M.H.

B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)
TOPIC: TRINGLES

A plane figure bounded by three lines in a plane is called a Triangle. Every triangle has three sides and three
angles. If ABC is any triangle then AB, BC& CA are three sides and A, B and C are three angles.

TYPES OF TRIANGLES
A. On the basis of sides, we have three types of triangles.
1. Scalene triangle: A triangle whose no of two sides are equal is called Scalene Triangle.
2. Isosceles triangle: A triangle having two sides are equal is called Isosceles Triangle.
3. Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are equal is called an Equilateral Triangle.

B. On the basis of angles, we have three types of triangles.

1. Right triangle: A triangle in which any one angle is right angle. it means one angle in a triangle must be
(=90o) is called right angle.
2. Acute triangle: A triangle in which all angles are acute, it means all three angles must be less than {>90o}
Is called an acute Angle.
3. Obtuse triangle: A triangle in which any one angle is obtuse, it means one angle must be greater than
90o{< 90o}
 M.H.B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)

INTRODUCTION TO
LOGARITHM:
The word Logarithm is a combination of two Greek words (Logos) which means to calculate and (Arithmos) which
stand for word number. Thus logarithm means a sort of calculation involving numbers. Logarithms were first
invented by Scotsman John-Napier (or John-Neper).He designed this system for one purpose. The simplification in
the computation of multiplication, division, extraction of square roots of very large numbers and very small
numbers.

When John Napier published his work composed of 147 pages in 1614, it was greatly admired by Henry Briggs,
professor at Gresham College; London Later on Briggs computed Logarithms to base 10.Now-a-days the tables of
common logarithms is the logarithms to the base 10 were invented by Henry Briggs. Logarithm to the base e
(where e = 2.718…) are today known Natural Logarithms.

1. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
While studying science, it is not uncommon to find ourselves working with very large numbers and very small
numbers having a lot of zeros. Writing of such numbers is difficult, tedious and time consuming. To overcome
such difficulties mathematicians have developed a technique using which we can write very large and very small
numbers precisely & concisely.

We say that a positive number x is written in scientific notation if it is equal to 1 but less than 10 and integer power
n of 10,i.e.

X = a x 10n

Note: “n” become positive if we move decimal point from write side to left side and “n” become negative if we
move decimal point from left side to right side.
 M.H.B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)

How to write a number from standard form to scientific

notation.
Step 1. We move the decimal point to the left, so that it occupies a position
with only one non-zero digit lying to the left of it. The number obtained after this
step is always greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and it gives the value
of “a”in the definition.
Step 2. We count the number of places the decimal point had been moved. This number determines “n” of
definition.
Step 3. Since the decimal point has been moved to the left will be positive.
Ex: Write 7800, 0.00729 and 674000000 in scientific notation.
1. 7800 = 7.8 x 103
2. 0.00729 = 7.29 x 10-3
3. 674000000 = 674000000.0 = 6.74 x 108

Homework:
a. Write the following numbers from standard form to scientific notation
1. 756798776564
2. 0.0000000345
3. 8989.23545
4. 0.000000002445
5. 7979797.7394729
6. 0.0000987700000
7. 645646.97895
8. 0.00000000012
9. 0.020202020
10. 98989899876549898776564

Wish you all the best

 M.H.B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)

How to find Logarithm of four digit numbers using log

table, if we have more than four digits so we use scientific
calculator to find out log value.
#Logarithm parts
Logarithm has three parts,
 M.H.B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)
Note: Log Table has three parts

1. Main column
2. Difference
3. Mean difference

So if we have 4digits number and we want to find out its logarithmic value
 M.H.B NOTES AND
LECTURES
24-09-2020
SIR NAME: ENG.ZABIHULLAH (ZIARMAL)

Topic: CONGRUENT FIGURES

The figures are called congruent if they have same shape and same size. in other words, two figures are called
congruent if they are having equal length, width and height.

Example:
if we have two triangles and two circles or any other two shapes and we put them on one another and they
Become superimpose (it means one shape cover the bottom shape if we put one triangle upon another triangle
or one circle on another circle)