An Internship Report on

“GSM Mobile Networking”

At

IT Department of Nepal Telecom

Jawalakhel,Nepal

Submitted By:

Anish Singh Maharjan

PU Registration Number: 2011-2-08-0031

Symbol Number: 12080115

Submitted To:

Nobel College

Faculty of Management

POKHARA UNIVERSITY

Kathmandu, Nepal

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor in Computer Information System (BCIS)

Date: September 2015

 POKHARA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Management

Nobel College

DECLARATION

I hereby, declare that the work reported in this internship report on “GSM Mobile
Networking in Nepal Telecom Pvt. Ltd” submitted to Nobel College, Pokhara
University is my original work done in the form to fulfill the partial requirement for
the degree of Bachelor in Computer Information System (BCIS) under the supervision
of Mr. Dipesh Shrestha, Mr. Subash Paudyal Nobel College.

Mr. Anish Singh Maharjan

Date: September 2015

 POKHARA UNIVERSITY

BACHELOR IN COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM (BCIS)

RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the internship report on GSM Mobile Network

in Nepal Telecom Pvt. Ltd

Submitted By:

Mr. Anish Singh Maharjan

PU Registration Number: 2011-2-08-0031

Symbol Number: 12080115

Entitled

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON GSM MOBILE NETWORKING

IN NEPAL TELECOM Pvt. Ltd

Has been prepared as approved by Nobel College.

This internship report is forwarded for examination to Pokhara University.

Date: September 2015

___________________

Mr. kamal Pd. Regmi

Principal
 APPEOVAL SHEET

POKHARA UNIVERSITY

Approval

The major organization Internship Report titled

“On GSM Mobile Networking in Nepal Telecom Pvt. Ltd”

Submitted By:

Mr. Anish Singh Maharjan

PU Registration Number: 2011-2-08-0031

Symbol Number: 12080115

Submitted towards partial fulfillment of the requirement fpr the degree of

“Bachelor in Computer Information System (BCIS)”

Has been approved by following panel of examination

S.N. Name Designation Signature Date

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this report first of all deep gratitude goes towards Pokhara University. Deep
gratitude goes to Nobel College and respected Head of Department (HOD) of
Management faculty of Nobel College Mr. Dipesh Shrestha for giving suggestion
during internship. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Subash Paudyal for their continuous
guidance, feedback, support. The satisfaction and success of this internship report
would be in completed without heartfelt thanks to people whose constant guidance,
support and encouragement made this work successful.

All the staff of Nepal Telecom Pvt. Ltd are acknowledge for their cooperation and
guidance. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Sujan Shrestha for the support and supervisor
for my internship work in Nepal Telecom Pvt. Ltd. Special thanks to Mr. Subash
Paudyal.

Thanks and apperication to my family, seniors and friends who have supported
directly or indirectly while preparing internship report.

____________________

Mr. Anish Singh Maharjan

[i]
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Skilled man power is the backbone of nation’s development. For the time being we
are Information Technology student, but after graduation we will be associated with
different organization – be it private or public organization. To show our distinctive
presence we should be technically sound and should be familiar with various aspect of
organization. Considering these facts our syllabus has covered internship course. To
implement the theoretical knowledge into practical field.

As a student of Computer Information System, Nepal Telecom was a better option to

choose for my internship in Nepal Telecommunication sector. After choosing the
organization of my internship, GSM Mobile Networking was best to choose. Finally
my internship report was entitled as “GSM Mobile Networking”.

After getting the permission for the internship in Nepal Telecom on GSM mobile
networking from central office of Nepal Telecom. To get the knowledge about the
GSM technology and its services, they managed to provide workshop in GSM
Technology that Nepal Telecom is implementing.

[ii]
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

P.U. Pokhara University

BCIS Bachelor in Computer Information System

IT Information Technology

Mbps Megabytes per Second

GSM Global System for Mobile

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Insititute

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SMS Short Message Services

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

MS Mobile Station

BSS Base Station Sub-system

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

NSS Network & Switching Station

HLR Home Location Register

VLR Visitor Location Register

[iii]
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE 1.1: HIERARCHY OF DECISION MAKING .............................................. 1

FIGURE 3.1: TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT OF NEPAL TELECOM.............. 18
FIGURE 3.2: HUAWEI SERVER FOR GSM ............................................................ 19
FIGURE 3.3: HUAWEI SWITCHING SERVER ....................................................... 20
FIGURE 3.4: HP SERVER ......................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 4.1: GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE .................................................. 25
FIGURE 4.2: GSM VARIANTS ................................................................................. 28
FIGURE 4.3: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE ........................................................ 29
FIGURE 6.1: GSM FORM REGISTRATION ............................................................ 31
FIGURE 6.2: GPRS APPLICATION FORM ............................................................. 32

