SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SHS Core Subject

General Mathematics
1st Semester - Module 2
Rational Functions
Senior High School Core Subject: General Mathematics

1st Semester – Module 2: Rational Functions

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Development Team of the Module

Developers/Compilers:
ALGER V. ALISER – Teacher III, Lahug Night High School
Content Editors:
ROY C. GENARES – Principal I, Sirao Integrated School
JONAH B. BACALSO – Head Teacher VI, Cebu City NSHS
Language Editors:
MARIA FE S. MACUL – MTII/School Head, Buhisan Night HS
JESUSIMA B. JUMALON – Principal I, Punta Princesa Night HS
Reviewer:
MARITES V. PATIÑO – EPSvr, Mathematics
Management Team:
RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD EdD – Schools Division Superintendent
DANILO G. GUDELOSAO EdD – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
GRECIA F. BATALUNA – Chief EPS, CID
MARITES V. PATIÑO EdD – EPSvr, Mathematics
VANESSA L. HARAYO – EPSvr, LRMS

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 SHS Core Subject
General Mathematics
1st Semester - Module 1
Rational Functions
Introductory Message

Welcome to the General Mathematics on Rational Functions!

This module was designed to provide you with opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. This will enable you to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take.
(Pre-Test)

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
(Objectives) the module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you

What’s In link the current lesson with the previous
(Review/Springboard) one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways; a story,
What’s New
(Presentation of the Lesson) a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What Is It
(Discussion) and understand new concepts and skills.
This section provides activities which will
What’s More help you apply your new knowledge or skill
(Application) into real life situations or concerns.

What I Need To Remember This includes key points that you need to
(Generalization) remember.

This comprises activities for independent

What I Can Do practice to solidify your understanding and
(Enrichment Activities) skills of the topic.

This aims to evaluate your level of mastery

Assessment in achieving the learning competency.
(Post Test)

This contains answers to the following:

Answer Key • What I Know
• What’s In
• What’s More
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Submit the accomplished module at every end of the week.
7. Upon submission claim the module for the following week.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator through text, phone call, chat, or the online
classroom during the virtual orientation with students.

Always remember that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

About the Module

This module was designed and written with you, students, in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged based on the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELCs) released by the Department of Education (DepEd)
for this school year 2020 – 2021.

This module is divided into five lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Real Life Rational Functions
• Lesson 2 – Rational Functions, Equations and Inequality
• Lesson 3 – Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
• Lesson 4 – Representation of Rational Functions
• Lesson 5 – Domain and Range of Rational Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. represent real-life situations using rational functions.
2. distinguish rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality.
3. solve rational equations and inequalities.
4. represent a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and
(c) equation.
5. find the domain and range of a rational function.
 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Test I: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Martin can finish a job in 6 hours working alone. Victoria has more experience
and can finish the same job in 4 hours working alone. How long will it take both
people to finish that job working together?
A. 2.4 hours C. 3.5 hours
B. 2.9 hours D. 3.7 hours
2. Sarah can finish a job in 7 hours working alone. If Sarah and Matteo work
together, they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Matteo will
choose to work alone?
A. 4.25 hours C. 5.25 hours
B. 4.85 hours D. 5.55 hours
3. Which of the following is an example of rational function?
5 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
A. ≤ C. 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − = D. ≤ +
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+2

4. Which of the following is an example of rational equation?

5 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
A. ≤ C. 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − = D. ≤ +
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+2
5. Which of the following is an example of rational inequality?
5
A.
𝑥𝑥−3
≤ 2𝑥𝑥 C. 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
2 3 1 𝑥𝑥+1
B. − = D.
5
= 2 12
+ 𝑥𝑥+2
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥
3 4
6. Solve for 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = .
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+2

A. -2 C. 7
B. 5 D. 10
𝑥𝑥+3
7. Solve for x if > 0.
𝑥𝑥−2

A. (−∞, −3) ∩ (2, +∞) C. (−∞, −3) ∪ (2, +∞)

B. (−∞, −3) ∩ (3, +∞) D. (−∞, −3) ∪ (3, +∞)
2
8. What is the domain of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = ?
𝑥𝑥+1

A. All real numbers except -1 C. All real numbers except 1

B. All real numbers except 0 D. All real numbers except 2
 4𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+4
9. What is the range of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = ?
2𝑥𝑥 2 −8
A. All real numbers except -2 C. All real numbers except 2
B. All real numbers except 0 D. All real numbers except 4
3𝑥𝑥+4
10. What is the range of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = ?
2𝑥𝑥 2 −8
A. All real numbers except -8 C. All real numbers except 0
B. All real numbers except -3 D. All real numbers except 2

Test II. Fill out the missing values in the table using the given rational function below.
Show your solution.
2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑥𝑥 + 1

x 0 1 2 3 4

f(x) 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____

Lesson Real Life Functions

1

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o determine rational functions, and
o solve real-life situations involving rational functions.

