Lesson Introduction to Sets and Ways to Describe a

1 Set

Set is one of the most fundamental concepts in Mathematics. The set theory
which was developed in the 19th century is now a common part of Mathematics and can
be used as a foundation from which nearly all Mathematical concepts can be derived.
What’s In
Before we proceed to our lesson let me ask you these questions.

Activity 1: Identify Me!

Let’s Find Out: Identify the given below.

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

• What comes into your mind when you hear about the following words?

1. library

2. Kpop

3. social media

The above words are examples of a group.

b. Can you think of your examples of a group and its members? The first one
has been done for you. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.
Group’s Name Group’s Members
• Flowers Gumamela, Kalachuci,
Rose, Sampaguita
2. Black Pink jannie , Rose , jisoo , lisa
3. Color Black , Pink , Violet , Red

What’s New
Activity 2: Find Me!

Let’s Find Out: Find the objects in the given picture.

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Observe closely the pictures below.

b. Copy and fill in the table below by writing the name of the objects in the
appropriate column.

c. Answer the given questions.

d. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

The first one is done for you!

Transportation Animals Fruits

ship
bus
helicopter
airplane
bicycle

a. How many belong to the transportation group?

b. How many belong to the animal group?
c. How many belong to the fruits group?

What is a Set?

Math concept Description Examples

Characteristic of a • collection or group of Well- defined:

 • A set of
set objects
Philippine
• it is well-defined Presidents
• A set of dishes
• well–defined means
• A set of
that it is possible to counting
determine whether numbers
an object belongs to • A set of odd
a given set or not. numbers

Not well-defined:
• The set of all
large numbers.

• The set of
good writers.
• The set of nice
people in your
class.

How to Write and Name a Set

A set is represented by a Examples:

capital letter.

Elements are usually A = {a, e, i, o, u }

represented by small
letters, numbers, words, or
representations of the
members of a given set. K = { red, blue, yellow }
Braces are used to R = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
enclose the elements.
P = { +, - , , }

Commas are used to

separate the elements.
 Three Ways to Describe a Set

Ways Description Examples

• Listing each element of the
1.The Roster A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set inside the symbol { }.
Notation or B = {p, h, i, l, n, e, s}
• Each distinct element is
Listing
listed once and the order of C = {5, 10, 15, …}
Method
listing the elements does D = {Oppo, Vivo,
not matter. Samsung}
Distinct element
means unique elements
or has no duplicate
elements.

Three Ways to Describe a Set

Ways Description Examples

2. The Verbal • A method of • Set A is the set of counting

Description describing a set in numbers less than 5.
Method words. • Set B is the set of letters in
the word “Philippines”

• Set C is the set of positive

multiples of 5.

• Set D is the set of mobile

phones.

3. The Set • A method that lists • A = { x l x is a counting

Builder the rules that number less than 5 }.
Notation or determine whether “read as “the set of all
Rule Method an object is an x’s such that x is a
element of the set counting number less
rather than the than 5”.
actual elements. The vertical bar ( ) after
the first x is translated
 as
“such that”.

• B= {x l x is a letter in the
word “Philippines”}

• C= {x I x is a positive
multiple of 5}

• D= {x I x is a mobile phone}

What’s More

Activity 3: Describe Me!

Let’s Find Out: Ways to Describe a Set

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Copy and fill in the table below with the correct translation of the given
description of sets.

b. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

The first one is done for you!

Verbal Statement Set Builder Notation Roster Method

Set R is a set whose R= {x I x, x is an even R= {2, 4, 6, 8}

elements are even positive integer less
positive integers than ten}
less than ten

1.Set W is a set W= {x I x, x is a 2.W=

whose elements are counting number {3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
counting numbers between 2 and 15} ,13,14}
between 2 and 15

3.Set P= is a set 4.P= {x I x, x is a list of P= {Cory Aquino,

whose elements are the lady prisedents of Gloria Arroyo}
 the lady prisedents the Philippines.
of the Philippines.

Set V is a set whose 5. V= {x l x, x is a list of 6.V= {Red, Orange,

elements are colors colors in the rainbow. Yellow, Green, Blue,
of the rainbow. Indigo, Violet}

• Kinds of Sets
• Notations & Symbol
Lesson
• How to Solve for Su
2 Venn Diagram

What’s New

Observe closely the following sets:

• T = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}

Do you know that set T is different from set R? Have you noticed that there are
three (3) dots (...) in set R? The three (3) dots (...) also known as ellipsis, which means
that there are still numbers that follow after 5 such as 6, 7, 8, and so on. To understand
more about these kinds of sets, let us proceed to the next lesson.
What is It

Kinds of Sets

Kinds of Sets Description Examples

1. Finite Sets • Sets with a defined number of 1. A = {a, b, c, d, e }

 elements.

• A defined number of elements

means that it is countable, or
we can count the number of
2. L = {0, 1, 2, 3}
elements.

