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Lecturer II
 Lesson 2.2:
Four Basic Concepts
SETS AND SUBSETS
 A set is a collection of well-defined
objects.
Each member of the set is called an
element and the ∈ notation means
that an item belongs to a set.

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Lecturer II
Conventions for Sets
• Sets are usually denoted by a capital letter.
• The elements of the group are usually
represented by small letters (unless specified
separately.)
• Objects, elements, entities, and members are
all synonymous terms.

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Lecturer II
 Two ways of describing a set
• Roster or Tabular Method. This is done by
listing or tabulating the elements of the
set.
• Rule or Set-Builder Method. This is done by
stating or describing the common
characteristics of the elements of the set.

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Lecturer II
CLASSIFICATION OF SETS
 Unit Set
a set with only one element
Empty or Null or void Set
a set that contains no element

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Lecturer II
 finite Set
a set whose elements are
countable
infinite Set
a set whose number of elements
is indefinite or uncountable
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 Cardinal number (𝑛)
the number of elements found in
a set

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 EQUAL SET
two sets that contain the same
elements, regardless of their order

EQUIVALENT Set
two sets that contain the same
number of elements
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 UNIVERSAL SET
the totality of members of a set
under consideration

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 JOINT Set
sets with at least one common
element
DISJOINT Set
sets with no common element
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Lecturer II
 SUBSet
If every element in a set A is also
a member of set B, then A is a
subset of B.
*The number of subsets of a certain set is given by 2 , 𝑛

where n is the cardinal number of a given set.

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Lecturer II
 SETS OPERATION
AND ITS VENN DIAGRAM
 Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B is the
set of all elements which belong
to A and B or both. In symbol,
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ‫ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑥 ڀ‬.

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Union of Sets

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 Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B
is the set of all elements which
belong to both A and B. In symbol,
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ⋀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .

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INTERSECTION of Sets

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 Difference of Sets
The difference between sets A and
B, or 𝐴 − 𝐵, is the set of all elements
that belong to A but not in B. In
symbol, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ⋀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .

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DIFFERENCE of Sets

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 Complement of Sets
The complement of set A is the
set of all elements found in the
universal set but not found in A.
This is denoted by A’. In symbol,
𝐴 = 𝑥|𝑥 ∈∪ ∧ 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 .
′

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COMPLEMENT of Sets

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 Cross-Product of Sets
(Cartesian Product)
The cross-product of sets A and B,
denoted by 𝐴 × 𝐵, is the set of ordered
pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵.
Every element of A is paired with every
element of B in that particular order.
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Lecturer II
recitation
 Write the statement of
representation of set for a
Fibonacci series in Roster Method.

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Lecturer II
𝑨 = 𝒙|𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝑩 = {𝒚|𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍}

Determine the nature of the two sets.

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 𝑿 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓
𝒀 = {𝒂, 𝒆, 𝒊, 𝒐, 𝒖}
𝒁 = {𝒖, 𝒐, 𝒂, 𝒊, 𝒆}

Determine the nature of the two sets.

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Lecturer II
If set 𝐴 = 𝐹𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑀𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑌𝑜𝑢, 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟, 𝑆𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟
and set 𝐵 = {𝑌𝑜𝑢}, how is 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴?

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Lecturer II
If 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟} and
𝐵 = {𝑦|𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟},
determine who is a subset here.

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Lecturer II
 Represent the Universal Set
𝑈 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒’𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙}
and set 𝐴 = {𝑠|𝑠 ∈ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠} through
a Venn diagram.

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Lecturer II
What is the intersection of two
empty sets?

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How many subsets will
elements have?

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What is the difference between
Finite and Infinite Sets?

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What is the difference between
Equal and Equivalent Sets?

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What is the difference between
Joint and Disjoint Sets?

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What is a universal set?

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Lecturer II
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
 Relations vs functions
A relation is a rule that relates values
from a set of values (called the domain) element in the domain is related to only
to the second set of values (called the
range).
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one or more outputs.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs
(𝑥, 𝑦).
A function is a relation where each
one value in the range by some rule.
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule so that each input
corresponds to only one output.
A function is also a set of ordered pairs
such that no two ordered pairs have the
same 𝑥 −value but different 𝑦 −values.
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Lecturer II
 EVERY FUNCTION IS A RELATION.
NOT EVERY RELATION IS A FUNCTION.

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Identify whether the relationship that exists
between each of the following pairs
indicates a function or not.
1.a jeepney and its plate number
2.a student and his id number
3.a pen and the color of its ink
4.boyfriend and his girlfriend
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Lecturer II
FUNCTION OR NOT FUNCTION?
1. Teacher-Student
2. Boyfriend-Girlfriend
3. Fruit-Color
4. Student-Grade in Mathematics
5. Father-Child
6. Child-Father
7. Height-Person
8. Person-Height
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REPRESENTING FUNCTIONS
Given the following ORDERED PAIRS,
which relations are functions?
𝐿 = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
𝑂 = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}
𝑉 = {(1,0), (0, 1), (−1,0), (0, −1)}
𝐸 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑎, 𝑑)}
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Lecturer II
 TABLE OF VALUES is commonly
observed when describing a
function. This shows the
correspondence between a set of
values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in tabular form.

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Lecturer II
 From the given table of values,
which relation shows a function?
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
A
𝑦 2 4 6 8 10 12
𝑥 4 −3 1 2 5
B
𝑦 −5 −2 −2 −2 0
𝑥 0 −1 4 2 −1
C
𝑦 3 4 0 −1 1
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Lecturer II
 Relations and functions can be
represented by mapping diagrams
where the elements of the domain
are mapped to the elements of the
range using arrows.

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Lecturer II
 In the following mapping diagrams,
which do you think represent functions?

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 Vertical Line Test. A graph
represents a function if and only
if each vertical line intersects the
graph at most once.

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Using the vertical line test, identify the
graph/s of function.

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 The relationship between the
variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 can be denoted
by the equation 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥). The
variable 𝑥 is the independent
variable, while the variable 𝑦 is the
dependent variable.
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Lecturer II
 Try!
If distance (𝐷) is a function of
time (𝑡), give a function 𝐷 that
can represent the distance a car
travels in 𝑡 time, if every hour the
car travels 60 kilometers.
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Lecturer II
Operation and composition
on functions
 SUM: DIFFERENCE:
𝑓 + 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 (𝑓 − 𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

PRODUCT: QUOTIENT:
𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

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Lecturer II
 Given the functions:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 1 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟓
𝟐

Determine the following functions:

a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) e. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3)
b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) f. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(3)
c. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) g. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(3)
ℎ ℎ
d. ( )(𝑥) h. ( )(3)
𝑔 𝑔

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Lecturer II
 If a function is substituted to all
variables in another function, you
are performing a composition of
functions to create another
function. Some authors call this
operation as “function of functions”.
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Lecturer II
 Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions.
The composite function denoted by
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). The process of
obtaining a composite function is
called function composition.

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Lecturer II
 Given the functions:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔, and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
𝟐

Determine the following functions:

a. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)
b. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(4)
c. (ℎ ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
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Lecturer II
End of Lesson 2.2