What’s In
REVIEW
How do we find the Least Common Denominator?
To add or subtract fractions with different denominators (the bottom number of a
fraction), you must first find the least common denominator shared between them.
This refers to the lowest multiple shared by each original denominator in the
equation, or the smallest whole number that can be divided by each denominator.
Step 1: Listing Multiples of Each Denominator and Identify the Lowest Common
Multiple.
Make a list of several multiples for each denominator in the equation. Each list
should consist of the denominator numeral multiplied by 1, 2, 3 ,4 and so on. Scan
through each list, mark any common multiple and select the lowest.
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
Add; +
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
Listing Multiples 2 3
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
Step 2: Rewrite the Original Expression
To change each fraction in the equation so that it will remain the same, you will need
to multiply each numerator (the top of the fraction) and denominator by the same
factor used to multiply the corresponding denominator when reaching the LCD.
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
Add; +
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
Listing Multiples 2 3
1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
1 3 3 2 2 4
First Fraction: ∙ = Second Fraction: ∙ =
2 3 6 3 2 6

Step 3: Solve the written problem. After finding the LCD and changing the
fractions accordingly, you should be able to solve the problem without further
difficulty. Remember to simplify the fraction at the end.
3 4 7
Solution: + = Easy!
6 6 6

What’s New

What is a Rational Function?

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = , where 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
are polynomial functions and 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0.

How to solve problems involving Rational Functions?

This topic will introduce you to Work Problems that involves rational functions. For
example, we have a problem below.
Example 1:
Martin can finish a job in 6 hours working alone. Victor has more experience and can
finish the same job in 4 hours working alone. How long will it take both people to finish
that job working together?
Step 1: State the given.
Given: Martin = 6 hours
Victor = 4 hours
Together = x hours (We can assign x as variable for the
unknown)
Step 2: Change the given to rates.
1 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1
Rates: Martin = =
6 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6
1 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1
Victor = =
4 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4
1 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1
Together= =
𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥
Step 3: Add the two rates and equate to the rate that they work together.
1 1 1
Equation: + =
6 4 𝑥𝑥
Step 4: Combine the left side of the equation.
2 3 1
Equation: + =
12 12 𝑥𝑥
 We looked for the LCD in this step in which you
can refer to the review part of this lesson. 12 is the LCD of
both 6 and 4 found in the denominator of the equation in
Step 3.
5 1
=
12 𝑥𝑥
 Cross multiply. Multiply 5 and x, to get 5x and 12
and 1 to get 12.
5𝑥𝑥 = 12
5𝑥𝑥 12
=  Divide both sides by 5 to get the value of x
5 5
12 2
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2.4
5 5
Step 5: Express answer in a sentence.
It will take 2.4 hours to finish the job if Martin and Victor will work together.

Example 2:

Sarah can finish a job in 7 hours working alone. If Sarah and Matteo work together,
they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Matteo will choose to work
alone?

Step 1: State the given.

Given: Sarah = 7 hours
Matteo = x hours (we can assign this as x as it is unknown)
Together = 3 hours
Step 2: Change the given to rates.
Rates: Sarah = 71 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
= 17
Matteo = 𝑥𝑥1 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
= 1𝑥𝑥
1 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1
Together= =
3 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3
Step 3: Add the two rates and equate to the rate that they work together.
1 1 1
Equation: + =
7 𝑥𝑥 3
Step 4: Put the value without variable to the other side.
 1 1 1
Equation: = −
𝑥𝑥 3 7
 We transferred the value 1/7 to the other side of
the equation which makes the value 1/7 become – 1/7.
This process is called subtraction property of equality.
1 7 3
= −
𝑥𝑥 21 21
 We looked for the LCD in this step in which you
can refer to the review part of this lesson. 21 is the LCD of
both 3 and 7 found in the denominator of the equation in
Step 3.
1 4
=  Cross multiply. Multiply 1 and 21, to get
𝑥𝑥 21
21 and x and 4 to get 4x.
21 = 4𝑥𝑥
21 4𝑥𝑥
=  Divide both sides by 4 because it is the
4 4
number beside x
21 1
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5.25 = 𝑥𝑥
4 4
 You can also switch their positions
21 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5.25
4 4
Step 5: Express answer in a sentence.
It will take 5.25 hours to finish the job if Matteo chooses to work alone.