Kinds of Sets

Kinds of Sets Description Examples

2. Infinite sets • Sets with an infinite number of 1. V = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}

elements.

• An infinite number of elements

means that the number of
elements cannot be counted.

• The ellipsis (…) is being added

to indicate that there are more
elements of the same kind that 2. H = {x I x > 0}
follows after the last identified
element in the set.

3. Joint Sets • Sets having at least one 1. D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

common element. and

E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 9}

2. A = {a, b, c, d, e}
and B = {a, e, i, o, u}

4.Disjoint Sets • Sets having no common 1. W = {a, b, c, d}

element. and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}
 2. C = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
D = {1, 3, 5, 7 }

Notations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning Example How to Read

Element If A = {5, 10, 15, 20} 5 A

then “5 is an element
• Element means of A”
that it belongs to 5 A, 10 A, 15 A,
a given set or 20 A.
member of a
set.

Not an element If A = {5, 10, 15, 20} a A

then “a is not
an element of A”
A, and 7 A.

n(A) Cardinality of A A = {a, e, i, o, u}, n(A) = 5

“The cardinality
• The number of
elements in the of set A is 5.”
set

Equivalent Sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and A B

B = {m, a, t, h}
• Two sets that • Both sets contain • Set A is
contain the four elements. equivalent to
same number set B.
of elements.

= Equal Sets C = {a, e, i, o, u} and C=D

 D = {e, o, i, u, a}
• Two sets that • Sets C and D • Set C is equal
contain the contain the same to set D.
same elements.
elements.

Notations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning Example How To Read

A B
Subset 1.
• Every element 2. If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, …}
in A is also an • A is a
and B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … },
element in B. subset
then A B.
of B.

Not a Subset If A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and A B

• Set A does B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, then • A is not

not belong to A B. a subset
Set B. of B.

Proper Subset A = {a, b, c} and AB

B = {a, b, c, d},
• There is at • Set A is a
proper
least one subset
• Each element in A is
element in B to set B.
also an element in B.
not included • There is at least one
in A. element in B not
contained in A and
that element is “d”.

Not a Proper C = {1, 2, 3 } and D CD

Subset = { 1, 2, 3}

• All elements in D are • Set C is

• The elements also elements in C. not
in C are equal a proper
subset
 to the to set B.
elements
in D.

Notations and Symbols

Symbols Meaning Example How to Read

or { } Empty set or Null M={ } Set M is an empty

set set or null set.
• A set with no
element

U Universal Set U Universal Set

• The set of all

possible
elements of
any set.

How to Solve for Subsets?

Given M = {x, y }, write the complete list of subsets.

Note that Set M has two (2) elements. In symbol, n (M) = 2.

Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time

{ } {x} {x, y}

{y}
 The complete list of subsets are { }, { x } , { y } and { x, y }. There are four subsets
of the given set M = (x, y }

How to Solve for Subsets?

Given F = {1, 2, 3}, write the complete list of subsets.

Note that Set F has three (3) elements. In symbol, n(F) = 3.

Zero at a time One at a time Two at a time Three at a time

{ } {1} {1, 2} {1, 2, 3}

{2} {1, 3}

{3} {2, 3}

The complete list of subsets are { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 } ,

{ 2, 3 } and { 1, 2, 3 }. There are eight subsets for the given set F = { 1, 2, 3 }.

How to Solve for Subsets?

The subset of a given set can be solved using the formula 2n, where n is
the number of elements in a given set.

Number of Elements Formula Number of Subsets

3 2n = 23 = 2 2 2 8

4 2n = 24= 2 2 2 2 16

5 2n = 25= 2 2 2 2 2 32
 Venn Diagram

Meaning Representation Explanation

• These are diagrams • All elements

that make use of in A and B
geometric shapes to are contained
show relationships in the
universal set.
between sets.

• It is very useful in
showing the • Sets A and B
relationship between are disjoint
sets. sets.

What’s More
Activity 4: Solve Me!

Let’s Find Out: Finite or Infinite, Set Notations and Symbols, Cardinality of

Sets and Subsets

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. This exercise is divided into three parts. Answer what is asked.

b. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

I. State whether the given set is FINITE or INFINITE. The first one is done for you.
{2, 4, 6, 8, … 20} - FINITE
1. {0}- FINITE
2. {3, 5, 7, … } - INFINITE
3. {x I x is a prime number} - FINITE
 4. Set of fractions between 1 and 2. FINITE
5. {x I x is a whole number greater than 100} INFINITE
II. Supply the appropriate set notation and symbol to make the statement correct.
Choose from the given choices besides the given. The first one is done for you.
5 __ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 5 { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1. {o, n, e} __ {n, e, o} -
2. {2, 4} __ {2, 4, 6} -
3. red __ {pink, green, purple}
4. {a, b, c, d} __ {a, b, c, d}
5. {1, 2, 3} __ {a, e, i }

III. Identify the cardinality of the given set below and list its subsets. The first one is
done for you.
M = {1, 2}
Cardinality: n(M ) = 2
Subsets: 2n = 22 = 4
The complete list of subsets: { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 1, 2 }
1. Y = {a, e, i} -
2. G = {x I x is a whole number between 7 and 12 }

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: Complete Me!