[iv]
 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE 1.1: DURATION OF INTERNSHIP ............................................................... 4

TABLE 1.2: GANTT CHART ...................................................................................... 5

[v]
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ........................................................................................ iii

LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION AND STUDY METHODOLOGY ......................... 1

1.1. Background of organization under study ........................................................ 1

1.2. Objective and Purpose of Nobel College ........................................................ 1

1.3. Organization’s Structure ................................................................................. 1

1.3.1. Hierarchy of Decision making ..................................................................... 1

1.4. Objective of Internship .................................................................................... 2

1.5. Methodology of Study..................................................................................... 3

1.5.1. Organization Selection ................................................................................ 3

1.5.2. Placement/ Duration/ Activities................................................................... 3

1.5.3. Work schedule/ Gantt chart ......................................................................... 4

CHAPTER- -II: NEPAL TELECOM ............................................................................ 6

2. Organization under Study ................................................................................... 6

2.1. History of Nepal Telecom ............................................................................... 6

2.2. Mile stones of Nepal Telecom ........................................................................ 7

2.3. Philosophy ..................................................................................................... 10

2.3.1. Mission and Visions of Nepal Telecom .................................................... 10

2.3.2. Goals and Objectives of Nepal Telecom ................................................... 10

2.4. Management .................................................................................................. 11

2.4.1. Level of Management ................................................................................ 11

2.4.2. Board of Directors ..................................................................................... 12

[vi]
 2.5. Location ......................................................................................................... 12

2.6. Product and Services Rendered ..................................................................... 13

2.7. GSM Mobile Communication System .......................................................... 14

2.8. Technical details of GSM system.................................................................. 14

2.9. NNS Interface and Protocols ......................................................................... 15

CHAPTER – III STUDY OF DEPARTMENRT ........................................................ 16

3. Department of Study ......................................................................................... 16

3.1. Human Resource Management ..................................................................... 16

3.1.1. Function of Human Resource Management .............................................. 16

3.1.2. Department under Human Resource Management .................................... 16

3.2. Finance .......................................................................................................... 16

3.2.1. Function of Finance ................................................................................... 16

3.2.2. Department under Finance......................................................................... 17

3.3. IT Department ............................................................................................... 17

3.3.1. Department under IT department .............................................................. 17

3.4. Transmission department .............................................................................. 18

3.5. System vendors/ suppliers ............................................................................. 19

3.5.1. Core Network ............................................................................................ 19

3.5.2. Billing Network ......................................................................................... 20

3.5.3. Served in Used ........................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER – IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ........................................................... 21

4. Global System for Mobile (GSM) Analysis ................................................... 21

4.1. GSM wireless operating band ....................................................................... 21

4.2. Control channel in GSM system ................................................................... 21

4.3. Frequency hopping ........................................................................................ 22

4.4. GSM service provided by Nepal Telecom .................................................... 23

4.5. GSM Network Architecture .......................................................................... 25

[vii]
 4.6. Problem prevailing in GSM services ............................................................ 26

4.7. GSM variants................................................................................................. 28

4.8. Organization structure ................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER – V CONCLUSION AND FEEDBACK .................................................. 30

5. Lesson learnt ..................................................................................................... 30

5.1. Feedback........................................................................................................ 30

ANNEXES ................................................................................................................... 31

REFERENCE ............................................................................................................... 33

[viii]
 1

CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION AND STUDY METHODOLOGY

1.1. Background of organization under study

Nobel College was established in 2001 A.D located in Sinamangal, Kathmandu. It is
an extension of Nobel Academy that has already acquired an enviable reputation for
the quality of its education at junior and higher secondary levels the college, affiliated
to Pokhara University, provides a value based education at the Bachelor level.

Nobel College provides quality education, personal development trainings, and extra
activities. It produces future managers, entrepreneurs. IT specialist and health
professionals. It has ten programs of Pokhara University which are BBA, BBA-BI,
BCIS, BHCM, BPH, B.Sc.MLT, B.Sc.Nursing, B.Sc.MB, B.Sc.mm, B.Pharmacy.
And also conduct Diploma in Pharmacy affiliated to CTEVT.

1.2. Objective and Purpose of Nobel College

 Nobel College mission is to provide globally recognized quality education and
personal development of students.
 Nobel College wants to produce excellent manpower for the country.
 Nobel College mission is to provide way for bright future of the student.
 Develop leadership skill of students.
 Develop interpersonal relation between teachers, staffs, BODs, and students.

1.3. Organization’s Structure

1.3.1. Hierarchy of Decision making

Strategic Decision Making

Tactical Decision Making

Operational Decision Making

FIGURE 1.1: HIERARCHY OF DECISION MAKING

 2

The level of management decision making that is supported by information

technology in the organization are as follows

 Strategic Management:
Typically, a board of directors and college principal develop overall organizational
goals, strategies, policies and objectives as part of a strategic planning process. They
also monitor the strategic performance of the organization and its overall direction on
the political, economic, and competitive environment.