What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Solve each problem.
1. One person can complete a task in 8 hours. Another person can complete a
task in 3 hours. How many hours does it take for them to complete the task
if they work together?

2. Sigfried can paint a house in 5 hours. Stephanie can do it in 4 hours. How

long will it take the two working together?

3. Joy can pile 100 boxes of goods in 5 hours. Stephen and Joy can pile 100
boxes in 2 hours. If Stephen chooses to work alone, how long will it take?

4. Computer A can finish a calculation in 20 minutes. If Computer A and

Computer B can finish the calculation in 8 minutes, how long does it take
for the Computer B to finish the calculation alone?
 What I Have Learned

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)
• A rational function is a function of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , where 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)
𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)
and 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) are polynomial functions and 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0.
• Looking for the LCD is vital in solving problems involving rational functions.
• Work problems are problems that involve rational functions.

Lesson Rational Functions,

2 Equations and Inequalities

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o determine the difference of rational functions, equations and
inequalities
o distinguish rational function, rational equation and rational
inequality

What’s In

What is a function?
A function relates an input to an output. It is like a machine that has an input and
an output where the input is somehow related to the output.
How to write a function?
“f(x) = …” is the classic way of writing a function. You can also replace the value of
the variable and the value of the function like using g(x) or h(x).
An example of a function is this, f(x) = 2x + 1, you can also express this in terms of y.
Basic Math Symbols
Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example

= Equals sign Equality 5=2+3

5 is equal to 2 + 3

≠ Not equal sign Inequality 5≠4

5 is not equal to 4

> Strict inequality Greater than 5>4

5 is greater than 4
 Symbol Symbol Name Meaning/Definition Example
< Strict inequality Less than 4<5
4 is less than 5

≥ Inequality Greater than or

equal to
x≥y
x is greater than or equal to
y

≤ Inequality Less than or equal

to
x≤y
x is less than or equal to y

What’s New
The table below shows the definitions of rational functions, rational
equations and rational inequalities with examples.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TERMS RATIONAL FUNCTION RATIONAL RATIONAL
EQUATION INEQUALITY
DEFINITION A function of the form of An equation An inequality
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)
where p(x) and involving rational involving rational
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)
expressions. expressions.
q(x) are polynomials, and
q(x) is not the zero
function.
EXAMPLE 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 − = ≤
or 𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑
𝒚𝒚 =
𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏

What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Identify whether the following is a rational function, rational equation or
rational inequality.
2 4 5. √𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 4
1. + =0
𝑥𝑥+1 2−𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 1 5
2. − ≤0 6. 6𝑥𝑥 − ≥0
𝑥𝑥+2 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+3

𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−1
3. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 7. ≥0
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+1

2 7𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥+1
4. ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) = 1 + 8. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑥𝑥−2 𝑥𝑥−1
 What I Have Learned

• The classic way of writing a function is “f(x) = …” but you can also write this
in the form “y = …”
𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)
• A function of the form of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials,
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)
and q(x) is not the zero function.
• The difference between rational equality and rational inequality is only the
symbols used to describe them.

Lesson Solving Rational Equations

3 and Inequalities

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o solve rational equations.
o solve rational inequalities.

What’s In
REVIEW

Factoring and Expanding

Factoring: Finding what to multiply together to get an expression.
Even in your early grade levels, you already encountered factors:

Example: Factor 2𝑥𝑥 + 6

Both 2x and 6 have a common factor of 2
2x =2•x
6 =2•3
So we can factor the whole expression into
2x + 6 = 2 (x + 3)

Expanding: The opposite of Factoring

Example 1: Factor 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥
 Both 3x2 and 12x have a common factor of 3x
3x2 = 3x • x
12x = 3x • 4
So we can factor the whole expression into
3x2 + 12x = 3x (x + 4)
Example 2: Factor 𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑥 + 15
We use trial and error method for this using this format (x + __)(x + __)
Look for factors of +15:
Factors 1: 15 and 1 Factors 2: 3 and 5
Which of them, when added becomes 8(coefficient of middle term)?
Answer: 3 and 5
So we can factor the whole expression into
x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5)

What’s New

What is the difference between Rational Equation and Inequalities?

