Lecture Schedule

 Introduction to Photogrammetry
Vertical Photographs

 Sensor Systems
 Basic geometry of the metric photograph
 Vertical Photographs
 Stereoscopic Viewing
 Stereoscopic Parallax
 Flight Planning

 Quiz Dates : October 6, 2016

1
 GM 275: Principles of Photogrammetry

Vertical Photographs

Venue: Geomatics MSc Room

Delivered by:
Mrs. Naa Dedei Tagoe Mantey

Dept. of Geomatic Engineering Date: Monday, October 3, 2016

 Lecture Objectives

 Differentiate between vertical and tilted photos

Vertical Photographs

 Explain what is meant by scale of an aerial photographs.

 List 4 ways of representing scale.
 Calculate scale over flat and variable terrain.
 Determine the ground coordinates of objects appearing in a
vertical photograph.
 Explain what is meant by relief.

3
 Important Definitions

 Vertical photograph – photo taken with the optical axis

Vertical Photographs

coinciding with the direction of gravity.

 Tilted photograph – photo taken with the optical axis

unintentionally tilted from the vertical by a small amount,
usually less that 3o
 Near vertical photo

 Flying height – elevation of exposure station above sea level

or datum.

4
 Scale

 Map scale is ordinarily interpreted as the ratio of a map

Vertical Photographs

distance to the corresponding distance on the ground.

 Scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on the photo

to the corresponding distance on the ground.

 Scale on a vertical photograph is uniform. True or False?

Explain your answer.

5
 Scale

 Scale on a map is uniform. True or False? Explain your

Vertical Photographs

answer.

 Scale on a map is uniform because the nature of the map

projection is orthographic. Therefore map scale is not influenced
by terrain variations.

𝐷 = 𝐿 cos 𝜃
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 Scale

 Scale on an aerial photograph is uniform. True or False?

Vertical Photographs

Explain your answer.

 On an aerial photograph, scale is not uniform because the

nature of the map projection is perspective projection. For
this reason, scale varies with variations in terrain elevation.

7
Scale Over Flat Terrain Scale Over Variable Terrain
 Scale

 Scale may be represented in 4 different ways

Vertical Photographs

Unit equivalents: 1 in = 1000 ft

Unit fraction: 1 in / 1000 ft

Dimensionless representative fraction: 1/12,000

Dimensionless ratio: 1:12,000

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 Scale Over Flat Terrain
Vertical Photographs

 Utilising similar triangles

Lab and LAB.
ab f
S𝐴𝐵 = = ′
AB H

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 Scale Over Flat Terrain

 Vertical photo taken over flat terrain with 152.4 mm focal

Vertical Photographs

length camera at a height of 1830 m above ground.

What is the photo scale?

f 0.1524 m
S= ′= = 1: 12000
H 1830 𝑚

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 Scale Over Variable Terrain

 By similar triangles, Lab and

Vertical Photographs

LAB.
ab La
S𝐴𝐵 = =
AB LA

 By similar triangles, Loa and

LOAA.
La f
S𝐴𝐵 = =
LA H − ℎ𝐴

 Equating the two formulae and dropping all subscripts.

ab f
S𝐴𝐵 = = 11
AB H − ℎ
 Scale Over Variable Terrain

 Average Scale: is the scale at the average elevation of the

Vertical Photographs

terrain covered by a particular photograph and is expressed

as:
𝑓
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔 . =
𝐻 − ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑔 .

12
 Scale Over Variable Terrain
 Suppose that highest terrain hB, average terrain havg, and lowest
Vertical Photographs

terrain hA of the Figure below are 610, 460, and 310 m above
mean sea level, respectively. Calculate maximum scale, minimum
scale and average scale if flying height above mean sea level is
3000 m and camera focal length is 152.4 mm.

hB = 610 m
Havg = 460 m
hA = 310 m
H = 3000 m
f = 152.4 mm
Maximum scale = ?
Minimum scale = ?
13
Average scale = ?
 Scale Over Variable Terrain
Maximum scale occurs at maximum elevation
Vertical Photographs

𝑓 0.1524 𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝟏 𝟏𝟓, 𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝐻 − ℎ𝐵 3000 − 610 𝑚

Minimum scale occurs at minimum elevation

𝑓 0.1524 𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 𝟏 𝟏𝟕, 𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 3000 − 310 𝑚

Average scale occurs at average elevation

𝑓 0.1524 𝑚
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑔. = = = 𝟏 𝟏𝟔, 𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝐻 − ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑔. 3000 − 460 𝑚 14
 Scale Over Variable Terrain
 How to determine scale if the area on the photography is
Vertical Photographs

inaccessible?

If map of area is available, it can be used to help

determine scale
𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆= 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

15
 Scale Over Variable Terrain
 How to determine scale if the area on the photography is
Vertical Photographs

inaccessible?

 The length of an airport runway measures 160 mm on a

vertical photograph. On a map, whose scale is 1:24,000, the
runway scales 103 mm. What is the scale of the photograph
at the runway elevation

160 𝑚𝑚 1
𝑆= 𝑥 = 𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎
103 𝑚𝑚 24000 16
 Scale Over Variable Terrain
 The horizontal distance AB between the centers of two street
Vertical Photographs

intersections was measured on the ground as 42 m. The

corresponding line ab appears on a vertical photograph and
measures 95 mm. What is the scale of the photo at the
average ground elevation of this line?

ab
S𝐴𝐵 =
AB

0.095 𝑚 𝟏
𝑆= = 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎
42 𝑚

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 From the ground coordinates of the two points A and B, the
Vertical Photographs

horizontal distance AB can be calculated, using the

Pythagorean Theorem, as

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 − 𝑋𝐴 2 + 𝑌𝐵 − 𝑌𝐴 2

18
 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 Images a and b of the ground points A and B appear on the
Vertical Photographs

photograph.

 Their measured photographic coordinates are a(xa, ya) and

b(xb, yb)

 Coordinates of points A and B are A(XA,YA) and B(XB, YB)

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 From similar triangles Lao and LAAo, the following equation
Vertical Photographs

may be written:
𝑜𝑎′ 𝑓 𝑥𝑎
′
= =
𝐴𝑂 𝐴 𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 𝑋𝐴

 From which

𝐻 − ℎ𝐴
𝑋𝐴 = 𝑥𝑎
𝑓

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 Also from similar triangles La''o and LA ''Ao, the following
Vertical Photographs

equation may be written:

𝑜𝑎′′ 𝑓 𝑦𝑎
′′
= =
𝐴𝑂 𝐴 𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 𝑌𝐴

 From which

𝐻 − ℎ𝐴
𝑌𝐴 = 𝑦𝑎
𝑓

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 Similar the ground points B:
Vertical Photographs

𝐻 − ℎ𝐵
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑥𝑏
𝑓

𝐻 − ℎ𝐵
𝑌𝐵 = 𝑦𝑏
𝑓

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 A vertical photo was taken with a 152.4 mm focal length
Vertical Photographs

camera at a flying height of 1385 m above the datum. The

following were the results;

 From the ground coordinates of the points a and b,

determine the horizontal length/distance of AB.

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 − 𝑋𝐴 2 + 𝑌𝐵 − 𝑌𝐴 2

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 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
 Given, f = 152.4 mm H= 1385 m
Vertical Photographs

𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 1385 − 204
𝑋𝐴 = 𝑥𝑎 = −0.05235 = −𝟒𝟎𝟓. 𝟕 𝒎
𝑓 0.1524

𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 1385 − 204
𝑌𝐴 = 𝑦𝑎 = −0.048.27 = −𝟑𝟕𝟒. 𝟏 𝒎
𝑓 0.1524

𝐻 − ℎ𝐵 1385 − 148
𝑋𝐵 = 𝑥𝑏 = 0.04064 = 𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟗 𝒎
𝑓 0.1524

𝐻 − ℎ𝐵 1385 − 148
𝑌𝐵 = 𝑦𝑏 = 0.04388 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎 24
𝑓 0.1524
 Ground Coordinates from Photograph
Vertical Photographs

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑋𝐵 − 𝑋𝐴 2 + 𝑌𝐵 − 𝑌𝐴 2

𝐴𝐵 = 329.9 − (−405.7) 2 + 356.2 − (−374.1 2

𝐴𝐵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒎

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 Relief Displacement on Vertical Photos

 Shift in photographic position

Vertical Photographs

of image caused by relief of the

object i.e. elevation
above/below the datum O'

 Relief displacement relationship

𝑑 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′

 From similar triangles Loa and LO'A scale relationships

written as 𝑟 𝑓
= 𝑓𝑅
𝑅 𝐻 − ℎ𝐴 𝑟= 26
(𝐻 − ℎ)
 Relief Displacement on Vertical Photos

 Again, from similar triangles

Vertical Photographs

Loa'and LO'R, scale

relationships written as
𝑟′ 𝑓
=
𝑅 𝐻
O'

𝑓𝑅
𝑟′ =
𝐻
 From 𝑑 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 ′

𝑓𝑅 𝑓𝑅
𝑑= −
(𝐻 − ℎ) 𝐻 27
 Relief Displacement on Vertical Photos
𝑅𝑓ℎ
𝑑=
Vertical Photographs

𝐻(𝐻 − ℎ)
 But from
𝑓𝑅
𝑟=
(𝐻 − ℎ)
O'
 Make R the subject
𝑟(𝐻 − h)
𝑅=
𝑓
Relief displacement
𝑟(𝐻 − h) 𝒓𝒉
𝑓ℎ
𝑓 𝒅=
𝑑= 𝑯
𝐻(𝐻 − ℎ) 28
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End of Lecture
Vertical Photographs