 Tactical Management:
Increasingly, head of department, coordinator of programs are develops short and
medium range plans, schedules, procedures, and objective for their subunits of the
organization. They also allocate resources and monitor the performance of their
organizational subunits, including department, divisions, process teams, project teams
and other workgroups.

 Operational Management:

The member of the self-directed teams or operating managers develops short range
plans. They direct the use of resources and the performance of tasks according to
procedures and within budgets and schedules they establish for the teams and other
workgroups of the organization.

1.4. Objective of Internship

The main objective of the internship project is partial fulfillment of the Bachelor in
Computer Information System (BCIS) curriculum under Pokhara University. And
then to apply theoretical knowledge and ideas to practical and real life practice. It is
remarkable opening to experience the real world working environment and culture
where knowledge learned during BCIS course be implemented. While working in
Nepal Telecom, the main objective was to study of mobile networking of Nepal
Telecom. The aim was also provide internet communication and mobile
communication throughout the country as well as outside the boundary of the country.
 3

For the mission to be completed we had analyses the existing system under study and
provide the solution to the organization. The solution find by the project is very useful
to the mobile network department for the proper communication facilities.

Following are the points that specify more précised objective of internship:-

 To reduce the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical work

experience.
 To learn and understand mobile networking system.
 To learn how to work efficiently and effectively under resources constraint.
 To develop technical skill, managerial talent, self-confidence, communication
and interpersonal skill.

1.5. Methodology of Study

1.5.1. Organization Selection

The selection of the organization is very crucial and important task. This is an
internship project; the organization that is selected is going to be the first organization
from where we are going to get the real world experience and exposure.

Since my interest was on IT sector. I joined Nobel College an academic organization.

It provides course related to information technology like BCIS under Pokhara
University. I attained course related to computer networking during study under BCIS
and select the mobile networking of Nepal Telecom for internship project. The
organization provided me new experience beside my studies.

1.5.2. Placement/ Duration/ Activities

The duration of my placement for internship in the organization was two weeks. This
internship was involved me in several activities in the organization like connection
between the mobiles communication, internet connection, ADSL connection, Data
transfer between the internet and the user computer, server management, maintenance
of computer, management of fiber optical wire, replacement of server and
maintenance of server and replacement of it etc. for the real exposure. This intern
starts form date April 13, 2015 and assigned task was completed by doing as full time
worker for the organization.
 4

1.5.3. Work schedule/ Gantt chart

The main task of internship project is started from observation of network diagram at
very beginning of the project. Nepal Telecom gave an approval to do intern for
duration of two weeks. As a telecommunication company and according to my
purpose of internship, they place me in GSM/Networking department where actual
development process takes place.

Start date: 16th April 2015

End date: 16th May 2015

Total duration: Approximately 30 days

The work schedule and the various procedures undergone during the two weeks of the
internship are depicted through the Gantt chart as shown below. Gantt chart illustrates
the time period of the various activities performed during internship.

S.N. Duration (weeks) Activity

1 1 weeks Observation, Analysis and Paper work

2 1-2 weeks Description of mobile tower, broadband, wire

maintenance, transfer of calls, data

3 2-3 weeks Server management of GSM,

4 3-4 weeks Data collection and how the call are transmitted
between the calls, tower network between two or
more towers

5 16th September Presentation

Table 1.1: Duration of Internship

 5

April May
S.N Task Name Duration September
(Days) 16th
16th 23th 23th 30th 30th 7th 7th 14th

1 Observation,
Analysis and 2
Paper work
2 Description 2
of BTS
Tower
3 Server 2
Management

4 Data 3
Analysis and
verification
5 Presentation 1

Table 1.2: Gantt Chart

 6

CHAPTER- -II: NEPAL TELECOM

2. Organization under Study

2.1. History of Nepal Telecom

Nepal Doorsanchar Company Ltd popularly known as Nepal Telecom is state owned
telecommunication service provider in Nepal since 1970 B.S. But formally Nepal
Telecom service was provided mainly after the establishment of MOHAN
AKASHWANI in 2005 B.S. Later as per the plan formulated in First National Five
Year Plan (2012-2017); Telecommunication Department was established in B.S.2016.

To modernize the telecommunication services and to expand the services, during third
five-year plan (2023-2028), Telecommunication Department was converted into
Telecommunication Development Board in B.S. 2026, After the enactment of
Communication Corporation Act 2028, it was formally established as fully owned
Government Corporation called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation in B.S.2032
for the purpose of providing Telecommunication services to Nepalese People.