A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more rational expressions.
The time t in hours that it takes to travel d miles can be determined by using the
𝑑𝑑
equation t = , where r is the average rate of speed. This equation is a rational
𝑟𝑟
equation while a rational inequality is an inequality that contains one or more
rational expressions.
Solving Rational Equation

To solve a rational equation, start by multiplying each term of the equation by the
Least Common Denominator (LCD) of all the expressions in the equation. This step
eliminates the denominators of the rational expression and results in an equation
you can solve by using algebra.

Example:
3 4
Solve for 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+2

Solution:

Cross multiply and simplify the equation to have 3(x + 2) = 4(x -1). This is done only
when the equation involves only one term in each side of the equation.

3(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 4(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥𝑥 + 6 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 4
6 + 4 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥
10 = 𝑥𝑥
Hence, 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Solving Rational Inequality

To solve rational inequalities, you need to find the critical values of the rational
expression which divide the number line into distinct open intervals.
The critical values are simply the zeros of both the numerator and the denominator.
You must remember that the zeros of the denominator make the rational expression
undefined, so they must be immediately disregarded or excluded as a possible
solution. However, zeros of the numerator also need to be checked for its possible
inclusion to the overall solution.
Example:

Solve the rational inequality below.

𝑥𝑥 + 3
>0
𝑥𝑥 − 2
Solution:

Step 1: Write the inequality in the 𝑥𝑥 + 3

>0
correct form. One side must be zero and 𝑥𝑥 − 2
the other side can have only one
fraction, so simplify the fractions if there
is more than one fraction.
Step 2: Find the key or critical values. 𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
To find the key/critical values, set the 𝒙𝒙 = −𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐
numerator and denominator of the
fraction equal to zero and solve.
Step 3: Locate the critical numbers
using a number line.

Step 4: Get a representative for each

interval and substitute it to each of the
factors to determine the sign. For
example, you can use -4 from the
interval (-∞, -3) and substitute it to
(x+3) and (x-2) which are both negative
when evaluated. Using the division rule
𝑥𝑥+3
of signs, determine the sign of in
𝑥𝑥−2
each interval.

𝑥𝑥+3
Step 5: Since should be positive, the
𝑥𝑥−2
solution must be (−∞, −3) ∪ (2, +∞).

Note: The use of a square bracket

indicates that it is part of the solution,
while an open bracket (parenthesis)
denotes that it’s not.
 What’s More

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Solve the following rational equations and inequalities.

2 5 5 3
1. = 2. =
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−2

2 5 𝑥𝑥+4
3. = 4. >0
𝑡𝑡−1 1−3𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥−2

𝑥𝑥−5
5. >0
𝑥𝑥−2

What I Have Learned

• A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more rational

expressions.
• A rational inequality is an inequality that contains one or more rational
expressions.
• The critical values are simply the zeros of both the numerator and the
denominator.

Lesson Representations of
4 Rational Functions
 What I Need To Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o represent a rational function through its equation,
o represent a rational function through its table of values,
and
o represent a rational function through its graph.

What’s In

REVIEW
Before we proceed with the representations of functions, it is a must to revisit how
to plot cartesian coordinates or points in a cartesian coordinate system or cartesian
coordinate plane.
Cartesian coordinates
To graph points on the coordinate plane, you have to understand the organization of
the coordinate plane and know what to do with those (x, y) coordinates. If you want
to know how to graph points on the coordinate plane, just follow these steps.

Step 1: Understand the Coordinate Plane. When you’re graphing a point on the
coordinate plane, you will graph it in (x, y) form. Here is what you’ll need to know.
• The x-axis goes left or right, the second coordinate is on the y-axis
• The y-axis goes up or down.
• Positive numbers go to the right or go up (depending on the axis).
• Negative numbers go to the left or go down (depending on the axis).
Step 2: Start at (0, 0), or the origin. Just go to (0, 0), which is the intersection of the
x and y axes, right in the center of the coordinate plane.
Step 3: Plot the point. For example, we are asked to graph (5, -4).
 First, draw the cartesian coordinate plane and locate the origin.

