World University of Bangladesh

An Assessment of
Semester Final
Physiology-II

Course Code: PHR-304

Course Title: Physiology-II
Program: Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons.)
Department of Pharmacy
World University of Bangladesh

Submitted By
Name: Md. Nure Alamin Siddik
Id: Wub14/19/25/729
Batch: 25th
Department of Pharmacy
World University of Bangladesh

Submitted To
Rahima Akter
Lecturer
Department of Pharmacy
World University of Bangladesh

Date of Submission: 15 June 2020

 Answer to the Question No. 1

 Principle division of nervous system are following as below-

 Properties of Sympathetic Nervous System are

 Prepares the body for defense and emergency.

 Widespread function due to many postganglionic fibers.
 Catabolic function mobilizes body energies.
 Generally, vasoconstrictor and varies blood pressure.
 Accelerates heart rate and increase blood pressure.
 Dilating the pupil of the eye.
 Slow down peristalsis.

 Properties of Parasympathetic Nervous System.

 Serves to comfort the body by promoting the orderly process of the body.
  Discrete action with few postganglionic fibers.
 Anabolic function conserves body energies.
 Generally, vasodilator and lower blood pressure.
 Decrease heart rate and decreased blood pressure.
 Constricts the pupil of the eye.
 Increases peristalsis.

Answer to the Question No. 2

Neurotransmitter: A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that is released from a nerve

cell and then transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to its target. A target can be another
nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue.

Classify Neurotransmitter with their Function below-

According to function there are various type of neurotransmitter are following as below

Adrenaline

 Adrenaline is primarily a hormone released by the adrenal gland, but some neurons
may secrete it as a neurotransmitter.

 It increases heart rate and blood flow, leading to a physical boost and heightened
awareness.

 It is produced during stressful or exciting situations.

Noradrenaline

 In contrast to adrenaline, noradrenaline is predominantly a neurotransmitter that is

occasionally released as a hormone.

 It contracts blood vessels and increases blood flow, improving attention and the speed
at which responsive actions occur.
Dopamine

 It is primarily responsible for feelings of pleasure, but is also involved in movement

and motivation.

 People tend to repeat behaviors that lead to dopamine release, leading to addictions.

 Abnormal dopamine secretion is common in specific movement disorders, like

Parkinson’s disease.

Serotonin

 Contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness.

 Is affected by exercise and light exposure, and plays a role in the sleep cycle and
digestive system regulation.

GABA

 Inhibits neuron firing in the CNS – high levels improve focus whereas low levels
cause anxiety.

 Also contributes to motor control and vision.

Acetylcholine

 Involved in thought, learning and memory within the brain.

 Activates muscle contraction in the body and is also associated with attention and
awakening.

Glutamate

 Most common brain neurotransmitter.

 Regulates development and creation of new nerve pathways and hence is involved in
learning and memory.
Endorphins

 Release is associated with feelings of euphoria and a reduction in pain (body’s natural
'pain killers’)

 Released during exercise, excitement and sex.

Answer to the Question No. 3

Muscle tone: Muscle tone is the maintenance of partial contraction of a muscle, important
for generating reflexes, maintaining posture and balance, and controlling proper function of
other organ systems.

Difference between Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System below-

Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic nervous system is the part of Autonomic nervous system is the part of the
1. the nervous system which controls the nervous system which regulates the
voluntary movement in the body involuntary movement in the body

2. Also known as the voluntary nervous Also known as the involuntary nervous system
system

3. Innervates the voluntary skeletal Innervates involuntary smooth muscles,

muscles cardiac muscles, and glands

4. Detects sensory stimuli, smell, noise, Detect sensory stimuli such as blood pressure,
taste, light, touch, pain and salinity and pH
temperature

5. Always causes the excitatory response May causes either excitatory or inhibitory
to the effector response at the effector
 6. Releases acetylcholine at the effector Releases acetylcholine or norepinephrine at the
effector

7. Composed of a single neuron between Composed of two neuron with a single synapse
CNS and effector neuron between CNS and effector organ

8. Composed of thick myelinated nerve Composed of both thin and thick myelinated
fibers nerve fibers

9. Spinal and cranial nerves are the two Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are
branches the two branches

10. Functions include posture and Functions include secretion and control of
movement metabolism

Answer to the Question No. 4

 Name of various Endocrine Glands are following as below

 Pituitary glands
 Pineal glands
 Thyroid glands
 Adrenal glands
 Thymus glands
 Pancreas
 Ovary
 Testis

 Functions of Pituitary Glands

 Growth
 Blood pressure
 Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation
of uterine contractions during childbirth
 Breast milk production
  Sex organ functions in both males and females
 Thyroid gland function
 The conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
 Water and osmolality regulation in the body
 Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by
the kidneys
 Temperature regulation
 Pain relief

The main hormones produced by the pituitary are:

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH anti-diuretic hormone, or vasopressin
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GH growth hormone
LH luteinizing hormone
PRL prolactin
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone

Most hormones are released every one to three hours and run in conjunction with the body's
circadian rhythm. This means that hormone production is at its peak during the day hours and
level off as night falls. Other hormones rely on certain factors, such as the menstrual cycle,
to determine production levels.

 Function of Thyroid Glands

The thyroid gland is one of the main regulators of metabolism. T3 and T4 typically act via
nuclear receptors in target tissues and initiate a variety of metabolic pathways.

 It has role in growth

 It has role in development
 It stimulates heart rate
 It stimulates hearts concentration
 Stimulate synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates
 Degrade cholesterol and triglyceride
 Enhance beta-adrenergic receptors to catecholamines
 It increases vitamin requirement
 During infancy and childhood, adequate thyroid hormone is crucial for brain
development

 The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and
controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones.

 Thyroid hormones act influencing metabolism and body temperature.