After serving the nation for 29 years with great pride and a sense of accomplishment,
Nepal Telecommunication Corporation was transformed into Nepal Doorsanchar
Company Limited from Baisakh 1, 2061. Nepal Doorsancher Company limited is a
company registered under the companies Act 2053. However the company is known
to the general public by the brand name Nepal Telecom as registered trademark.

Nepal Telecom has always put its endeavors in providing its valued customers a
quality service since its inception. To achieve this goal, technologies best meeting the
interest of its customers has always been selected. The nationwide reach of the
organization, from urban areas to the economically non-viable most remote location,
is the result of all these efforts that makes this organization different from others.
 7

2.2. Mile stones of Nepal Telecom

Year Mile Stones

2011 Launching of GSM 3G Data only Service

2011 Launching of Easy Phone SIP PPP Service

2010 Launching of Easy Phone SIP Easy Call Service

2010 Soft Launch of Easy Phone IP Call Service

2010 EVDO Service started

2009 Postpaid CDMA Mobile Service started

2009 SMS service from GSM to CDMA mobile started

2009 IVR 1606 service extended outside Kathmandu valley

2009 IVR 198 service extended outside the Kathmandu valley

2008 PSTN VMS-Notice Board Service launched

2008 IVR 198 service extended for ADSL Fault Complaint Registration

2008 IVR Service 1607 started for GSM and CDMA PUK Enquiry

2008 Broadband ADSL service launched

2007 GPRS, 3G and CRBT Service introduced in GSM mobile

2007 VOIP Call Complaint Registration started via 188 IVR service

2007 PSTN Bill Enquiry service started via 1606 IVR service

2007 Expansion of Internet Bandwidth via Optical link between Nepal and India

2007 National Roaming For CDMA Mobile (SKY Phone) started

2006 CDMA limited service in Kathmandu valley

2006 MCC(198) complaint Registration via IVR in Kathmandu valley

 8

Years Mile Stones

2006 Home Country Direct Service – Nepal Direct(IN)

2006 PSTN Credit Limit Service – PCL(IN)

2005 Outsourcing of Enquiry Service(197)

2005 Access Network Service

2005 Soft launch of CDMA

2004 Pre-paid Calling card service

2004 Nepal Telecom (Transformation to Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited)

2003 GSM Prepaid Service

2002 East west Highway optical fiber project

2001 launching of payphone service

2000 launching of Internet Service

2000 Implementation of SDH Microwave Radio

1999 launching of GSM Mobile Service

1998 Direct link with Bangladesh

1997 Digital Link with D.O.T India through optical fiber

1996 Introduction of VSAT service

1996 Independent Int. Gateway Exchange Established

1996 Automation of the entire Telephone Network

1995 Installation of Optical Fiber Network

1987 Commencement of STD Service

1984 Reliable Rural Telecom Service (JICA)

 9

Year Mile Stones

1984 Commencement of STD service

1984 Establishment of digital Telephone Exchange

1982 Establishment of SPC telex Exchange

1971 Introduction of Telex Service

1965 First Automatic exchange in Nepal

1964 Beginning of International Telecommunication service to India and Pakistan

1962 First Public Telephone Exchange in Kathmandu

1955 Distribution of telephone line to general public

1951 Installation of open wire Trunk line from Kathmandu to Palpa

1950 Introduction to High Frequency Radio System

1950 Establishment of Telegram Service

1936 Installation of open wire Trunk line from Kathmandu to Dhankuta

1935 Installation of 25 Lines automatic exchange in Royal Palace

1914 Establishment of open wire Trunk link from Kathmandu to Raxaul

1913 Establishment of first telephone lines in Kathmandu

 10

2.3. Philosophy

2.3.1. Mission and Visions of Nepal Telecom

Each and every organization is established with certain aim and objective. Whatever
the organization, their vision is to reach up to people with their services and facility as
easy as possible.

Mission: “Nepal Telecom as a progressive, customer spirited and consumer

responsive entity is committed to provide nation-wide reliable telecommunication
service to serve as an impetus to the social, political and economic development of the
country.”

Vision: “Vision of Nepal Telecom is to remain a dominant player in

telecommunication sector in the country while also extending reliable and cost
effective services to all.”

2.3.2. Goals and Objectives of Nepal Telecom

Any organization is a coordination of a man, machine, and materials. Organization is
a process of identifying and grouping work to be performed for the purpose of
enabling people to work.

Like every organization Nepal Telecom has also specific goals. The major goals and
objective of Nepal Telecom are:

 To provide cost effective telecommunication services to every nook and

corner of country.
 To have technologies best meeting the interest of its customers.
 The nationwide reach of the organization, from urban areas to the
economically non-viable most remote location
 To assist in the socio-economic development of urban areas as well as rural
areas, as telecommunication is one of the most important infrastructures
required for development.
 11

2.4. Management
The word “management” identifies a special group of people whose job is to direct
the effort and activities of other people,, towards common objectives. Simply,
management – gets things done through other people.