 Second, consider the x-coordinate in (5, -4) which is 5. Since it is

positive, the graph from origin will go to the right. (Always start in the
x-coordinate, if it was negative, the graph will go to the left)
  Third, consider the y-coordinate in (5, -4) which is -4. Since it is
negative, the graph from origin will go down. (If the y-coordinate was
positive, the graph will go up)

 Lastly, label the point.

(5, -4)

What’s New

How do we represent rational functions through an equation?

In mathematics, a rational function is any function which can be defined by a
rational fraction, for example, an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator
and the denominator are polynomials. The denominator should not be equal to zero
also. Note that f(x) is just the same as y.

𝟐𝟐
Example 1: 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) =
𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
Example 2: 𝒚𝒚 =
𝒙𝒙−𝟐𝟐

𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑
Example 3: 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) =
𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
How do we represent rational functions through a table of values?
A table of values is a graphic organizer or chart that helps you determine two or more
points that can be used to create your graph. For example, we take the Example 1
2
above which is 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , we can start assigning values for x to get the value of f(x)
𝑥𝑥+1
in the table of values. In our example, we assigned integers from 0 to 3 for our x-
value.

x 0 1 2 3
f(x) or y 2 1 2/3 1/2
Solutions:
For x = 0 For x = 2
2 2 2 2
𝑓𝑓(0) = = =2 𝑓𝑓(2) = =
0+1 1 2+1 3
For x = 1 For x = 3
2 2 2 2 1
𝑓𝑓(1) = = =1 𝑓𝑓(3) = = =
1+1 2 3+1 4 2

How do we represent rational functions through a graph?

Graphs refer to the plotting of points in the cartesian plane. We can take out the
coordinates in the previous example on the table of values.
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) or y 2 1 2/3 1/2
(x, y) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 2/3) (3, 1/2)

Step 1: Just create a cartesian plane and

graph the coordinates in the table.

Step 2: Label the points and construct an

imaginary line connecting the points of the (0,2)
graph. (1, 1)
(3, ½)

(2, 2/3)
 What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Represent the following functions/equations through their table of values
and graph. Use the x-values 0, 1, 2 and 3 for the table of values.
4
1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥+2

2
2. 𝑦𝑦 = −
𝑥𝑥+3

What I Have Learned

• There are three representations of rational functions introduced in this

lesson
o Equations
o Table of Values
o Graphs

Lesson Domain and Range of

5 Rational Functions

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o give the domain of a rational function.
o give the range of a rational function.
 What’s In
REVIEW
These are the terms or group of terms you need to know before going to the
discussion on the domain and range of rational functions.
1. Set of Real Numbers (ℝ) – The real numbers include natural numbers or
counting numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers (fractions and
repeating or terminating decimals), and irrational numbers. The set of real
numbers consists of all the numbers that have a location on the number line.
2. Domain – the set of all x – values in a relation.
3. Range – the set of all y – values in a relation.
4. Degree of Polynomial – the degree of a polynomial with one variable is based
on the highest exponent.
For example, in the expression x3 + 2x + 1, the degree is 3 since the highest
exponent is 3.

What’s New

Domain and Range of Rational Functions

The domain of a function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is the set of all values for which the function is
defined, and the range of the function is the set of all values that 𝑓𝑓 takes.

𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥)

The domain of the rational function 𝑓𝑓 is the set of real numbers except those
values of x that will make the denominator zero.

How to find the Domain of a Rational Function?

As stated, the domain of a function consists of the set of all real number (ℝ) except
the value(s) that make the denominator zero.
Example:
2
We are asked to find the domain of the rational function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = .
𝑥𝑥+1
Step 1: Equate the denominator to zero.
x+1=0
Step 2: Solve for the value of x
x = -1  subtraction property of equality
Step 3: State the domain
Domain is all real numbers (ℝ) except -1

How to find the Range of a Rational Function?