Let’s Find Out: Terms Involved in Introduction to Sets

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Complete the following sentences.

b. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

• A/An Set is a well- defined collection of objects.
• There are three ways in which we can describe a set. These are Listing
method, Verbal description method, and Rule method.
• Two sets that contain the same number of elements are ______.
• Two sets that contain the same elements are said to be ______.
• A subset of a given set that is not the set itself is called ______.
• The set of all possible elements of any set is called ______.
• Sets with a defined number of elements are called ______.
• A method that lists the rules that determine whether an object is an element of the
set rather than the actual elements are called ______.
• A set with no element is ______.
• A method of describing a set in words is called ______.
What I Can Do
Activity 6: Apply Me!

Let’s Find Out: Sets in Our Daily Life

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Apart from their Mathematical usage, we use sets in our daily life.

b. Give three (3) everyday life examples of sets and explain briefly why you give
such an example.

c. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

d. The first given below is your guide.

• The kitchen is the most relevant example of sets.
In the Kitchen • Our mother always keeps the kitchen well-arranged.
• The plates are kept separate from bowls and cups.
• Sets of similar utensils are kept separately.
Your task begins here:

1.

2.

3.

Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and answer the questions carefully. Write the answer in
your Mathematics answer sheet.
• Which of the following is a well – defined set?
A. The set of big people.
B. The set of happy people.
C. The set of prime numbers.
D. The set of intelligent teachers.
• Which of the following is a FINITE set?
A. {3, 5, 7, …}
B. {… , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 }
C. Set of prime numbers.
D. Set of fractions between 1 and 12.
• Which of the following pairs of sets given below are equal?
A. Y = {a, b, c}
Z = {7, 9, 10}
B. T = {algebra, geometry, trigonometry}
V = {geometry, trigonometry, algebra}
C. W = {grapes, apples, oranges}
X = {grapes, peaches, apples, oranges}
D. R is the set of letters in the world bank.
S is the set of letters in the word post.
• How will you write the given set below in the roster form?
P is the set of vowels used in the word “MONDAY”.
A. {o, a} C. {m, n, d, y}
B. {o, a, y} D. {m, o, n, d, a, y}
• What is the cardinality of P = the set of English names for the days in a week?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

6. How will you express the given set below in the verbal method?
M = {January, June, July}
A. M is the set of months of the year.
B. M is the set of the first three months of the year.
C. M is the set of months of the year that has a holiday.
D. M is the set of months of the year that starts with letter J.
7. Which of the following pairs of sets given below are NOT equivalent?
A. Y = {a, b, c}
Z = {7, 9, 10}
 B. T = {algebra, geometry, trigonometry}
V = {geometry, trigonometry, algebra}
C. W = {grapes, apples, oranges}
X = {grapes, peaches, apples, oranges}
D. R is the set of letters in the word bank.
S is the set of letters in the word post.
8. If F = {1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }, then which of the following is a subset of F?
A. {0} C. {2, 3, 4, 5}
B. {2, 4} D. {1, 9, 5, 13}
9. Which of the following statements below is CORRECT?
A. Quadrilateral Polygon
B. Even Numbers Odd Numbers
C. Whole Numbers Natural Numbers
D. Natural Numbers Whole Numbers
10. What does the given statement below mean?
K={}
A. Set K has one element.
B. Set K has infinite elements
C. The cardinality of set K is zero.
D. Set K contains all the elements under consideration.
11. What is the cardinality of A = { 5, 6, 3, 2, 3 }?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
12. If P = {p I p is a prime number less than 10 }, then what are the possible elements of P?
A. {2, 3, 5, 7} C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7} D. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
13. If M represents the set of even numbers, then which of the following is
CORRECT?
A. { } M C. { 1, 3 } M
B. 200 M D. {2, 4, 5 } M
14. What is an example of disjoint sets?
A. E = {even numbers} and F = {odd numbers}
B. G = {multiples of five} and H = {multiples of ten}
C. C = {even numbers} and D = {multiples of nine}
D. A = {multiples of two} and B = {multiples of three}
15. How many subsets does the set containing 10 elements have?
A. 128 C. 512
 B. 256 D. 1,024
Additional Activity

Activity 7: Interview Me!

Let’s Find Out: Personalities who have a collection

Let’s Use These Materials: Mathematics answer sheet and ballpen

Let’s Do It This Way:

a. Some people consider collecting favorite items or objects as a

hobby.

b. Make a research of two (2) personalities who has a collection and answer the
following questions below.

c. You may do it through the internet, or you may interview someone in your
neighborhood.

d. Write the answer in your Mathematics answer sheet.

1. What are their collections?
2. How many collections do they have?
3. What motivates them to collect these things?