MEC551 CH2 Conduction - 2020 PDF

MEC551
THERMAL ENGINEERING
2.0 Conduction
1
2.0 Conduction
2.1 Fourier`s law of heat conduction (3 Coordinate Systems)
2.2 Thermal conductivity of materials
2.3 Thermal resistance circuits: Plane wall and cylindrical
geometries; Conduction with convection
2.4 Solution of 2D temperature distribution using finite difference
techniques: internal and external nodes, heat transfer rate across
surfaces
Conduction Analysis
• Main Objective of
Conduction Analysis
• To determine the
temperature
distribution in a
medium
3
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
• Steady implies no change with time at any point within the medium
• Transient implies variation with time or time dependence
4
2.1 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
[Derivation of General Conduction Differential Equations]
5
multidimensional heat transfer,
• Three prime coordinate systems:
• rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) ,
• cylindrical (T(r, φ, z, t)),
• spherical (T(r, φ, θ, t)).
6
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
• Cartesian Coordinates:
dQ(z+dz)
Z dQx
dz
dQy dQ(y+dy)
Y
dx
X
dy
7
dQ(x+dx) dQz
• Differential volume:
̶ = ⋅ ⋅
• Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):

= − ⋅ ⋅ = − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

dz
dQx
dy
8
• Taylor Series Expansion:

small
( + ℎ) = () + ℎ ⋅ () + ⋯
• Substitute our equation:
0
•
∴ () = = − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

ℎ =
•

() =

= − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

9
•
( + )

= − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

• •
!" # !"
⋅
• Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:
• •

−
$

= − ⋅ − − ⋅ − ⋅

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

10
• Likewise:
• •
% − %$ % = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
• •

& − &$ &

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

11
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there is also the
possibilities of:
• Heat being generated within the element (e.g. due to the flow of
electricity).
• Heat being stored within the element, as in the case of an unsteady-

state condition.
12
• The rate of heat generated is:

•
' ⋅ ̶ •
= '⏟ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
)*+, -. /,*+
0,1,)*+,
2,) 3-456,
• The rate of heat storage is:

7 ⋅ 82 ⋅ ̶ ⋅ = 7
⏟ ⋅ 8
<2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9 <
9
,1:;+% :2,=;.;= )*+, -.
/,*+ +,62,)*+5),
=/*10,
13
• Assuming the element may expand or contract freely at constant pressure,

the energy balance is given by:
Net rate of Rate of

Rate of +
= Heat into Heat
Heat Storage
Element Generation
14
• In equation form this is:

•
7 ⋅ 8> ⋅ = ⋅ + + + '
⏟
9 ?*+, -. @,*+
?*+, -. @,*+ A+-)*0, B,+ ?*+, -. @,*+ CDE - ,4,6,1+ F,1,)*+;-1
• Set:
G=
7 ⋅ 8>
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
~ heat conduction to heat storage)
15
• Substituting α in, this equation becomes the general differential

conduction equation for rectangular coordinates:
•
1 '
⋅ = + + +
G 9 ⏟

?*+, -. @,*+ A+-)*0, B,+ ?*+, -. @,*+ CDE - ,4,6,1+ ?*+, -. @,*+
F,1,)*+;-1
16
• Special cases:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q′ =0):
1
⋅ = + +
G 9
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, ∂T/∂t =0):
'

+ + + =0

3) Laplace Equation (steady state with no heat generation):

+ + =0

17
18
(Spherical Coordinates)
• Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical coordinates
z z
θ
Φ,θ)
T(r,Φ
r
x y x y
Φ
19
• Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical coordinates
z q(θθ)
q(r+dr)
θ
r·dθ
θ
r·dθ θ
θ
dθ
dr
r q(Φ
Φ)
x dΦ y q(r)
θ·dΦ
r·sinθ Φ
q(Φ
Φ+dΦ
Φ)
θ
r·θ
θ q(θθ+dθθ)
20
• Differential volume:
̶ = J ⋅ JK ⋅ J sin K ⋅ O

J O ⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ sin K
• Heat conduction rate in r-direction (in to element):

•
) J sin K ⋅ O ⋅ JK ⋅
J

J O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K ⋅
J θ
r·dθ
q(r)
21
• Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):
q(r+dr)
•
• • )
)$) ) J ⋅
J
θ
r·dθ
J O ⋅ K sin K ⋯
J

… J ⋅ 2J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K J O ⋅ K sin K

J J
22
• Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:
• •
) − ()$ )) = −J O ⋅ K sin K + J O ⋅ K sin K −
J J

… J ⋅ −2J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K − J O ⋅ K sin K

J J
• •

) − ()$ )) = ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ J sin K 2J +J
J J
23
• Heat conduction rate in θ-direction (in to element):
q(θθ)
dr
•
R

⋅ J ⋅ J sin K ⋅ O ⋅
θ·dΦ
r·sinθ Φ
J ⋅ K

⋅ J ⋅ sin K ⋅ O
K
24
• Heat conduction rate in θ-direction (out of element):
q(θθ+dθ
+dθ)
dr
•
• • R
R$ R R K ⋅
K θ·dΦ
r·sinθ Φ

⋅ J ⋅ sin K ⋅ O ⋅ J ⋅ O cos K sin K K
K K K
25
• Total heat conduction rate in θ-direction:
• •
R − R$ R

= − ⋅ J ⋅ sin K ⋅ O + ⋅ J ⋅ sin K ⋅ O +⋯
K K

… ⋅ J ⋅ O cos K + sin K K
K K
• •
R − R$ R = ⋅ J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ cos K + sin K
K K
26
• Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (in to element):
q(Φ
Φ)

θ
r·dθ
•
U J ⋅ K ⋅ J
J sin K ⋅ O
⋅ K ⋅ J

sin K O
27
• Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (out of element):
θ
r·dθ
q(Φ
•
Φ+dФ
+dФ)
• • U
U$ U U O ⋅
O

⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ O
⋅ ⋅
sin K O sin K O
28
• Total heat conduction rate in Ф-direction:
• •
U − U$ U
⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ K ⋅ J
=− ⋅ + ⋅ +⋯
sin K O sin K O
⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ O
… ⋅
sin K O
• • ⋅ K ⋅ J ⋅ O
U − U$ U = ⋅
sin K O
29
• Rate of Heat Generation:

• •
' ̶ = ' J J
⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K
• Rate of Heat Storage:

7 ⋅ 8> ⋅ ̶ ⋅ = 7 ⋅ 8> J J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K ⋅

9 9
30
• The energy balance is given by:
Net rate of Rate of

Rate of +
= Heat into Heat
Heat Storage
Element Generation
31

7 ⋅ 8> J J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K ⋅

=
9

2J sin K + J sin K + ⋯

J J
•
⋅ J ⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ cos K + sin K + ⋯ + ' J J
K K
1
sin K O
⋅ O ⋅ K ⋅ sin K
32
• Now ÷ by r2, sin(θ
θ), and k:
7 ⋅ 8>
=
9
VX
W •
2 cos K 1 1
1 '
+ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + +
J J J sin K J K J K J sin K O

