Seismic and Durability Design

Verification for Re-bars Corrosion

caused by the ingress of Chloride Ions

塩化物イオンの侵入に伴う鋼材腐食
に関する耐久性照査
 Site Investigation close to the sea (corrosion and repair)
7
Chloride Concentration Cl-

6
5
4
(kg/m)
3

3
2
1
0

Depth from the surface （mm）

Mt.(1984) sea(1984) Mt.(1984)

sea(1984) sea(1995) Mt.(1995)
Example of deterioration of PC girders
 Deterioration due to Chlorides

Re-deterioration

Corrosion of PC steel
 Concentration of Chloride

単位: kg/m3

海側 深さ 山側
40～60mm
6.4

20～40mm

3.8

3.7
3.2

0～20mm

2.9
2.1

1.5
1.2
1.1
0.8
0.9
0.3

0.2
0.0

0.0
0.0

0.1
海風

7.4
4.8
4.6
5.7
3.6

3.2
2.5
1.9

1.7 1.1 0.9

1.7
0.9
0.8

0.5
2.1 1.8
0.1

0.0
3.9 3.6

海側桁 中央桁 山側桁

 Chlorides in Concrete
free
Cl-
Cl Cl chloride total
Cl- Cl- chlorides
Cl- Cl- Cl- + Cl fixed
Cl- Cl- chloride
adsorbed chloride
Cl- Cl- in
chloride hardened paste
Cl Cl

Effect of Carbonation

Hardened cement paste

Cl Cl
Water in micro pores Cl- Cl-
Cl- Cl-

Cl- Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Releasing of
Cl Cl
fixed chlorides
 Condensation of Chlorides
in the surface of Cover Concrete
Cl- in environment ≧ Cl- in surface concrete Cl- in environment ≦ Cl- in surface concrete

Cl- Cl-
Cl- Cl Cl Cl- Cl Cl
Cl -
Cl -
++++++++++++++++++++++++ Cl -
Cl
++++++++++++++++++++++++-

Diffusion Diffusion - Cl-

Cl- Cl- Cl - Cl
Cl Cl-
-

Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl Cl

- -
Cl- Cl- Cl-
Quasi-adsorption Quasi-adsorption Cl-
Cl- +++++++ Cl- ++++++++++ Cl- +++++++ Cl- ++++++++++
Cl- Cl-
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl- Cl-

surface inside surface inside

 Verification for Re-bars Corrosion
caused by the ingress of Chloride Ions

The verification for reinforcing bars corrosion caused by the ingress of

Chloride ions should be carried out by ensuring that

Cd
γi ≤ 1.0 ・・・・ (1)
Clim
where,

γ i : factor representing the importance of the structure. In general, it may be

Taken as 1.0, but should be increased to 1.1 for important structures
Clim : critical chloride concentration for initiation of steel corrosion. It may be
normally taken as 1.2kg/m3. However in cases when freezing-thawing action
Is likely to occur simultaneously, the critical value should be suitably reduced.
Cd : design value of chloride ion concentration at the depth of reinforcing bars.
Re-built Section and second-round Repair (How about LCC?)

Re-deterioration after Repairing Deterioration after Second Repairing

Electric Protection
Severe chloride ambient conditions
 Cathodic Protection
亜鉛シート工法 チタン溶射工法，チタン亜鉛溶射工法 チタンロッド挿入工法

1st span 2nd span 3rd span 4th span 5th span 6th span 7th span

チタングリッド工法 チタンメッシュ工法
 Life-cycle cost calculation for a railway bridge

Comparison of Life Cycle Cost

14

12 Electric Protection

Conventional Reparing Method

10
Cost

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

time (year)

Calculation of Life Cycle Cost