According to Encyclopedia of Social Science “management is the process by which

the execution of a given purpose is put into operation and supervised.”

In every organization there will be line of demarcation between various managerial

positions, called Level of Management.

2.4.1. Level of Management

Top Level Management

Top level management holds the ultimate sources of authority. They establish goals,
policies, and objectives, planning and budgeting of the organization. They devote
more time on decision making.

Middle Level Management

The program directors, different departments’ managers are placed in this level. They
all are responsible to the top level management for the functioning of their
departments. They devote more time on the operating and motivating function of
management and implementing the policies of the top management.

Lower Level Management

The people who have been involved with day to day activities of producing services,
product and work directly with the listeners and sponsors are placed in this level of
management. The management motivates them smoothly to achieve the quality
outputs. They devote more time on the supervision of the workers and develop short
range operational plans for controlling day to day operation.
 12

2.4.2. Board of Directors

The Board of Directors of Nepal Telecom Company Limited consists of the following
persons as interim provision until the general assembly take place:

i. Chairperson: Mr. Sunil Bahadur Malla

(Secretary of Ministry of Information and Communication)
ii. Member: Mr. Buddhi Prasad Archarya
(Managing Director of Nepal Telecom)
iii. Member: Mr. Baikuntha Aryal
(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Finance)
iv. Member: Mr. kamalshali Ghimire
(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Law, Justice and Constituent Assembly
Affairs)
v. Member: Mr. Kabiraj Khanal
(Joint Secretary of Ministry of Information and Communications)
vi. Member: Mr. Binay Kuamr Chalise
(Public Shareholder Representative)

2.5. Location
 Billing Department
Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
 Business Management Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 Computer Department
Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
 Finance Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 Human Resource Management Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 Material Management Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 Operation And Maintenance Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 Planning Department
Centeral Office, Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu
 13

 Transmission Department
Tripureshwor, Kathmandu
 Telecom Training Centre
Babarmahal, Kathmandu

2.6. Product and Services Rendered

PSTN Service
 Local calls
 National and International Trunk Calls
 International Telegram
 Leased Lines
 Packet Switching Data Communication
 ISDN(Integrated service Digital Network)
 Pay Phone
CDMA
 Fixed Postpaid and Prepaid
 SKY Phone
 Data Service
Mobile
 Postpaid
 Prepaid
 Roaming(Incoming and Outgoing)
 SMS
 MMS
 3G Service
Internet and E-mail
 PSTN Dial-up
 Night Surfing Package
 PSTN Bills in the Internet
 Postpaid mobile Bills
 Telephone Inquiry
 Web SMS
 ADSL
 14

2.7. GSM Mobile Communication System

Mobile communication has been the foremost fast growing technology of 21st century
which has been one of the fundamental needs of people among food, shelter and
clothes. It has been only 25 years that full duplex analog mobile service introduced
first time in the world while commercial lunch of digital mobile service has not
become more than 14 years. After success of analog cellular, many incompatible
mobile systems were develop in Europe, Japan and North America.

A conference held in 1982 set up a committee known as Group Special Mobile, Later
it was known as Global System for Mobile Communication, which develop GSM
standards and finally in 1992 first digital GSM system was launched in Europe. Now
GSM is the world’s largest mobile system which covers almost 82 % of mobile
subscribers.

Despite the fact that the mobile service in Nepal are younger than Europe, Nepal
Telecom, the pioneer mobile operator, launched GSM mobile services first time in
May 1999. Initially, Nepal Telecom installed 10 thousand lines networks form Europe
vendor NORTEL. To meet the customers’ demand, Nepal Telecom installed 50
thousands lines HUAWEI network which was later expanded to 2.5 lakhs lines and
again, it was expanded to 4.3 lakhs lines ZTE networks in November 2005 beginning
from Pokhara, Biratnagar and Birgunj from July 1999. Later on, Nepal Telecom
expanded its services throughout the major cities and towns of Nepal by May 2003,
and altogether 277 base stations are distributed in 40 districts around the country.
Namaste pre-paid service, which is the most popular mobile in Nepal, was started in
Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj and Biratnagar simultaneously form August 2003, and
later the service is expanded in almost all parts of the country.

2.8. Technical details of GSM system

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phone s connect to it by
searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM differs from first generation
wireless system in that it uses digital technology and time division multiple access
transmission method.

Voice is digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates the characteristics of
human speech. This method of transmission permits a very efficient data
 15

rate/information content ratio, GSM network operate in four different frequency

ranges. Most GSM network operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands

In the 900HMz band the uplink frequency band is 890-915 MHz, and the downlink
frequency band is 935-960MHz. This 25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into 124
carrier frequency channel, each spaced 200 KHz apart. The transmission power in the
handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watts in GSM
1800/1900. GSM has used a variety of voice codes to squeeze 3.1kHz audio into
between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s.