G=
• Recall: 7 ⋅ 8>~ thermal diffusivity
33
• Now simplify:
1 2 cos K 1 1
=
G 9 J J J sin K J K J K
+ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ +⋯
V # Y #Z V # #Z
) ⋅ [CD R
) Y #) #) )Y [CD R #R #R
•
1 '
+
J sin K O
34
• Therefore the conduction equation in spherical coordinates is:
1
=
G 9 •
1 1 1 '
⋅ J + ⋅ sin K + ⋅ +
J J
J J sin K K K J sin K O
35
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
• Homework #2
• Derive the equations for cylindrical coordinates
36
• Equations for cylindrical coordinates:

1 1 1 ' \
⋅ = + ⋅ + ⋅ + +
G 9 J J J J K
V # #Z
⋅ )⋅
) #) #)
1 1 1 ' \
⋅ = ⋅ J + ⋅ + +
G 9 J J J J K
37
Summary: Heat Conduction Equations
Net rate of Rate of

Rate of = +
Heat into Heat
Heat Storage
Element Generation
•
1 '
⋅ = + + +
Rectangular Coordinates
G 9 ⏟

?*+, -. @,*+ A+-)*0, B,+ ?*+, -. @,*+ CDE - ,4,6,1+ ?*+, -. @,*+
F,1,)*+;-1
•
1 1 1 1 '
= ⋅ J + ⋅ sin K + ⋅ +
G 9 J J J J sin K K K J sin K O
Spherical Coordinates
1 1 1 '\
⋅ = ⋅ J + ⋅ + +
Cylindrical Coordinates
G 9 J J J J K
Specific case: Heat Conduction Equations
For Steady State Rate of With No Heat Generation Rate of
=0 =0
Heat Storage Heat Generation
#Z •
'
=0
#+ =0
Rectangular Coordinates, in x-direction (one dimension) #Y Z
=0
#
Y
V # #Z
⋅ J =0
)Y #) #)
Spherical Coordinates, in r-direction (one dimension)
V # #Z
⋅ J =0
Cylindrical Coordinates, in r-direction (one dimension) ) #) #)
Boundary and Initial Conditions
• Temperature distribution in a medium can be determined from the solution of
appropriate heat conduction equation. But the solution depends on the
boundaries of the medium.
• For cases in which the medium is time dependent, conditions at an initial time
are also essential.
40
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
The description of a heat transfer problem in a medium is not complete without a full
description of the thermal conditions at the bounding surfaces of the medium.
Boundary conditions: The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions at the
boundaries.
The temperature at any
point on the wall at a
specified time depends on
the condition of the
geometry at the beginning
of the heat conduction
process.
Such a condition, which is
usually specified at time t =
0, is called the initial
condition, which is a
mathematical expression
for the temperature
distribution of the medium
initially.
41
• The 4 most common boundary conditions are:
1) Constant Surface Temperature:

T
T(0,t) = Ts
Ts
T(x,t)
42
2) Constant and finite heat flux (heat transfer rate per unit
area, W/m2):

− ⋅ ] = ':
T
qs

^_
T(0,t)
x
qs
43
3) Adiabatic or insulated surface:

T
] =0

^_
T(0,t)
x
T(x,t)
44
4) Convection surface condition:
T
− ] = ℎ ` − 0, 9

^_
x
q
T(x,t)
T ∞, h 45
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Example 2.1)
• Example 2.1 - One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction (no heat

generation):
T A slab (of thickness L) with

A, k no energy generation (q′=0)
T1 has the following boundary
conditions:
X= 0 ; T(0)= T1
T2 X X= L ; T(L)= T2
X=0 X=L
• Develop the expressions:

1) Temperature distribution T(x) within the slab.
2) Heat flow (Q), through the area (A) of the slab. 46
(Analysis Procedure)
• The general equation for conduction in x-direction with no heat

generation is (assuming constant energy generation):
•
1 '
⋅ = + + +
G 9
steady state 1D 1D
No heat generation

0=
For: 0 ≤ X ≤ L
47
(Example 2.1)
(I): Integrate and apply b.c’s and solve constants C1 & C2 to find the
temperature distribution T(x).

=0

T
~ 1-D Laplace Equation
A, k
(rectangular coordinates T1
Integrate twice

= 81

T2
X
X=0 X=L
() = 8V + 8
=0 ⇒ V = 8
− V
Boundary Conditions = b ⇒ = 8V b + V () = + V
− V b
8V =
b
48
(Example 2.1)
(II): Solve for Q
− V
T
= + V
b
A, k
− V
T1
=
b T2
X
X=0 X=L
− V − V
\ = − = − =−
b d
b
eℎfJf: d =
⋅
49
• Slab (Plane Wall)

• Consider a slab of isotropic (invariable) thermal conductivity material (k) with
an heat generation rate of q′(x) [W/m3].
• Isotropic means: having properties that are identical in all directions.
T
T1 1 k, A
dT
q(x) q(x)
2
T2
T2
50
X
dx
• The general equation for conduction with constant heat

generation is (assuming constant energy generation):
•
1 '
⋅ = + + +
G 9
Ø, steady state Ø, 1D Ø, 1D
•

'
0= +
For: 0 ≤ X ≤ L
51
• Solving differential equations:

•
'
=−
•
'
= − + 8V

•
'
= − + 8V + 8
2
52
• Solve C1 and C2 by using the boundary conditions:

•
'
=− + 8V + 8
2
(i) x=0, T(x)= T1 T

(ii) x=L, T(x)= T2 T1 k, A
1
dT
h) 8 = V
hh) • 2
'
= − b + 8V b + V
T2
T2
2
8V
X
•
dx
− V '
= + b
b 2 53
• Substituting in the constants gives:
• •
Δ
' '
=− + +
b + V
2 b 2
• The temperature distribution T(x) in the slab can now be
found for a known heat generation rate q′(x), thickness (L),
and thermal conductivity coefficient (k) of the material.
54
• Once the temperature distribution T(x) in the slab is established from

the solution to this equation, the heat flux q(x) anywhere in the slab
can be determined from the Fourier’s equation.
•
•
' = = −

55
One-dimensional,
steady state heat conduction
in cylinders and spheres
56
Radial Systems
• Cylindrical and spherical systems often experience temperature
gradients in the radial direction only and in the case can be treated as
one-dimensional.
57
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
• Steady State Condition:

=0
9
• 1-D Conduction:

= 0, = 0
K
• Therefore:
1 1 1 ' \
⋅ = ⋅ J + ⋅ + +
G 9 J J J J K
Ø Ø Ø 58
• The equation for 1-D, steady state heat conduction then

becomes:
1 '\
⋅ J +
J J J
'\
J =−
J J
59
• For constant heat generation:

