/T” = 1

 Timer runs as counter

 Timer 0 – Pin 3.4 (T0)

 Timer 1 – Pin 3.5 (T1)

 Events (pulses) on these pins will be counted

 Frequency consideration

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Counter
Counter

 Value of Timer is incremented by 1 when there is 1-to-0

(High to Low) transition on the pin

 For counter to count, there must be 1 during one

machine cycle and 0 during next machine cycle

 Maximum frequency: 2 machine cycles = 2 micro sec (for

12 MHz crystal)
Frequency = 500 kHz

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Acknowledgement

Material used with permission of

 Dr. Javaid Iqbal

 Head of Department, Mechatronics Engineering
 College of EME, NUST

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Javaid who has been a great

teacher and still helps and supports me

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