The range of a rational function f is the set of real numbers except those values
that fall to the following conditions.
 Case 1: If both polynomials (numerator and denominator) have the same
degree, divide the numerical coefficients of the highest degree terms.
Example:
4𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 4
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 8
4
 Both polynomials are in 2 degree, so the exception is at y-value 2 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2
nd

Note that the numbers beside x2 are the only numbers that we base our
exception which are the numbers 4 and 2.
 Stating the range:
The range is all real numbers (ℝ) except 2
Case 2: If the polynomial in the numerator is a lower degree than the
denominator, the y-value 0 is the exception.
Example:
3𝑥𝑥 + 4
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2
2𝑥𝑥 − 8
 The degree in the numerator is 1 and the degree in the numerator is
2, since the numerator has lower degree than the denominator, 0 is
the exception.
 Stating the range:
The range is all real numbers (ℝ) except 0

Case 3: If the polynomial in the numerator is a higher degree than the

denominator, then there is no exception.
Example:
3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) =
10𝑥𝑥 − 5
 The degree in the numerator is 2 and the degree in the numerator is
1, since the numerator has a higher degree than the denominator,
there is no exception.
 Stating the range:
The range is all real numbers (ℝ)

What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Test I. Find the domain of the following rational functions.

𝑥𝑥 2 +16𝑥𝑥−2
1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
2𝑥𝑥+4

𝑥𝑥 4 +4𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+8
2. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥−5

12𝑥𝑥 2 −12
3. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
4𝑥𝑥−2

−3𝑥𝑥 3 +9𝑥𝑥−25
4. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
−3𝑥𝑥−3
Test II. Find the range of the following rational functions.

𝑥𝑥 2 +16𝑥𝑥−2
1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
2𝑥𝑥+4

𝑥𝑥 4 +4𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+8
2. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥−5

12𝑥𝑥 2 −12
3. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
4𝑥𝑥−2

20𝑥𝑥 2 −12
4. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
4𝑥𝑥 2 −2

What I Have Learned

• The domain of the rational function 𝑓𝑓 is the set of real numbers except
those values of x that will make the denominator zero.
• The range of a rational function f is the set of real numbers except those
values that fall to the following conditions.
Case 1: Same degree in the numerator and denominator
Case 2: Numerator has a lower degree than the denominator
Case 3: Denominator has a lower degree than the numerator

What I Can Do

Directions: Follow the instructions and complete the activity within the week.
Problem: The distance in kilometers from JY Square Mall and Supermarket to Ayala
𝑥𝑥+5
Center Cebu is described in the rational function f(x) = with x being the number
2𝑥𝑥−9
of minutes you drive a car. What is the distance in kilometers from JY Square Mall
and Supermarket to Ayala Center Cebu if you arrive there in 7 minutes?

Figure 1. Taken from: Google Maps

 Additional Activities

Directions: Follow the instructions and complete the activity within the week.

Problem: The distance in kilometers from Krus ni Magellan to Osmeña Boulevard is

2𝑥𝑥−9
described in the rational function f(x) = with x being the number of minutes you
8−𝑥𝑥
drive a car. What is the distance in kilometers from Krus ni Magellan to Osmeña
Boulevard if you arrive there in 6 minutes?

Figure 2. Taken from: Google Maps

Assessment (Post-test)

Use a separate sheet in answering the test. Be sure to write the following:
Name: ________________________________ Grade and Section: ______________________
Subject: ______________________________ Lesson Title: ____________________________
Test I: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Melvin can finish a job in 9 hours working alone. Vanessa has more experience
and can finish the same job in 6 hours working alone. How long will it take both
people to finish that job working together?
A. 2.3 hours C. 3.6 hours
B. 2.9 hours D. 3.9 hours

2. Liza can finish a job in 5 hours working alone. If Liza and Enrique work together,
they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Enrique will choose to
work alone?
A. 10 hours C. 7 hours
B. 7.5 hours D. 6.5 hours
3. Which of the following is an example of rational function?
5 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
A. = C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − > D. ≤ +
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+2
4. Which of the following is an example of rational equation?
5 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
A. = C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − > D. ≤ +
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+2

5. Which of the following is an example of rational inequality?

5 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥+3
A. = C. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − > D. = +
𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+2
3 4
6. Solve for 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = .
𝑥𝑥−2 𝑥𝑥+4
A. -4 C. 14
B. 10 D. 20
𝑥𝑥+4
7. Solve for x if 𝑥𝑥−1
> 0.
A. (−∞, −4) ∩ (1, +∞) C. (−∞, −4) ∪ (1, +∞)
B. (−∞, −4) ∩ (2, +∞) D. (−∞, −4) ∪ (2, +∞)
10
8. What is the domain of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = ?
𝑥𝑥−2