' \j
• Solve for T(r), by integrating twice.
k_ 8V
=− J+
J 2 J

k_
= − J + 8V ⋅ ln J + 8
4
60
• Clearly, two boundary conditions are required to determine C1

and C2. Typically one of these will be the boundary condition
at the outer surface.
(J) = n9 J = J
• The other boundary condition will be at the center (r=0)

where the temperature is symmetric, such that:
(0)
=0 n9 J = 0
J
61
• An alternative boundary condition at the center (r=0) can be

obtained if the temperature is finite.
(0) = _ n9 J = 0
62
SOLUTION OF STEADY ONE-DIMENSIONAL
HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEMS
In this section we will solve a wide range of heat
conduction problems in rectangular, cylindrical,
and spherical geometries.
We will limit our attention to problems that result
in ordinary differential equations such as the
steady one-dimensional heat conduction
problems. We will also assume constant thermal
conductivity.
The solution procedure for solving heat
conduction problems can be summarized as
(1) formulate the problem by obtaining the
applicable differential equation in its simplest
form and specifying the boundary conditions,
(2) Obtain the general solution of the differential
equation, and
(3) apply the boundary conditions and determine
the arbitrary constants in the general solution.
63
2.1a
2.1a
2.1a
64
65
66
2.1b
2.1b
2.1b
67
68
2.1c
2.1c
2.1c
69
70
71
72
73
74
(Example 2.2)
• Example 2.2: Solid Cylinder
• Develop an expression for a 1-D, radial, steady state temperature
distribution T(r) and the flux q(r) for a solid cylinder of radius (r2) with an
energy generation at a constant rate of q′ (W/m3) and temperature on
the outer surface maintained at T2. Calculate the temperature at the
center and the flux at the outer surface for r2= 1 cm, q′= 2×108 W/m3, k=
20 W/(m·ºC), and T2= 100 ºC.
T2= 100 ºC
r2
75
(Example 2.2)
• Boundary Conditions T2= 100 ºC
n9 J = 0;

=0
J
n9 J = J ; r2
=
• The general conduction equation for a cylinder is:

1 1 1 '\
⋅ ⋅ J ⋅
G 9 J J J J K
Ø, steady state Ø, 1-D Ø, 1-D

76
(Example 2.2)
1 '\
⋅ J +
J J J
• Integrating twice:
∫
'\
J =p −
J
'\
=−
J 8V
2
J \Y
'
(J) = −
4V ln(
77
(Example 2.2)
• Applying boundary conditions at r= 0 gives:
n9 J = 0,

=0
J
'\ 0
8
=
J 2 V
J
8V = 0
• Applying boundary conditions at r= r2 gives:

0
'\
n9 J = J ;
4V ln
= =
' \
8
4
78
(Example 2.2)
• The temperature distribution in the solid cylinder is:
q& ′ 2
T = − r + C1 ln (r ) + C2
4k
2
′
q& 2 ′
q& r2
= − r + T2 +
4k 4k
2 
r 
2
q& ′r2
= 1 −    + T2
4k   r2  
 
79
(Example 2.2)
• The heat flux in the cylinder is thus:
'\ '\
'\ = − = − − ()
J 2 2
• The temperature T(0) at r= 0 is:

Y
'\Y
0 =
J
4 1 − J

t
× 10s ⋅ 0.01 u
uv
2
= + 100 ∘8 = 350 ∘8
t
4 ⋅ 20
u ⋅ ∘8
80
(Example 2.2)
• The heat flux at the outer surface of the cylinder is:
'\ Y
'\ (J ) = {
t
2× 10s ⋅ 0.01 u t
uv
2 2 u
81
• Conduction in a spherical shell

• Consider heat conduction in a hollow sphere. In a steady state, one dimensional system
(without heat generation), the energy entering the differential control volume is equal to the
energy leaving the differential control volume.
z
\) = \)$ )

\) = = 4|J
J
J
x y
82
• Separating variables:
)Y ZY
\) J
p =p ()
~ ⋅
4| J
)} Z} .51=+;-1 -. Z
.(Z)
• Assuming constant k and integrating
) 1 )Y
)} = V
4| J
83
4| V JV ⋅ J
\) = = 4| V
1 1 J JV

JV J
V 1 1 1
\
) = d=
d where: 4| JV J
84
• The equation for the rate of heat transfer can also be done by simplifying
the heat equation for spherical coordinates, which is recalling:
•
1 1 1 1 '
⋅ ⋅ J ⋅ sin K ⋅
G 9 J J J J sin K K K J sin K O
0, steady 0, 1D 0, 1D
state
0, no heat
generation

J ⋅ 0
J J
85
• Integrate twice:

p J ⋅ =0
J J

J ⋅ = p0 ⋅ J = 8V
J
8V
p = p ⋅ J
J

8V
= + 8
J 86
• Apply boundary conditions:

• At r = r1 T = T1
• At r = r2 T = T2
8V
n9 J = JV : V = + 8
JV
8V
= JV 8 V
8V V 8 JV + 8 J
n9 J = J : = + 8 =
J J
J JV V JV ⋅ J
8 = ; 8V = V
J JV J JV
87
8V
∴ = + 8
J

J JV J JV V
=+ V +
J J JV J JV

V J J J J J JV V
= +
J J JV J J JV J JV
V JV J JJV JJ JV J
= +
J J JV J J JV
JV J J J J JV
= ⋅ V + ⋅
J J JV J J JV
88

\) = '\ ) = 4|J
J
8V
= 4|J
J

= 4|J

J
J JV
⋅ V
J JV
J JV
4| V
J JV
89
2.2 Thermal conductivity of materials
90
Thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivity (k) of a material is the measure of the ability of
the material to conduct heat.
91
Gas Liquid Solid
92
• Thermal conductivity is
temperature dependent
93
94
2.3 One-dimensional,
steady state heat conduction
(Thermal Resistance Method)
through single and composite walls
95
• One-dimensional (1D) heat conduction

• Implies that the temperature gradient exists in only one direction.
• Steady state systems (SS)
• The temperature within the solid is assumed to not be time
dependent.
96
2.3 Thermal Resistance Method
• 1D/SS analysis can be applied to problems to determine the
temperature distribution and heat flow in a solid, slab, cylinder, or
sphere.
• The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohm’s Law) is a

technique that simplifies complicated problems which involve multi-
layered mediums when there is no heat generation (q′=0).
97
The rate of heat conduction through
a plane wall is proportional to the
average thermal conductivity, the
wall area, and the temperature
difference, but is inversely
proportional to the wall thickness.
Once the rate of heat conduction is
available, the temperature T(x) at
any location x can be determined by
Under steady conditions, the
replacing T2 by T, and L by x.
temperature distribution in a plane
wall is a straight line: dT/dx = const.
98
Thermal Resistance Concept
Conduction resistance of the

wall: Thermal resistance of the
wall against heat conduction.
Thermal resistance of a medium Analogy between thermal and electrical
depends on the geometry and the resistance concepts.
thermal properties of the medium.
rate of heat transfer → electric current
thermal resistance → electrical resistance
Electrical resistance temperature difference → voltage difference
99
Thermal Resistance Method
• If q′(x)=0 (no heat generation) then the rate of flow of heat energy normal
to the area (A) is given by:
• Δ Δ Δ
= = =
Δ b d
b
eℎfJf: d =