2.9. NNS Interface and Protocols

BSS: Base Station Subsystem

The Base Station Subsystem is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network
which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and
the Network Switching Subsystem.

BSC: Base Station Controller

The Base Station Controller provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of BSTs under its control. The BSC handles
allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, controls
handovers form BTS to BTS.
 16

CHAPTER – III STUDY OF DEPARTMENRT

3. Department of Study

3.1. Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management is primarily concerned with the management of people
within organizations, focusing on policies and on systems. Human resource
management is a distinctive approach to people management, which seeks to achieve
competitive advantage of organizations through the strategic deployment of a
committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structure ad
personnel techniques

3.1.1. Function of Human Resource Management

 Workforce Planning
 Changing management
 HR Auditing and Needs assessments
 Strategic Human Resource Management
 Total compensation, benefits and rewards
 Industrial and employee Relation service

3.1.2. Department under Human Resource Management

 Planning and Records Section
 Training and Vehicle Section
 Personnel Admin Section
 Recruitment Secretariat
 Management Development and General Admin Section
 Performance Appraisal Section
 Legal Section

3.2. Finance

3.2.1. Function of Finance

 Budget preparation and budgetary control
 Revenue, inter administration and sharing accounting
 Treasury management
 Financial planning and control
 17

 Employees welfare management

 Fixed assets recording and management
 Inter branch accounting administration
 Corporate tax and vat filing

3.2.2. Department under Finance

Finance department

o Procurement Section
o Expenditure Section
o Cash and Bank Section
o Welfare Section

Revenue department

o Treasury management Section

o Inter administration accounting Section
o Revenue Section

Central account department

o Financial Statement Section

o Branch Account Section
o Fixed Assets Section
o VAT and Tax Section

3.3. IT Department

3.3.1. Department under IT department

GSM Mobile Networking Department

PSTN Department

Billing Department

International Call Transaction Department

Transmission department
 18

3.4. Transmission department

FIGURE 3.1: TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT OF NEPAL TELECOM

 19

3.5. System vendors/ suppliers

3.5.1. Core Network

Huawei Technology

Huawei technologies a leading suppliers of telecoms system and solutions, signed a

GSM contract from NTC, Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, NTC is currently
the largest telecom operator in Nepal and the only operator capable of offering
Internet service.

After many round of negotiation with Huawei and other world-class telecom
equipment providers mainly from North America and Europe attending this bidding,
NTC finally chose Huawei for its GSM network replacement and reconstruction.

FIGURE 3.2: HUAWEI SERVER FOR GSM

(Source:http://e.huawei.com/~/media/EBG/Images/product/server/e
h/e9000/E9000-a2.jpg )
 20

FIGURE 3.3: HUAWEI SWITCHING SERVER

(Source: http://76.my/Malaysia/ls-s3352p-si-ac-huawei-quidway-s3300-switch-
server-1403-16-server@21.jpg)

ZTE Technology

ZTE technology is the old technology used by the Nepal Telecom before Huawei
Technology. ZTE, the largest listed Chinese telecoms manufacturer and leading
wireless solution provider for telecom technology.

3.5.2. Billing Network

 Convert Real Time Billing (CRTB)
 Ace Com

3.5.3. Served in Used

 Dell Server
 HP Server
 SUN Server

FIGURE 3.4: HP SERVER

(Source: http://images.dailytech.com/nimage/HP_Server_Wide.png)
 21

CHAPTER – IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4. Global System for Mobile (GSM) Analysis

4.1. GSM wireless operating band

 GSM 900:
o 890~915 MHz (upward)
o 935~960MHz(downward)
o Duplex interval is 45MHz, working bandwidth is 25MHz, and carrier
frequency interval is 200 KHz.

 GSM 1800:
o 1710~1785MHz (upward)
o 1805~1880MHz(downward)
o Duplex interval is 95MHz, working bandwidth is 75MHz, and Carrier
frequency interval is 200 KHz

4.2. Control channel in GSM system

Control channel carries signaling or synchronized data. There are three types of
control channels:

Broadcasting Channels (BCH)

Broadcasting channel are used only as downward channels, i.e. one-way transmission
from the base station to mobile stations. They can be divided into three types of
channels:

i. FCCH: Frequency correction channel, carrying information used in MS

frequency calibration.
ii. SCH: Synchronization channel, carrying information of MS frames
synchronization and base transceiver station (BST) identification.
iii. BCCH: broadcasting control channel; this channel broadcasts general BTS
information. Among transceivers at each base station, there is always one
transceiver that contains such a channel, so as to broadcast system information
to mobile station.
 22

Common Control Channels (CCCH)

CCCH are shared by all mobile station in the network. There are 3 types of such
channels:

i. PCH: paging channels, used by a base station to page mobile station

(downward).
ii. RACH: Random access channel, used by mobile station for random access
network application, i.e. requesting the allocation of SDCCH channels
(upward).
iii. AGCH: Access granted channel, used by a base station to respond to random
access request of mobile station, i.e to assign one SDCCH or directly assign
one TCH (downward).