A. All real numbers except -1 C. All real numbers except 1

B. All real numbers except 0 D. All real numbers except 2
8𝑥𝑥 3 −5𝑥𝑥+4
9. What is the range of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = ?
4𝑥𝑥 3 −8

A. All real numbers except -2 C. All real numbers except 2

B. All real numbers except 0 D. All real numbers except 4
5𝑥𝑥−4
10. What is the range of the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 7𝑥𝑥 3−8 ?
A. All real numbers except -8 C. All real numbers except 0
B. All real numbers except -4 D. All real numbers except 7

Test II. Fill out the missing values in the table using the given rational function below.
Show your solution.
𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) =
2𝑥𝑥 − 1

x 0 1 2 3 4

f(x) 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____

What I Know Lesson 2
What’s More 2.
Test I x f(x)
1. a 1. Rational Equation 0 -2/3
2. c 2. Rational Inequality 1 -1/2
3. c 3. Rational Function 2 -2/5
4. b 4. Rational Function 3 -2/6
5. a 5. Rational Equation or
6. d 6. Rational Inequality -1/3
7. c 7. Rational Inequality
8. a 8. Rational Function Coordinates:
9. c 9. Rational Equation (0, -2/3), (1, -1/2),
10. c 10. Rational Function (2, -2/5) (3, -1/3)
Test II.
1. 2
2. 1 Lesson 3
3. 2/3 What’s More
4. 1/2
5. 2/5 1. x=3
Lesson 1 2. x=5
What’s More 3. x = 7/11
4.
1. 24/11 or 2.18 hours 5.
Lesson 5

(−∞, −4) ∪ (2, +∞)

Explanation What’s More
(−∞, 2) ∪ (5, +∞)
1/8 + 1/3 = 1/x Lesson 4
Then solve for x What’s More
Test I.
1. 1. All real numbers except -2
2. 20/9 or 2.22 hours 2. All real numbers except 5
Explanation x f(x)
3. All real numbers except
1/5 + 1/4 =1/x 0 2
1/2
Then solve for x 1 4/3
4. All real numbers except -1
2 1
5. All real numbers except 3
3. 10/3 or 3.33 hours 3 4/5
Test II.
Explanation 1. All real numbers
1/5 + 1/x = 1/2 Coordinates: 2. All real numbers
Then solve for x (0, 2), (1, 4/3), (2, 1), 3. All real numbers except 0
(3, 4/5) 4. All real numbers except 5
4. 40/3 or 13.33 hours 5. All real numbers except -3
1/20 + 1/x = 1/8
Then solve for x
Answer Key
References

Text Book
I.M. Gelfand, Alexander Shen. 2003. Algebra. Springer Science & Business
Media, ISBN 0817636773, 9780817636777.
Oronce, O. A. (2016). General Mathematics. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book
Store. pp86-106.

PDF
Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. et al. (2016). General Mathematics Learner's Material
[PDF File]. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education .pp 44-59.
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/36815004/General_Mathematics_Learners
_Material_Department_of_Education_Republic_of_the_Philippines

Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. et al. (2016). General Mathematics Teaching Guide

[PDF File]. Quezon City, Philippines: Commission on Higher Education.
pp 54-65. Retrieved from https://www.lrmds.gov.ph

Websites
Google. n.d. Google Maps Directions for Driving from JY Square Mall to Ayala
Center Cebu. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from
https://tinyurl.com/y7gb6b85
Google. n.d. Google Maps Directions for Driving from Krus ni Magellan to
Osmena Boulevard, Cebu City. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from
https://tinyurl.com/y8pcufv7
Pierce, Rod. 2020. Math is Fun. Accessed July 7, 2020.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/
wikiHow. n.d. Accessed July 7, 2020. https://www.wikihow.com/
Avatars
All avatars used in this module are created originally using the Bitmoji mobile
application. Created on July 15, 2020.

Icons
All icons used in this module is taken from MS Office 365.

Graphs
All graphical representation in this module is a snip/ screenshot using the
graphing calculator site of www.desmos.com.
 Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

 Name
 Grade and Section
 Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you AND return them at the end of the school year
or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.