• L – Thickness of the slab

• A – Area normal to the direction of heat flow
• K – Thermal conductivity coefficient
• ∆T – Temperature difference (gradient)
• R – Thermal resistance
100
• This is analogy to Ohm’s Law:
9f9hn hfJff ()
8JJf9 () =
Re h tan f (d)
• Therefore, circuit representations can provide a useful tool for

both conceptualizing and calculating heat transfer problems.
101
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
• Eq. 3-5 is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I,
expressed as
V
=
R (3-6)
Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Rate of heat transfer  Electric current
Thermal resistance  Electrical resistance
Temperature difference  Voltage difference
102
T
T1 1 k, A
dT
q(x) q(x)
2
T2
T2
X
dx
Q Q
d
T1 T2
b
=
⋅
103
(Example 2.2)
• Example 2.2 - Multi-Layer Wall: Determine Q.
= = =
kA, AA kB, AB
T kC, AC
T1
Q(x)
T2
B
A C
T3
T4
X
Q Q
104
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
• V
=
v v
= =
Δ Δ Δ
d = ; d = ; d =
Δ Δ Δ

105
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
• V
=+
Δ Δ Δ
+ +

Δ-3,)*44
=
∑d
9ℎfJun 9f9hn hfJff
9ℎfJun Jfh tan f
=
106
Generalized Thermal Resistance Network
• The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve steady heat transfer
problems that involve parallel layers or combined series-parallel
arrangements.
• The total heat transfer of two parallel layers
V V 1 1
\ = \V + \ = + = V
dV d dV d
1
d+-+*4 (3-29)
1 1 1

dV d
d+-+*4 dV d
→ d+-+*4
dV d (3-31)
107
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
The total rate of heat transfer through
the composite system
V `
\
d+-+*4 (3-32)
where
dV d
d+-+*4 dV dv d=-13 dv d=-13
dV d (3-33)
bV
dV =
b bv 1
V V
; d ; dv ; d=-13
v v ℎ v (3-34)
108
Thermal Resistance Concept- Conduction Resistance
• Equation 3–3 for heat conduction through a plane wall can be

rearranged as
V
\=-1 ,*44 = (W)
d*44 (3-4)
• Where Rwall is the conduction resistance expressed as
b
d*44 = ( ∘C/W)
(3-5)
109
Thermal Resistance Concept- Convection Resistance
• Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection processes.

\
• Newton’s law of cooling for convection heat transfer rate ( =-13 ℎ : : `
) can
be rearranged as
\=-13 = ℎ : : `
: `
\=-13 =
d=-13
W
• Rconv is the convection resistance
1
d=-13 ∘ C/W
ℎ :
110
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation Resistance
• The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and the

surrounding
: :5))
\)* = : : :5))
= ℎ)* : (: :5)) ) = (W)
d)*
d)* =
1
/W
ℎ)* :
\)*
ℎ)* : :5))
: :5)) W/m ⋅ K
: : :5))
111
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation and Convection
Resistance
• A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves
convection and radiation simultaneously.
• The convection and radiation resistances are parallel to each
other.
• When Tsurr≈T∞, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K)
112
Thermal Resistance Network
• consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall that is exposed
to convection on both sides.
• Under steady conditions we have
Rate of Rate of Rate of

heat convection = heat conduction = heat convection
or into the wall through the wall from the wall
\ = ℎV `,V V
V
ℎ `,
b
113
Thermal Contact Resistance
• In reality surfaces have some roughness.
• When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks form good material
contact but the valleys form voids filled with air.
• As a result, an interface contains
numerous air gaps of varying sizes
that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
• Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact
resistance, Rc.
114
Multilayer Plane Walls
• In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of
several layers of different materials.
• The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through where the total
thermal resistance is
d+-+*4
= d=-13,V d*44,V d*44,
d=-13,
1 bV b 1

ℎV V ℎ 115
(Example 2.3)
• Example 2.3 - Composite Wall with convection surface
conditions. Determine Q. = = =
Tf1 T k1 k 2 3 k
Hot T1 Cold
Fluid Fluid
Tf1, h1 T2 B Tf4, h4
A C
T3
T4
Tf4
L1 L2 L3
X
116
Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4 Rf4 Tf4
(Example 2.3)
Tf1 Rf1 T1 T2RA RB T3 RC T4 Rf4 Tf4

• .V V V − − v v − − .

= = = = =
1 bV b bv 1
ℎV
V

v ℎ

? } ?} ?Y ?¡ ? ¢
• .V . .V − .

= =
1 bV b bv 1 ∑d
+ + + +
ℎV V v ℎ
117
(Example 2.3)
• However, with composite systems it is often convenient to

express the rate of heat transfer in terms of overall heat
transfer coefficient (U).
• This is defined by an expression similar to Newton’s Law of

Cooling:
•

= £
⏟ ⋅ ⋅ Δ

1 1
£= =
d⋅ 1 bV b bv 1
+ + + +
ℎV V v ℎ
118
(Example 2.4)
• Example 2.4 – Combined Heat
Transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation take
place simultaneously on boiler
tubes.
• The hot gases of combustion

products create a thin film of
gas on the outer wall of the
boiler tube and water film
within it.
• Determine the total resistance
119
(R):
(Example 2.4)
• There are parallel circuits in the gas film section due to both
convection and radiation acting there.
T
Hot gas Tube wall Water inside tube
T1
T2
Radiation
T3
T4
Gas Film L Water Film
X
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3, conv T4
120
R1,rad
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
•
• V v v
'= = = =
dV d dv
121
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
• The radiation thermal resistance in the gas R1,rad is given by:
V
=⋅⋅ ¤
~V¥ V

dV,)* A/*2,
¦*=+-)
1 ⋅ ⋅ ¤V¥ V
=
dV,)* V
122
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
• The convection thermal resistance in the hot gas R1,conv is

given by:
1
dV,=-13 =
ℎV
• The conduction thermal resistance in the wall R2 is given by:

b
d =

123
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
• The convection thermal resistance in the water (boiler) or

ambient air (furnace) R3 is given by:
1
dv =
ℎ
124
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
• The total resistance is:
§ d = dV + d + dv
¥V
1 1
= + + d + dv
dV,)* dV,=-13
¥V
⋅ ⋅ ¤V¥ V b 1
= + ℎV + +
V ℎ
125
HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
Heat transfer through the pipe

can be modeled as steady
and one-dimensional.
The temperature of the pipe
depends on one direction only
(the radial r-direction) and can
be expressed as T = T(r).
The temperature is
independent of the azimuthal
angle or the axial distance.
This situation is approximated
Heat is lost from a hot-water pipe to in practice in long cylindrical
the air outside in the radial direction, pipes and spherical
and thus heat transfer from a long containers.
pipe is one-dimensional.
126
A long cylindrical pipe (or spherical
shell) with specified inner and outer
surface temperatures T1 and T2.
Conduction resistance of the cylinder layer