Dedicated Control Channel(DCCH)

The base station will assign it to a mobile station, so as to make point-to-point

transmission between the base station and the mobile station.

i. SDCCH: Stand-alone dedicated control channel, used to transmit such

information as channel assignment.
ii. SACCH: Slow-speed associated control channel, used in combination with
one traffic channel or one SDCCH, to send some specific subscriber
information.
iii. FACCH: fast associated control channel, combining with one traffic channel
to carry the same signals as SDCCH, but it is assigned only when SDCCH has
not been assigned. Call connection is realized via frames borrowed from
traffic channels to transmit such commands as “hand-over”.

4.3. Frequency hopping

To enhance system anti-interference ability, the GSM system adopts the frequency
hopping technology. Frequency hopping refers to the hopping of carrier wave
frequencies according to certain sequence in a very wide frequency range.

Data of control information are converted into base band signals after modulation,
which are then sent into carrier wave modulation. Afterwards, the carrier frequency
changes under the control of pseudo-random codes, the sequence of which is
 23

frequency-hopping sequences. Finally, when filtered by radio filter, the carrier is

transmitted to and radiated by antenna.

Frequency hopping is to avoid external interference. In other words, it is to prevent or

greatly reduce co-channel interference and frequency selective fading effect by
converting frequencies to an extent that interference cannot catch up with.

4.4. GSM service provided by Nepal Telecom

Nepal Telecom is catering two schemes for cellular mobile (GSM) subscriber via
prepaid and postpaid. Various services that Nepal Telecom has offered are:

i. CLIP (Calling Line Identification Presentation):

Mobile user can see the calling party’s number with this service. Nepal Telecom is
providing this facility free of cost to all the subscribers.

ii. Supplementary services

Call Forwarding:

This service facilitates the mobile users to forward the incoming call to any other
desired telephone number within the country. Call forwarding can be activated in the
following cases:

 Unconditional
 On busy
 No reply
 Not reachable

Call waiting:

With this facility, users can get the notification of another incoming call while they
are in conversation with other parties. Users can decide to entertain or reject the call.

Call hold:

With this facility, if the user is in conversation with one party and get the call from
other party or want to call another party, he can put the first party to hold and talk
with the second party and again toggle back.
 24

Voicemail

Voice mailbox service (VSM) is a kind of value added telecom service based on
intelligent network platform. It can replace the answering machine adding more
interactive service features. In this system, customers do not need to add any
equipment to their telephone set.

Multiparty Conference:

In order to use this facility, the user has to have the Call Hold facility. With this
facility, the user can make simultaneous conversation with more than one party.

Short message service:

The short message is up to 160 characters in length when Latin alphabets are used,
and 70 characters in length when non-Latin alphabets such as Arabic and Chinese are
used.

iii. Family and Friends call service

On subscription of Family and Friends call service (FNF) features, postpaid mobile
users can make calls to three other Nepal Telecom’s telephone number at discount of
25% on normal hours (8:00 to 20:00) Air Time Charge. This FNF facility will be
applicable only with outgoing calls of Nepal Telecom postpaid mobile service.

iv. Caller Ring Back Tones(CRBT)

When there is an incoming call, a piece of music, advertisement, or message preset by

the called subscriber will be played to the calling party before the called party picks
up the phones, i.e. the called hears the caller ring back tone set in the system by the
called party, instead of the monotonous “dudu” sound.

v. IVR service

IVR technology was introduced to Nepal Telecom in 2004 for SLC Result Enquiry
purchased from Alliance Info Tech India, with the unexpected hung popularity further
expansion was urgently needed, and in successive year under the contract with M/S
Pulse Software and Consulting Inc.
 25

4.5. GSM Network Architecture

FIGURE 4.1: GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

( Source: http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/gsm-tutorial.html )

Mobile Station: This Mobile Station is GSM mobile phone equipment which houses
DSP, RF chip and SIM. This SIM is enough to carry to avail the service of GSM
network. SIM contains subscriber related all the information, network with which
subscriber is subscribed with and encryption related information.

Base station Subsystem: Base station subsystem houses Base Transceiver station-BTS
and Base station controller-BSC. This subsystem take care of radio control related
function and provide GSN air interface for GSM mobile phones to connect with GSM
network.
 26

Network Subsystem (NSS): This subsystem provides interface between cellular

system and circuit switched telephone network i.e. PSTN. NSS takes care of security
and authentication related functions. There are various network architecture. These
are basically database elements.