127
A spherical shell
with specified
inner and outer
surface
temperatures T1
and T2.
Conduction resistance of the spherical layer

128
for a cylindrical layer
for a spherical layer

The thermal resistance
network for a cylindrical (or
spherical) shell subjected
to convection from both the
inner and the outer sides.
129
Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres
The thermal resistance

network for heat transfer
through a three-layered
composite cylinder
subjected to convection
on both sides.
130
Once heat transfer rate Q has been
calculated, the interface temperature
T2 can be determined from any of the
following two relations:
131
(Example 2.5)
• Example 2.5: Hollow Cylinder (Tube) (with convective surface conditions): Find all
of the thermal resistances.
Cold Fluid, Tf2, h2

No heat generation
'\
T1
r2
Hot fluid r1 Hot fluid

Tf1, h1 Tf1, h1
132
T2
L
(Example 2.5)
Cold Fluid, Tf2, h2

• Solve using the thermal T1
resistance method: r2
Hot fluid r1 Hot fluid

Tf1, h1 Tf1, h1
T2 L
Tf1 Rf1 T1 RA T2 Rf2 Tf2

1
d.V =
• The resistances Rf1 and Rf2 2|JV b ⋅ ℎV
can be found from ¨1+,);-) A5).*=,
),* -. %4;1 ,)
Newton’s Law of Cooling: d.
1
=
2|J b ⋅ ℎ
©5+,) A5).*=,
),* -. %4;1 ,)
133
(Example 2.5)
• The resistance RA can be found from Fourier’s Law:

\=-1 =
)Y J ZY
\
=-1
p ⋅ J = p ⋅

⏟
)} Z}
ª)«) Z}
\
Y
=-1 1
p ⋅ J = + p
2|b J
)} ZY
V −
\=-1 = 2|b ⋅ J
ln XJV
134
(Example 2.5)
• If the heat transfer rate is constant, this can be further simplified:
V
\=-1 =
d
Thermal
d
J
Resistance
lnXJV
=
2|b ⋅ V
135
(Example 2.6)
• Example 2.6: Composite Cylindrical Wall. Solve Q in terms of the overall thermal
resistance (ΣRtot) and overall heat transfer coefficient (U).
Cold Fluid, Tf2, h2

No heat generation
'\
Hot fluid Hot fluid

Tf1, h1 Tf1, h1
136
L
(Example 2.6)
• Composite layers
C
B
A
rA
rB TA
TB
rC TC
TD
137
rD
(Example 2.6)
• Use the thermal resistance method:

T
rA
TA Tf1 TA
rB TB
TB
TC TC
rC TD
TD
Tf4
rD r
Tf1 Rf1 TA RA TB RB TC RC TD Rf4 Tf4
.V .
\) = J J J¬
1 ln XJ ln XJ ln XJ 1
+ + + +
2|J bℎV 2| b 2| b 2| b 2|J¬ bℎ
138
(Example 2.6)
• Now express this in terms of U and ΣRtot
.V .
\) = = £V .V . = £ ¬ (.V . )
∑ d+-+
J J J¬
• Where:
1 ln ln ln 1
J J J
§ d+-+ = + + + +
2|J bℎV 2| b 2| b 2| b 2|J¬ bℎV
139
(Example 2.6)
• The overall heat transfer coefficient (based on the inner surface)

where AA= 2πrAL, is given by:
¥V
1 J J J J J J¬ J 1
£V = + ⋅ ln + ⋅ ln + ⋅ ln + ⋅
ℎV J J J J¬ ℎ
• Or we could calculate U4 (based on the outer surface) where AD=

2πrDL:
¥V
J¬ 1 J¬ J J¬ J J¬ J¬ 1
£ = ⋅ + ⋅ ln + ⋅ ln + ⋅ ln +
J ℎV J J J ℎ
140
(Example 2.6)
• The definition is arbitrary, the overall heat transfer coefficient

may also be defined on any of the intermediate areas:
¥V
£V = £ = £v = £ ¬ = § d+-+
\) = £V .V .
\)
= £ ¬ .V .
141
(Example 2.6)
• Check
£V V
2|JV b
=
1 J J J J J J J 1
+ ⋅ ln + ⋅ ln = + ⋅ ln ¬ + ⋅
ℎV J J J J¬ ℎ
1
=
1 1 J J J J J J J 1
+ ⋅ ln J + ⋅ ln J= + ⋅ ln J¬ + J ⋅
2|J b ℎV ¬ ℎ
142
(Example 2.6)
1
£V =
J J J
ln J ln J= ln J¬
1 1
+
+
+
+
2|J b ⋅ ℎV 2|b 2|b 2|b 2|J¬ bℎ
1
=
∑ d+-+
Correct !
143
(Example 2.8)
• Example 2.8: Hollow Cylinder
• A hollow cylinder is heated at the inner side at the rate of q0
(105W/m2) and dissipates heat from the outer surface into a fluid
at Tf2. There is no energy generation and the conductivity (k) of the
solid is assumed to be constant. Develop an expression for the
temperature T1 and T2 at (the inner and outer surface) and
calculate them for the following parameters.
Tf2= 100 ºC
h= 400 W/(m2·ºC)
r1 =3 cm
k= 15 W/(m·ºC)
144 r2 =5 cm
(Example 2.8)
Tf2= 100 ºC
h= 400 W/(m2·ºC)
r1 =3 cm
k= 15 W/(m·ºC)
r2 =5 cm
• Since there is no
heat generated in
the cylinder, it is
more convenient
T1 T2 Tf2 to solve the
J
ln XJV problem using the
2|b 1 thermal resistance
2|J bℎ method. 145
(Example 2.8)
T1 T2 Tf2
J
ln XJV
1
2|b
2|J bℎ
V − .
\_ = '\ _ ⋅ = '\ _ ⋅ 2|JV b =
1 J 1
ln +
2|b JV 2|J bℎ
• Also:
V − − .
'\ _ 2|JV b = =
1 J 1
ln 2|J bℎ
2|b JV
146
(Example 2.8)
• Taking the first equality and solving for T1:

V
'\ _ JV =
1 J
ln J
V
V
JV J
= '\ _ ⋅ ln +
JV
.
• Taking the second equality and solving for T2:
'\ _ JV =
J ℎ

JV
= '\ _ ⋅ + .
J ℎ
147
• Conduction in a spherical shell
• Consider heat conduction in a hollow sphere. In a steady state, one dimensional system
(without heat generation), the energy entering the differential control volume is equal to the
energy leaving the differential control volume.
z
\) = \)$ )

\) = = 4|J
J
J
x y
148
• Separating variables:
)Y ZY
\) J
p =p ()
~ ⋅
4| J
)} Z} .51=+;-1 -. Z
.(Z)
• Assuming constant k and integrating
) 1 )Y
)} = V
4| J
149
4| V
\) =
JV ⋅ J
4| V
1 1 J JV

JV J
V 1 1 1
\
) d
d where: 4| JV J
150
2.4 Two-dimensional Temperature Differences
(Finite Difference Methods)
151
Multi-dimensional SS Conduction
• As previously shown, the objective
of heat transfer analysis is to predict
the rate of heat flow or the
temperature distribution.
• In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow are

functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such cases
occur when the boundary is non-uniform.
• Examples:
– Heat flow through a corner section where 2 or 3 walls meet
– Conduction through the walls of a short, hollow cylinder
– Heat loss through a buried pipe.
152
Multi-dimensional SS Conduction
• The solution to 2-D and 3-D
problems can be solved by:
• Analytical
• Graphical
• Analogical
• Numerical methods (finite
difference)
• Finite difference methods

(using computers) is often
the best choice.
153
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• Numerical methods based on finite difference techniques are ideally suited for
systems of more complex geometries by means of high speed computers.
• It is suitable for 2-D or 3-D systems
• Consider a 2-D system such as a solid of constant thickness b, subdividing into

equal increments in both the x and y-directions
154
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
m – x increment
Node
n – y increment ∆x
∆y
b
y
x
155
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• In the absence of a heat

m,n+1
source or sink in the
system, the rate of heat Qm,n+1
flow toward the nodal
point must be equal to the
rate of heat flow from it in m+1,n
m-1,n m, n
steady state.
Qm-1,n Qm+1,n
Qm,n-1
m,n-1
156
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• In the finite difference method the derivatives are replaced by differences.
+ Δ
= lim

→_ Δ
• Instead of taking the limit, the following approximation for the derivative can
be used.
f(x+Dx)
+ Δ Df
≈ f(x)
Δ Dx
x x+dx 157
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• If the grid is subdivided into M sections of equal length.
b
Δ =
¯
Tm+1
h 9ℎf Tm
hJf9h Tm-1
m-1 m m+1
m-½ m+½
158
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
6 6¥V
] =
m-1/2
6¥V Δ

Tm-1 Tm
]
6$V m+1/2

6$V 6
=
Δ Tm Tm+1
159
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• The 2nd derivative is simply:

° V ° V
6$ 6¥

=
Δ
6$V 6 6 6¥V

= Δ Δ
Δ
6¥V 26 + 6$V
=
Δ
160
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• Likewise:
1$V 21 + 1¥V

=
Δ
161
Finite Differences
• Finite Differences of Plane Wall: The 1-D heat transfer through a
plane wall is given by the following equation. Find the finite
difference expression for:
'\
+

• This can be expressed in differential form as:
6¥V 26 + 6$V '\ ±

Δ
Where q′m is the rate of heat generation per unit volume at node m.
162
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• For 2-dimensions: (m, n+1)
'\
+ +

(m-1, n) (m, n) (m+1, n)
Dy
Dx
• The finite difference formulation is: (m, n-1)
6$V,1 26,1 + 6¥V,1 6,1$V 26,1 + 6,1¥V

Δ Δ
'\±,²

J u = 1, 2, 3 … ¯ 1
J = 1, 2, 3 … ³ 1 163
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• If ∆x = ∆y then:
Y
'\±,²
6$V,1 + 6¥V,1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 =

• Or since we are considering that k= constant, the heat flows

may all be expressed in terms of temperature differentials and
this same equation can be derived.

\
=
eℎfJf
= Δ ⋅ 1

\% = % eℎfJf % = Δ ⋅ 1

164
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• Therefore the finite difference expressions for Q are:
6¥V,1 6,1
\=-1 \
,4,.+ = 6¥V,1 = ⋅ Δ
Δ
6$V,1 6,1
\=-1 \
,);0/+ = 6$V,1 = ⋅ Δ
Δ
6,1$V 6,1
\=-1 \
,52 = 6,1$V = ⋅ Δ
Δ
6,1¥V 6,1
\=-1 \
, -1 = 6,1¥V = ⋅ Δ
Δ
165
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• Therefore the total heat transfer is:

\±,²
⏟
\6$V,1 + \6¥V,1 + \6,1$V + \6,1¥V + ' ´"⋅´µ
• Therefore if ∆x = ∆y:
Δ ⋅ 6¥V,1 6,1 Δ ⋅ 6$V,1 6,1
+ +⋯
Δ Δ
⋅ = '\ 6,1
⋅ Δ ⋅ Δ
Δ ⋅ 6,1¥V 6,1 Δ ⋅ 6,1$V 6,1
… +
Δ Δ
166
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• Then:
Y
'\±,²
6$V,1 + 6¥V,1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 =

167
Finite Differences (inside nodes)
l
T top
T node
T left T right
T bottom
' f 2
4,.+ + +-2 + );0/+ + ¶-++-6 4 ⋅ 1- , =

168
Finite Differences
• To use this numerical method, these equations must be written for each node
within the material and the resultant system of equations solved for the
temperature at the various nodes.
169
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
Example 2.13: Finite Difference Modeling of a square plate.
A small plate (1x1 m) and with a k= 10 W/(m⋅°C) has one
face maintained at 500°C and the rest at 100°C.
Compute:
(i) Temperature at various nodes. k 500°°C
(ii) Heat flow at the boundaries.
100°°C 1 m 100°°C
1m
170
100°°C
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
Δ = 1X3 u
Four-node
problem T=500°°C
Δ = 1X3 u
1 2
T=100°°C T=100°°C
3 4
171
T=100°°C
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
(i) The solution for finding the temperatures is (for

1 2
an interior node):
6$V,1 + 6¥V.1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 = 0 3 4
³f 1: + 100∘ 8 + 500∘ 8 + v 4V = 0

³f 2: 100∘ 8 + V + 500∘ 8 + 4 = 0
³f 3: + 100∘ 8 + V + 100∘ 8 4v = 0
³f 4: 100∘ 8 + v + + 100∘ 8 4 = 0
172
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• Rearranging equations:
600 4V + + v = 0
600 + V 4 + = 0
200 + V 4v +
=0
200 + + v 4 = 0
173
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -600
· =
1 0 -4 1 T3 -200
0 1 1 -4 T4 -200
174
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• Solve by Gaussian Elimination:
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 -4 0 1 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
175
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
4x1= -4x4= 4x0= 4x1= -600x4=

X4
4 -16 0 4 -2400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
176
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4+(4)=0
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -16 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
177
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(-16)=-15
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
178
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(0)=1
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
179
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
0+(4)=4
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
180
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-600+(-2400)=-3000
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
181
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
X4 0 1 -15 4 -1,400
0 1 1 -4 -200
182
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-15+(1x15)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
X15 0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 1 1 -4 -200
183
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
X15 0 0 16 -56 -6,000

184
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-224+(14x16)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
224
X =14
16
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
185
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
186
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
4 ⋅ V + + v = 600
15 ⋅ + v + 4 ⋅ = 3,000
224 ⋅ v + 64 ⋅ = 24,000
⥂ 720 ⋅
= 108,000
• Solving for the unknowns
108,000
= = 150∘ 8
720
187
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
24,000 + 150 × 64
v = = 150∘ 8
224
150 + 150 × 4 + 3,000

=
15
= 250 8
∘
600 + 250 + 150

V = = 250∘ 8
4
188
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• (ii) The heat rate is thus:

Δ
\
= § Δ
Δ
1 2
Δ
\% = § Δ -Qx=0
Δ
3 4
Δ 1 1
\
^_ = 100 + v 100 + 500 100 + 100 100
Δ V 2 2
1
= 10 ⋅ 250 100 + 150 100 + 500 100
2
t
= 4,000
u
189
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
1 2
-Qx=1
3 4
Δ 1 1
\
^V = 100 + 100 + 500 100 + 100 100
Δ 2 2
1
= 10 ⋅ 250 100 + 150 100 + 500 100
2
t
= 4,000
u
190
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
1 2
3 4
-Qy=0
Δ 1 1
\%^_ = v 100 + 100 + 100 100 + 100 100
Δ 2 2
= 10 ⋅ 150 100 + 150 100
t
= 1,000
u
191
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• (ii) The heat rate is thus: +Qy=1
1 2
3 4
Δ 1 1
\%^V = 500 + 500 + 100 500 + 100 500
Δ V 2 2
= 10 ⋅ 250 500 + 250 500 200 200
t
= +9,000
u
192
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• Therefore: +9,000 W/m
1 2
-4,000 W/m -4,000 W/m
3 4
-1,000 W/m
Heat flowing into the plate = +9,000 W/m
193 Heat flow leaving the plate = -4000-4000-1000=-9,000 W/m

Finite Differences
(Example 2.14)
• Example 2.14: Derive the heat equation for node 3 of the plate shown below.
1 2
Given:
k= constant
3 4
b= thickness
insulation
∆x= ∆y
Steady state
5 6
194
Finite Differences
(Example 2.14)
• Also note the half areas:

Δ
2
1
Δ
Δ
2 3 4
5 195
Finite Differences
(Example 2.14)
• Since the heat transfer is steady state then ΣQ=0 and the
equation at node 3 is:
v Δ ⋅ ¼ V v Δ ⋅ ¼ ¾ v
0 = ⋅ Δ ⋅ ¼ +⋅ ⋅ +⋅ ⋅
Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ
µ
V V
!\±½},²
" "
!\±,²½} !\±,²¿}
\6¥V,1 = 0
• Note: because of the insulation
196
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Example 2.15: Steady 2-D Heat Conduction in an L-bar.
Given: k = 15 W/(m·ºC) h= 80 W/(m2·ºC)
T∞= 25ºC q′= gn= 2x106 W/m3
Convection ∆x= ∆y= L = 0.012m

h, T∞= 25ºC
1 2 3
Dx Dy
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
197 T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Assumptions:
• Heat transfer is steady and 2-D
• Thermal conductivity (k) is constant
• Heat generation q′ is constant
• Radiation heat transfer is neglible
• Form the volume elements by partitioning the region between nodes. Node 5 is
the only completely interior node. Consider the volume element represented by
Node 5 to be full size (e.g. ∆x=∆y=1).
198
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Then the elements represented by a regular boundary node (i.e. Node 2)
becomes half size (e.g. ∆x=∆y/2=1) and a corner node (i.e. Node 1) is quarter size
(e.g. ∆x/2=∆y/2=1) .
Convection
1 2 3 h, T∞= 25ºC
∆y ∆x
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
199 T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
h, T∞= 25ºC ∆x= ∆y= L
insulation 1 2 3
∆x ∆y
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
• Since the bottom surface is at a constant temperature of 90 ºC,
then:
V_ = VV = V = Vv = V = V¾ = 90∘ 8

200
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Node 1 (Energy balance): h, T∞= 25ºC
• Insulated on the left
insulation
• Convection on top 1 2 Dy
______
• Conduction on right and bottom 2

4 5
Δ = Δ = b
Dx/2
Δ Δ − V Δ − V Δ Δ
0=ℎ⋅ ` − V + ⋅ +⋅ + k\V ⋅ ⋅
2 2 Δ 2 Δ 2 2
t t ∘
80 ⋅ 0.012 u 80 ∘ ⋅ 25 8
u⋅ ∘8 u⋅ 8 2 × 10{ ⋅ 0.012 u
2+ ⋅ V + + =
t t t
15 15 2 ⋅ 15
u ⋅ ∘8 u ⋅ ∘8 u ⋅ ∘8
2.064 ⋅ V + + = −11.2 201

Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Node 2 (Energy balance): Convection

h, T∞= 25ºC
• Convection on top
• Conduction right, left, bottom 1 2 3
Dy
Δ v
0 = ℎ ⋅ Δ ⋅ ` − + ⋅ ⋅ +⋯ 4 5 6
2 Δ
¾ Δ V Δ
… + ⋅ Δ ⋅ +⋅ ⋅ + k\ ⋅ Δ ⋅
Δ 2 Δ 2 Dx
2ℎb 2ℎb k\
V 4 + ⋅ + v + 2¾ = − ⋅ ` − b

V − 4.128 ⋅ + v + 2 ⋅ ¾ = −22.4
202
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)

h, T∞= 25ºC
• Convection on top and right
• Conduction at bottom and left
2 3
Δ Δ Δ { v
Dy
ℎ⋅ + ⋅ ` v + ⋅ ⋅
2 2 2 Δ
5 6
+⋯
Δ v Δ Δ Dx
…+ ⋅ ⋅ + k\ v ⋅ ⋅ =0
2 Δ 2 2
2ℎb 2ℎb k\ v b
2 + ⋅ v + { = − ⋅ ` −
2
− 2.128 ⋅ v + { = −12.8
203
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Node 4 (Energy balance): Dx

• Insulated on left
• Conduction at the top, right, bottom 1 2
• This node is on the insulated boundary and can

be treated as an interior node by replacing the
insulation with a mirror. This puts a reflected 5′ 4 5
insulation
image of node 5 to the left of node 4. Dy
10 11
k\ b
¾ + V + ¾ + V_ 4 ⋅ + =0

¨1+,);-)
T= 90 ºC
Z}j
k\ b
À−
V − 4 + 2¾ = −90 = −109.2

204
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Node 5 (Energy balance):

• Interior node
• Conduction all sides 1 2 3
• Can use the equation for an interior Dy
insulation
node
4 5 6
10 11 12
k\ ¾ b
+ + { + VV 4 ⋅ ¾ + =0
Z}} T= 90 ºC
k\ ¾ b
À−
+ + { − 4 ⋅ ¾ = −90

= −109.2 205
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Node 6 (Energy balance):

• Convection upward right corner
• Conduction everywhere else
Qcond
Convection
2 3
h, T∞= 25ºC Qconv
Qconv
5 6 7
Dy
11 12 13 Qcond 6
Qcond
Dx
T= 90 ºC Qcond 206
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Δ Δ Δ Á { V {
ℎ⋅ + ⋅ ` { + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ Δ ⋅
2 2 2 Δ Δ
+⋯
⋅ Δ Δ v { 3
…+ ¾ { + ⋅ ⋅ + k\ { ⋅ Δ ⋅ Δ = 0
Δ 2 Δ 4
¾ of the internal
energy generation, 2 3 Convection
h, T∞= 25ºC
since only ¾ the
volume
5 6 7
Dy
v + 2 ⋅ ¾ 6.128 ⋅ { + Á = 212.0 11 12 13
Dx
207
T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Convection on top ∆x
• Conduction right, left, and bottom
6 7 8
Δ s Á ∆y
ℎ ⋅ Δ ⋅ ` − Á + ⋅ ⋅ +⋯
2 Δ 12 13 14
Vv Á { Á Δ
… + ⋅ Δ + ⋅ Δ + k\ Á ⋅ Δ ⋅ =0
Δ Δ 2
T= 90 ºC
2ℎb 2ℎb k\ Á b
{ 4 + Á + s = −180 − −
`
{ − 4.128 ⋅ Á + s = −202.4
208
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Identical to Node 7 Dx
7 8 9
Dy
13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
k\ s b
Á 4 + ⋅ s + Â = 180 ⋅ `
2ℎb 2ℎb

Á 4.128 ⋅ s + Â = −202.4
209
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)

h, T∞= 25ºC
• qr heat flow on right
• Convection on top qr= 5000
W/m2
• Conduction on bottom and left 8 9
Δ Δ Δ V¾ Â
ℎ⋅ ` Â + '\ ? ⋅ +⋅
Dy
2 2 2 Δ 14 15
+⋯
Δ s Â Δ Δ
…+ ⋅ + k\ Â ⋅ ⋅ =0
2 Δ 2 2 Dx
T= 90 ºC
ℎb '\ ? ℎb k\ Â b
s 2 + ⋅ Â = −90 − b − ⋅ −
` 2
s 2.064 ⋅ Â = −105.2
210
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• We now have 9 equations and 9 unknowns, so we can solve:
Node 1: 2.064 ⋅ V + + = −11.2
Node 2: V − 4.128 ⋅ + v + 2 ⋅ ¾ = −22.4
Node 3: − 2.128 ⋅ v + { = −12.8
Node 4: V − 4 + 2¾ = −109.2
Node 5: + + { − 4 ⋅ ¾ = −109.2
Node 6: v + 2 ⋅ ¾ − 6.128 ⋅ { + Á = −212.0
Node 7: { − 4.128 ⋅ Á + s = −202.4
Node 8: Á − 4.128 ⋅ s + Â = −202.4
Node 9: s − 2.064 ⋅ Â = −105.2

211
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Solving:
T 1= 112.1 ºC
T 2= 110.8 ºC
T 3= 106.6 ºC
T 4= 109.4 ºC
T 5= 108.1 ºC
T 6= 103.2 ºC
T 7= 97.3 ºC
T 8= 96.3 ºC
T 9= 97.6 ºC
212
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Temperature
(ºC)
Hi Convection
h, T∞= 25ºC
1 2 3
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
Low qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
213

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MEC551

• Transient implies variation with time or time dependence

• Taylor Series Expansion:

• Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:

• Heat being stored within the element, as in the case of an unsteady-

• The rate of heat generated is:

• The rate of heat storage is:

• Assuming the element may expand or contract freely at constant pressure,

Net rate of Rate of

• In equation form this is:

• Substituting α in, this equation becomes the general differential

2) Poisson Equation (steady state, ∂T/∂t =0):

   '

3) Laplace Equation (steady state with no heat generation):

  

• Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical coordinates

• Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical coordinates

̶ = J ⋅ JK ⋅ J sin K ⋅ O

• Heat conduction rate in r-direction (in to element):

• Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):

• Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:

• Heat conduction rate in θ-direction (in to element):

• Heat conduction rate in θ-direction (out of element):

• Total heat conduction rate in θ-direction:

• Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (in to element):

• Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (out of element):

• Total heat conduction rate in Ф-direction:

• Rate of Heat Generation:

• Rate of Heat Storage:

• The energy balance is given by:

Net rate of Rate of

• Therefore the conduction equation in spherical coordinates is:

• Equations for cylindrical coordinates:

Net rate of Rate of

1) Constant Surface Temperature:

3) Adiabatic or insulated surface:

4) Convection surface condition:

• Example 2.1 - One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction (no heat

T A slab (of thickness L) with

• Develop the expressions:

• The general equation for conduction in x-direction with no heat

(II): Solve for Q

• Slab (Plane Wall)

• The general equation for conduction with constant heat

• Solving differential equations:

• Solve C1 and C2 by using the boundary conditions:

(i) x=0, T(x)= T1 T

• Substituting in the constants gives:

• Once the temperature distribution T(x) in the slab is established from

• Steady State Condition:

• The equation for 1-D, steady state heat conduction then

• For constant heat generation:

• Solve for T(r), by integrating twice.

• Clearly, two boundary conditions are required to determine C1

• The other boundary condition will be at the center (r=0)

• An alternative boundary condition at the center (r=0) can be

• Boundary Conditions T2= 100 ºC

• The general conduction equation for a cylinder is:

Ø, steady state Ø, 1-D Ø, 1-D

• Applying boundary conditions at r= r2 gives:

• The temperature distribution in the solid cylinder is:

• The heat flux in the cylinder is thus:

• The temperature T(0) at r= 0 is:

'

• .V . .V − .

1$V 21 + 1¥V

6¥V 26 + 6$V '\ ±

6$V,1 26,1 + 6¥V,1 6,1$V 26,1 + 6,1¥V

6$V,1 + 6¥V,1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 =

6$V,1 + 6¥V,1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 =

6$V,1 + 6¥V.1 + 6,1$V + 6,1¥V 4 ⋅ 6,1 = 0 3 4

³f 1: + 100∘ 8 + 500∘ 8 + v 4V = 0