HLR – Home Location Register, it stores permanent and temporary subscriber related
information.

VLR – visitor Location Register, it stores visitors subscriber related information about
its facilities.

AUC – Authentication Center used to authenticate activities in the system. It holds

encryption (A5 key) and authentication keys (A3 key) in both HLR and VLR.

EIR – Equipment Identification Register, it helps in security as it keeps track of

equipment type available in Mobile Station or Terminal.

4.6. Problem prevailing in GSM services

It would be unwise and unfair, not to accept the revolution that the Nepal Telecom has
made in the field of communication by introducing the GSM cellular services. In this
era of globalization through technologies, through countries like ours have just
embarked to have technology, role of mobile communication is incomparable.

GSM communication is possible only with proper coordination between technology,

equipment, and man, so in context of Nepal we subscriber are facing many problems.

After long discussion among the group member, following limitation or problem are
identified.

i. Subscriber Management
 To be valid user of GSM mobile we must have subscriber identity module
(SIM) provided by Nepal Telecom. Due to high demand customer has to
suffer during subscription.
 Very long queue can be seen during submission of registration from has to
wait long time for getting their SIM
 No scheme of online registration.
 Existence of black marketing
ii. Network problem
 27

 Management seems irresponsible and unwilling to increase the capacity, on

the other hand subscriber is increasing day by day, and in effect we are not
getting effective services.
 Subscriber become used to hearing network busy, not reachable etc.
 Even in certain places, no network tower is seen in hand set.
iii. Interface between users
 Interference is most noticeable problems in GSM services.
 Hardly can we have clear communication
 Various noises will be heard while communicating. Sometimes voice will be
heard with pause.
iv. Nationwide coverage
 Through its mission is to provide nation-wide reliable telecommunication
services, nationwide coverage is not achieved yet.
 Since switching and control unit is limited only in Kathmandu, GSM network
coverage is only available for 39 districts out of 75 districts.
v. Political interfere
 Like other organization, shamefully it is also suffered from countries unstable
politics
 Political interference has direct impact on nomination of office personnel.
vi. Internal system problem
 Subscriber has suffered many times due to internal system failure.
 Balance transfer service is affected due to error in internal system for several
weeks.
 28

4.7. GSM variants

FIGURE 4.2: GSM VARIANTS

(Source: http://www.slideshare.net/bilalwaheed589/gsm-architecture-with-gmsk )
 29

4.8. Organization structure

FIGURE 4.3: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

(Source: http://ntc.net.np/companyInfo/orgnStru.php)
 30

CHAPTER – V CONCLUSION AND FEEDBACK

5. Lesson learnt
Life’s real learning is the work field. During my college life, I was just an idle person
that thought studies is just reading book and studying it for education. These two
precious weeks of internship at Nepal Telecom has made me practical that I had never
been before. During internship period I learned practical things that a real world
processes.

During field visit we found Nepal Telecom as, systematic, highly equipped
organization run by technocrats with sound work environments. As its service are
fully depends upon the technologies deployed, it’s obvious to have various complains
regarding its services. To meet its goals with public faith, ut needs to concede public
complains as an inspiration.

5.1. Feedback
We would like to recommend following points regarding the pitfalls that we
mentioned previously.

 Without customer this organization cannot be imagined. So customer service

should given high priority.
 Effective measures should put forth to control black marketing of SIM cards.
 Political interface should be completely discouraged, if it is committed to its
valued customer.
 Subscription process should be easy, that may be achieved either through
online registration or by increasing number of subscription counter.
 Emphasis should be on recruitment of technically sound man power rather,
influenced by political appointment.
 Current configuration is not fully capable to cater its services effectively so
capacity of deployed technology should be improved and expanded to hold the
today’s subscription counter.
 Technology is just like a guest of one day; it will change and update every
day. Never technology will invent by the night so system as well as man
power should be updated and brainstormed towards new technology.
 31

ANNEXES
GSM Mobile Registration Form

FIGURE 6.1: GSM FORM REGISTRATION

(Source: http://www.ntc.net.np/downloads/postpaid_individualNep.pdf )
 32

GPRS Application Form

FIGURE 6.2: GPRS APPLICATION FORM

( Source: http://www.ntc.net.np/downloads/gprs_form.pdf )
 33

REFERENCE
1 Nepal Telecom Official Website - http://www.ntc.net.np/
2 Official Wikipedia site for GSM Mobile network site -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
3 Nepal Telecom GSM technology engineer support
4 GSM Architecture tutorial - http://www.slideshare.net/bilalwaheed589/gsm-
architecture-with-gmsk
5 GSM Tutorial - http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/gsm-tutorial.html
6 Official Wikipedia site for Telecommunication in Nepal site -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal