Review Exercise 2: 1 A I J V I V I J B

Review Exercise 2
1 a −4i + 4=
j 0.2 v − 0.2 × 30i
v 10i + 20 j m s −1
= Impulse = change of momentum
20
tanθ =
10
θ = 63.4
c K.E.lost
1 1
= × 0.2 × 302 − × 0.2 (102 + 202 )
2 2
= 40 J
2 a v = ( t 2 + 2 ) i − 6tj
Differentiate to find a.
a 2ti − 6 j
=
Use F = ma to find F.
=F 0.75 ( 2ti − 6 j)
t=4 Make t = 4
=F 0.75 ( 8i − 6 j)
= 6i − 4.5 j
The magnitude of F is the modulus of the
F = (6 2
+ 4.5 2
) =7.5 N vector.
b I pi − pj
= Impulse is parallel to i – j
I= (p 2
+p 2
)= p 2
But I= 9 2 ∴ p= 9 Impulse = change of momentum

9 j 0.75 ( v − ( 27i − 30 j) )
9i −=
36i − 36 j = 3v − 81i + 90 j
=3v 117i − 126 j For the initial velocity, t = 5
=v ( 39i − 42 j ) m s −1
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 1
a I 0.2 ( (15i + 15 j) − ( −10i ) )
3= Use
= 5i + 3 j Impulse = change of momentum
I= (5 2
+ 32 ) = 34 The magnitude of the impulse is the
= 5.83 N s modulus of the vector.
3
tanθ =
5
θ = 31 ( nearest degree )
c K.E.gained
1 1
= × 0.2 × (152 + 152 ) − × 0.2 ×102
2 2
= 35 J
4 a =v ∫ ( 2i + 6tj) dt
=2ti + 3t 2 j + c Don’t forget the (vector)
t 0 , v= 2i − 4 j
When = constant of integration.
∴ c = 2i − 4 j
v = ( 2t + 2 ) i + ( 3t 2 − 4 ) j
b t = 2 ⇒ v = 6i + 8 j Find the velocity immediately

j 0.5 ( V − ( 6i + 8 j) )
3i − 1.5= before the impact.
6i − 3 j = V − 6i − 8 j Impulse = change of momentum

V 12i + 5 j
=
V= (12 2
+ 52 )= 13 Speed is the modulus of the
velocity.
Speed = 13m s −1
5 m = 1250 kg, μ = 0.05, s = 750 m
Resolving perpendicular to the slope:
R = mg cos 5
Friction is limiting, so F = μR
F = µ mg cos 5
F = 0.05 × 1250 × 9.8 cos 5 = 610.16...
The frictional force between the sled and the slope is 610 N (3 s.f.)
b The frictional force acts along the slope, so work done against friction, WF:
WF = Fs
WF = 610 × 750 = 457500
The work done against friction is 458 kJ (3 s.f.)
c Work done against gravity, WG = mgh

h = 750sin 5
WG = 1250 × 9.8 × 750sin 5= 800 743
The work done against gravity is 801 kJ (3 s.f.)
6 m = 4 kg, h = 40 m
a From the conservation of energy:

K.E. gained = P.E. lost
Final K.E. = mgh

Final K.E. =4 × 9.8 × 40 =1568
When the rock hits the sea, its kinetic energy is 1568 J
b Work will be done against the opposing air resistance means that the final kinetic energy will
therefore be reduced, as not all the P.E lost will be converted to K.E.
7 Work done = mgh
19 600= 1000 × 9.8 × 25sin θ (where θ is the angle of the slope)
19 600
sin θ =
1000 × 9.8 × 25
2
=
25
 2 
θ = sin −1   as required
 25 
8 m = 200 kg, u = 2 m s−1, v = 1.5 m s−1, s = 200 m
a Loss of kinetic energy = initial K.E. – final K.E.

K.E.=lost 12 mu 2 − 12 mv 2
K.E.
= lost 1
2 m (u 2 − v2 )
2 × 200 ( 2 − 1.5 ) =
2 2
K.E. lost =
1
175
The cable car loses 175 J of kinetic energy.
b Potential energy gained, P.E. = mgh
h = 200 sin 30
P.E. = 200 × 9.8 × 200 sin 30 = 196 000
The potential energy gained is 196 kJ (3 s.f.)
9
The change in the potential energy

of P depends on the vertical distance it
has moved. You find this using
trigonometry.
a Let the vertical distance moved by P

be h m.
h
= sin30 ⇒=
h 3sin30
= 
1.5
3
The potential energy gained by P is given by

P.E. =mgh =2 × 9.8 ×1.5 =29.4
Let the speed of P at B be v m s–1
The kinetic energy lost by P is given by
1 2 1 2
K.E.
= mu − mv
2 2
1 1
= 2 ×102 − 2v 2 = 100 − v 2
2 2
Using the principle of conservation of energy
100 − v 2 =
29.4 If no forces other than gravity are acting
on the particle, as mechanical energy is
v 2 =100 − 29.4 =70.6 conserved, the loss of kinetic energy
=v 70.6 8.402
= must equal the gain in potential energy.
The speed of P at B is 8.4 m s–1 (2 s.f.) As a numerical value of g has been used, you
should round your final answer to 2 significant
figures. Three significant figures are also
acceptable.
9 b
Let the normal reaction between the particle

and the plane have magnitude R N.
R() : R = 2 g cos 30
The frictional force is given by
F µ=
= R µ 2 g cos 30
The kinetic energy lost by P is given by

1 2 1 2
K.E.
= mu − mv
2 2
1 1
= 2 ×102 − 2 × 7 2 = 51
2 2
The potential energy gained by P is the same The vertical height moved is the same
as in a. as in a.
The total loss of mechanical energy, in J, is

51 − 29.4 =
21.6
The work done by friction is given by:
work done = force× distance moved

W = µ R × 3 = µ 2 g cos 30 × 3 = µ × 50.922
Using the work–energy principle:

The work done by the friction is
µ × 50.922= 21.6 ⇒ µ= 0.424 equal to the total loss of energy of the
particle.
The coefficient of friction is 0.42 (2 s.f.)
10 a
In moving from S to T, P descends a vertical

distance of h m, where
h
= sin 30 ⇒
= h 12sin 30
= 
6 The change in the potential energy
12 of P depends on the vertical distance
it has moved. You find this using
The potential energy, in J, lost by P is given by trigonometry.
mgh = 0.6 × 9.8 × 6 = 35.28
The kinetic energy, in J, lost by P is given by
1 2 1 2 1
mu − mv = m (u 2 − v2 )
2 2 2
1
= × 0.6 × (102 − 92 ) =5.7
2
As P moves from S to T both kinetic
The total loss of energy of P is and potential energy are lost.
(35.28 + 5.7) J = 40.98 J = 41 J (2 s.f.)
10 b
Let the normal reaction between the particle

and the plane have magnitude R N.
R() : R = 0.6 g cos 30
The frictional force is given by Friction opposes motion and acts up

F= µ R= µ 0.6 g cos 30= µ × 5.092 29 the plane. The work done by friction
against the motion of the particle
The work done by friction is given by: equals the total loss of energy of the
particle. You should use the unrounded
work done
= force × distance moved
answer from a for the total energy loss.
W =F ×12 =µ × 61.106
Using the work–energy principle

µ × 61.106 µ 0.6706
= 40.98 ⇒ =
The coefficient of friction is 0.67 (2 s.f.)
11 a
Res(↖) R = 4 g cos α
= 3.2g
Therefore:
2
F = ( 3.2 g )
7
32
= g
35
Work done = Fs
32
= g ( 2.5 )
35
80
= g
35
= 22.4 J
h
sin α = ⇒ h= 2.5sin α
2.5
3 3
tan α =⇒ sin α =
4 5
3
h = 2.5  
5
= 1.5
Work done = change in energy

1 2
work
= mv − mgh
2
1
22.4
= ( 4 ) v 2 − 4 g (1.5)
2
2
2v = 81.2
v = 6.371…
= 6.37 m s−1 (3 s.f.)
11 c
Res(↖) R = 4 g cos α
= 3.2g
2
Res(↙) 4 g sin α − R =
4a
7
12 32
g− g= 4a
5 35
52
4a = g
35
13
a= g m s −2
35
13
Using v=
2
u 2 +2as with u = 0, s = 2.5 and a = g gives:
35
13 
v2
= ( 0 ) 2 +2  g  ( 2.5 )
 35 
v = 4.266...
= 4.27 m s−1
12 a
3 3
tan α =⇒ sin α =
4 5
When A has moved a distance of h:
x
sin α = (where x represents the vertical height moved by A)
h
3
x= h
5
Potential energy gained by A is:
E A = mgh
3
= mgh
5
Potential energy lost by B is:
EB = mgh
= 2mgh
Therefore the potential energy lost by the system is:
3 7
2mgh − mgh = mgh
5 5
b Res(↖) R = mg cos α
4
R = mg
5
Therefore:
5 4
F= × mg
8 5
1
= mg
2
Therefore, work done by friction is:
1
Fs = mgh
2
Work done = change in energy
1 7 3
= mgh mgh − mv 2
2 5 2
3 2 9
mv = mgh
2 10
3
v 2 = gh
5
13 a
Let F N be the magnitude of the driving

force produced by the engine of the car.
50 kW = 50 000 W
P = Fv
50 000 = F × 25 ⇒ F = 2000
For the car and trailer combined:

R(→) : F − 750 − R =
0 When you consider the car and trailer
combined, the tensions at the ends of the
R =F − 750 =2000 − 750 =1250, as required tow–bar cancel one another out and can be
ignored.
b
As the car brakes, the forces in the tow-bar are

thrusts and act in the directions shown in this
diagram. The forces in the tow-bar in a are
tensions and act in the opposite directions to
thrusts.
Let the acceleration of the car while braking

be a m s–2
For the car and trailer combined:
R(→) : F = ma
− 1500 − 750 − 1250 =
2500a
3500
2500a = −3500 ⇒ a = − =−1.4
2500
The deceleration of the car is therefore 1.4 m s−2
13 c Let the magnitude of the thrust in the tow-bar while braking be T N.
For the trailer alone

R(→) : F = ma
− 1250 −=
T 1500= a 1500 × (−1.4)
T = 1500 ×1.4 − 1250 = 850
The magnitude of the thrust in the tow-bar while braking is 850 N.
d To find the distance travelled in coming to rest

2
v= u 2 + 2as
2
0= 252 + 2 × (−1.4) s
252
s=
2.8
The work done, in J, by the braking force of
1500 N is given by
Work done = force×distance moved
252
W= 1500 ×=
s 1500 × = 334 821
2.8
The work done by the braking force in bringing the car and the trailer to rest is 335 kJ (3 s.f.)
e The resistance could be modelled as varying with speed.
14
a Let F N be the magnitude of the driving force produced by the engine of the car.
24 kW = 24 000 W
P= Fv
24 000 = F ×12 ⇒ F = 2000
R(→) : F =ma
F − 1200 =1000a
800
2000 − 1200
= 1000a ⇒=
a = 0.8 m s −2
1000
14 b The kinetic energy, in J, lost as the car is brought to rest is
1 2 1 2
mu= 1000 × 14= 98000 The final kinetic energy is zero.
2 2
Work done by resistance = Energy lost You use the work-energy principle.
Resistance× distance = Energy lost The work done by the resistance
(1200 N) in bringing the car to rest is
1200d = 98000 equal to the kinetic energy lost.
98000 2
= d = 81 m
1200 3
c Resistance usually varies with speed. As the speed slows down, the resistance to
motion usually decreases. In this case, this
15 a From A to B, the cyclist descends might mean that the car would travel further.
_
(20 12)m = 8m
Whatever the path taken, the potential
The potential energy, in J, lost in travelling energy lost in travelling from A to B
from A to B is given by depends solely on the difference in levels
between A and B.
mgh = 80 × 9.8 × 8 = 6272
The kinetic energy, in J, lost in travelling from A to B is given by
1 1 1
mu 2 − mv 2 = m (u 2 − v2 )
2 2 2
= 40 ( 82 − 52 =) 1560
The total mechanical energy lost is
(6272 + 1560) J = 7832 J
The work done by resistance due to non-gravitational forces is given by
W force × distance moved

=
=20 × 500 =10 000
The non-gravitational resistances to motion have
worked 10 000 J against the motion. However, the
(10 000 − 7832) J = 2168 J mechanical energy lost is only 7832 J. The
difference between these values is the work that
has been done by the cyclist.
The work done by the cyclist in moving
from A to B is 2200 J (2 s.f.)
15 b At B, let the force generated by the cyclist
be FN.
R(→) : F = ma
F − 20 = 80 × 0.5
So F = 60 N
P = Fv
= 60 × 5 = 300
The power generated by the cyclist is 300 W
16
Let F N be the magnitude of the driving force produced by the engine.
10 kW = 10 000 W Before you use the formula P = Fv, you

P = Fv have to convert kilowatts to watts.
10 000 = F × 20 ⇒ F = 500
R() : F = ma
F − R − 400 g sin θ =
0 As the car is travelling at a constant
speed, its acceleration is zero.
R= F − 400 g sin θ
1
= 500 − 400 × 9.8 × = 220
14
17 a
Let the acceleration of the lorry be a m s–2 and the driving force of the engine have
magnitude F N.
36 kW = 36 000 W
kW must be converted to W.
P = Fv
36 000 = F × 20 ⇒ F =1800
R(→) : F = ma
F − 750 =1500a
1800 − 750 =1500a
1800 − 750
=a = 0.7
1500
This result is only true at one instant
in time. The speed would now
The acceleration of the lorry when the speed increase and the driving force and
is 20 m s–1 is 0.7 m s–2 acceleration decrease.
17 b
The driving forces in a and b are

Let the driving force of the engine different and it is a good idea to
have magnitude F ' N. avoid confusion by using different
symbols for the forces.
R() : F ' = ma
F '− 750 − 1500 g sin α = 0 In this part of the question the lorry
is moving at a constant speed and
1
F ' = 750 + 1500 × 9.8 × = 2220 the acceleration is zero.
10
P = Fv
= 2220 × 20= 44 400
The rate at which the lorry is now working This question does not ask for a
is 44.4 kW. particular form of the answer, so
you could give your answer in
either W or kW. Two or three
significant figures are acceptable.
18 a
Let the speed of the car be u m s–1 and the

driving force of the engine have magnitude
F N.
21kW = 21000 W In both parts of this question, as the

car is moving with constant speed, the
acceleration is zero. So the vector sum
R( → ): F − 600 = 0 ⇒ F = 600 of the forces acting on the car is zero.
P = Fv
21000
21000 =
600v ⇒ v = 35
=
600
The speed of the car is 35 m s–1
Let the speed of the car be u ms–1 The driving forces in a and b are
and the driving force of the engine different and it is a good idea to avoid
have magnitude F ' N. confusion by using different symbols for
the forces.
R() : F ' − 1200 g sin α − 600 =
0
1
F '= 1200 × 9.8 × + 600= 1440 Although there is an exact answer, 14
7
14 ,a
12
P = Fv numerical value for g has been used in the
question and the answer should be rounded to 2
21 000 v 14.583
= 1440v ⇒=
significant figures. Three significant figures
(14.6) is also acceptable.
The constant speed of the car as it moves up
the hill is 15 m s–1 (2 s.f.)
19
a Let F N be the magnitude of the driving

force produced by the engine of the car.
12 kW = 12 000 W
P = Fv
12 000= F × 15
12 000
=F = 800
15
R(→) : F = ma
F − R= 1000 × 0.2 Using Newton’s second law, the vector sum
of the forces on the car equals the mass
R= F − 1000 × 0.2 times acceleration.
= 800 − 200 = 600, as required
Resistance acts against motion. As the car is

travelling down the hill, the resistance of 600 N
acts up the hill.
Let the driving force of the engine have

magnitude F ' N.
R() : F '+ 1000 g sin θ − 600 = 0 As the car is travelling at a constant

speed, there is no acceleration.
1
F ' = 600 − 1000 × 9.8 × = 355
40
7 kW = 7000 W
P = Fv
7000 = 355U
7000
U
= = 19.718
=  20 (2s.f .)
355
20 ( 2
)
m = 600 kg, R = 500 + 2v N, v = 15 m s−1, P = ?
a The engine must create a force F where F = R

P = Fv
=P ( 500 + 2v 2 ) v
P= (500 + ( 2 ×15 )) ×15=

2
14 250
For the motorcycle to maintain a constant speed of 15 m s−1 on a horizontal road, the engine must
deliver 14.3 kW (3 s.f.)
Resolving parallel to the slope:

T = ( 500 + 2v 2 ) − mg sin 5
So the power required is:

P = ( 500 + 2v 2 − mg sin 5 ) v
P= (500 + ( 2 ×15 ) − (600 × 9.8sin 5) ) ×15=

2
6562.8...
For the motorcycle to maintain a constant speed of 15 m s−1 when travelling down a road inclined
at 5° to the horizontal, the engine must deliver 6.6 kW (2 s.f.)
21 m = 1500 kg, R = ( 700 + 10v ) N, v = 30 m s−1
P = 60 000 W
The force provided by the engine, F, is given by:
P = Fv
60 000 = 30 F
F = 2000
Using Newton’s second law of motion up the hill:

2000 − ( 700 + 10v ) − mg sin α =
ma
2000 − ( 700 + 300 ) − (1500 × 9.8 × 121 ) =
1500a
225
a=
− −0.15
=
1500
The initial deceleration of the van is 0.15 m s−2
b P = 80 000 W
The force provided by the engine is now given by:
P = F ′v
80 000 = F ′v
80 000
F′ =
v
When the van reaches its maximum speed, the acceleration will be zero.
Therefore, by Newton’s second law,
the resultant force on the van (in the direction of the acceleration)
will be zero. So
80 000
− ( 700 + 10v ) − (1500 × 9.8 × 121 ) =
0
v
10v 2 + 1925v − 80 000 = 0
v = 35.14... or v = −227.64...
Only the positive root is relevant.
When the engine operates at 80 kW, the van maintains a constant uphill speed of 35.1 m s–1 (3 s.f.)
22 a The vertical distance fallen by P in moving
from A to C is (45 – 30) m =15 m
Using the principle of conservation of energy,

kinetic energy gained = potential energy lost The mass of the particle cancels
1 1 throughout this equation. The
m v 2 − m u 2 = m gh calculations in this question are
2 2 independent of the mass of P.
1 1
× 24.52 − u 2 =9.8 ×15
2 2
2 2
This equation has a similar form to
u 24.5 − 2 × 9.8 ×=
= 15 306.25 2
v= u 2 + 2as. However, it would be an error to
=u 306.25 17.5, as required
= use this formula, which is a formula for motion in a
straight line, as P is not moving in a straight line.
4
b R(→) : u x= u cos θ= 17.5 × = 14 The horizontal component of the
5 velocity is constant throughout the
motion.
Let the required angle be ψ
14 4
cosψ = = At C, the velocity of P and its components
24.5 7 are illustrated in this diagram.
ψ =55.15 = 55 (nearest degree)
3
c R (↑) : u y= u sin θ= 17.5 × = 10.5
5
To find the time taken for P to move from
A to D
1 ψ can now be found using trigonometry.

s ut + at 2
R (↑): = There is no need to find the vertical
2 component of the velocity at C.
− 45= 10.5t − 4.9t 2
4.9t 2 − 10.5t − 45 =
0
49t 2 − 105t − 450 =
0
(7t − 30)(7t + 15) =
0 These factors are difficult to spot and you
30 can use the formula for a quadratic. You
t= , as t > 0 should, however, obtain an exact answer.
7
R(→) :distance =speed × time

30
=14 × =60
7
BD = 60 m
23 a The kinetic energy, in J, gained in moving from A to B is
1 2 1
mv = 80 × 202 = 16 000
2 2
The potential energy, in J, lost in moving from A to B is
mgh =80 × 9.8 × (32.5 − 8.1) =19 129.6
The net loss of mechanical energy is

(19129.6 − 16000)J =
3129.6J The net loss in mechanical
energy is the work done by the
resistance to motion.
The work done by the resisting force of R
newtons, in J, is given by
Work
= force × distance
= R × 60
By the work–energy principle
60 R = 3129.6
3129.6
= R = 52.16
= 52 N (2s.f .)
60
3 3 4
b tan α =⇒ sin α =, cos α = You can sketch a 3, 4, 5, triangle
4 5 5 to check these relations.
4
R(→) : u x = 20 cos α = 20 × = 16
5
3
R(↑): u y = 20sin α = 20 × = 12
5
To find the time taken to move from B to C
1
s ut + at 2
R(↑) : =
2
− 8.1 = 12t − 4.9t 2 Rearranging the quadratic and
multiplying by 10.
4.9t 2 − 12t − 8.1 =
0
49t 2 − 120t − 81 =
0
(t − 3)(49t + 27) =0
t = 3, as t > 0
The time taken to move from B to C is 3 s.
c distance
= speed × time
= 16 × 3 = 48
The horizontal distance from B to C is 48 m.
23 d Let the speed of the skier immediately before reaching C be w m s–1
Using the conservation of energy

1 1
m w2 − m v 2 = m gh
2 2
2 2 Cancelling the m and rearranging the formula. This
w= v + 2 gh 2 2
2 result is similar to v= u + 2as. However, it
= 20 + 2 × 9.8 × 8.1= 558.76 would be an error to use this formula, which is a
=w 558.76 23.638
= formula for motion in a straight line, as the skier is
not moving in a straight line. You must establish the
result using the principle of conservation of energy.
The speed of the skier immediately before
reaching C is 24 m s–1 (2 s.f.)
24
Res(↑) R = 100 g
µ R = 25 g
Taking moments about Q gives:
3R = 75 gx + 25 g × 3cos 60 + 25 g × 6sin 60
75 gx =300 g − 37.5 g − 75 g 3
300 − 37.5 − 75 3
x=
75
= 1.767...
1.767...
cos 60 =
l
l = 3.535...
Since the ladder is 6 m long, the builder can walk:
6 – 3.535… = 2.464…
= 2.46 m up the ladder
25
Res(↑) R = mg ⇒ µ R = µ mg
1
x = l cos α
2
y = l sin α
Taking moments about Q gives:
1
mg × l cos α + µ mg × l sin α =
R × l cos α
2
1
µ mgl
= sin α mgl cos α − mgl cos α
2
1
µ mgl sin α = mgl cos α
2
1
µ=
2 tan α
26
Res(↑) R + 0.3 N =
240
Res(→) P = N
R 240 − 0.3P
= (1)
3 3 2
tan α =⇒ sin α = and cos α =
2 13 13
Taking moments about B gives:
240 × 4 cos α + 6sin α P = 6 cos α R
8 18 12
240 × + P =R
13 13 13
1920 + 18 P = 12 R
1920 + 18 P
R= (2)
12
Equating (1) and (2) gives:
1920 + 18 P
= 240 − 0.3P
12
1920 + 18 P = 2880 − 3.6 P
21.6 P = 960
P = 44.444....
= 44.4 N (3 s.f.)
27 u 1
6 u
S m T 3m
0 v
1
mu + 3m × u = 3mv Conservation of momentum.
6
3
u = 3v
2
u = 2v
1
e(u − u ) = v Newton’s Law of Restitution.
6
5 1
∴ eu = u
6 2
6 1
e= ×
5 2
3
e=
5
28 a u λu
S m T km
0 v
mu + km λu =kmv Conservation of momentum.

u (1 + kλ) =
kv (1)
v = e(u − λu ) = eu (1 − λ) (2) Newton’s Law of Restitution.
Eliminate v from (1) and (2)
u (1 + kλ)= keu (1 − λ)
1 + kλ
e=
k (1 − λ)
b e 1
Any coefficient of restitution
⇒ 1 + kλ  k − kλ
satisfies 0  e  1
1
k
1 − 2λ
1
but 0 < λ < ⇒ 0 < 1 − 2λ < 1 and k > 1
2
29 a u 0
S m T 2m
vS vT
= mvS + 2mvT
mu
u= vS + 2vT (1) Conservation of momentum.
eu= vT − vS (2)
Newton’s Law of Restitution.
(1) + (2) : u + eu =
3vT
1
vT
= u (1 + e)
3
29 b i from (2)
1
eu= u (1 + e) − vS
3
1
vS= u (1 + e) − eu
3
1
= vS u (1 − 2e)
3
1
but e > ⇒ 1 − 2e < 0
2 Speed must be positive.
1
∴Speed of S is u (2e − 1)
3
ii The arrow in the diagram was the wrong way round, as shown in b i, so the direction of motion
was reversed.
30 a 2u u
P 3m Q 2m Speed must be positive.
uP uQ
3m × 2u − 2mu= 3muP + 2muQ Conservation of momentum.

∴ 4u =
3uP + 2uQ (1)
e(2u + u ) = uQ − uP Newton’s Law of Restitution.
3eu
= uQ − uP (2)
Eliminating uP between (1) and (2):
4u = 3(uQ − 3eu ) + 2uQ

4u 5uQ − 9eu
=
1
uQ
= u (9e + 4)
5
30 b Using (2)
u=
P uQ − 3eu
1
=u (9e + 4) − 3eu
5
2
= u (2 − 3e)
5
But
uP < 0 Direction of motion of P is reversed.
∴ 2 − 3e < 0
2
e> Use the general condition
3 0 ≤ e ≤1
2
∴ < e 1
3
c For Q
32 1 Impulse = change of momentum.

mu = 2m × u (9e + 4) + 2mu
5 5
32= 2(9e + 4) + 10
18e = 14
7
e=
9
31 For the fall, down positive:
u = 0 m s−1, a = g, t = 2 s, v = ?

v= u + at
v =0 + 2 g =2 g
Speed after the bounce, v′, is given by Newton’s law of restitution:
6
v′ = ev = × 2 g
7
For the return, up positive: u = 12 g m s−1, a = −g = −9.8 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1, s = ?
7
2 2
v= u + 2as
2
 12 
=0  g  − 2 gs
 7 
2
 12 
2s =   g
 7
1 144
s= × × 9.8 =14.4
2 49
The ball rises to a height of 14.4 m on the first bounce.
32 a Distance travelled = s, tin = 2 s, tout = 3 s
s s
u
When travelling towards the wall, average speed, = =
tin 2
s s
v =
When travelling away from the wall, average speed,=
tout 3
Using Newton’s law of restitution:
v = eu
s s
=e
3 2
s
2
e= =
3
s
2 3
2
The coefficient of restitution is .
3
b If the plane is rough, then the sphere will experience a frictional force and decelerate as it travels
to and from the wall.
If the times it takes to travel between the wall and P are the same as in part a, then, although the
average speed in each direction remains the same, the sphere hits the wall at a lower speed (u is
smaller) and leaves it at a greater speed (v is greater) than the values calculated.
v
Since the coefficient of restitution is given by e = , it would therefore have a bigger value than
u
that calculated in part a.
33 a For the fall, down positive: u = 0 m s−1, a = g, s = 50 m, v = ?

2
v= u 2 + 2as
v2 = 2 g × 50 = 100 g
Speed after the bounce, v′, is given by Newton’s law of restitution:

v′ = ev
′2 e 2=
v= v 2 100 ge 2
For the return, up positive: v = 0 m s−1, u = v′, a = −g, s = 35 m
2
v= u 2 + 2as
0
= 100ge 2 − ( 2 g × 35 )
100e 2 = 70
70
e=
10
70
The coefficient of restitution is
10
33 b For the first fall, down positive: u = 0 m s−1, a = g, s = 50 m, t = t1
s ut + 12 at 2
=
50 = 12 gt12
100
t12 =
g
For the second fall, down positive: u = 0 m s−1, a = g, s = 35 m, t = t2

35 = 12 gt2 2
70
t2 2 =
g
The ball takes the same time to rise to 35 m after the first bounce so total time, t, is given by:
t= t1 + 2t2
10 70
=t +2
g g
10 70
If g= 9.8 ⇒ t= +2
9.8 9.8
t = 8.54 s
34 a 7u u Draw a diagram.
e = 0.25
A m 3m B
x y
7 mu − 3mu =mx + 3my Conservation of momentum.
4u= x + 3 y (1)
0.25 × (7u + u ) =y − x Newton’s Law of Restitution.
2u= y − x (2)
(1) + (2) : 6u = 4y
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously.
3u
y=
2
3u
In (2) : 2=u −x
2 The minus sign shows the arrow
u in the diagram is pointing in the
x= −
2 wrong direction.
u
A has speed
2
3u
B has speed Speed is always positive.
2
b K.E. lost
1 2 1 2
1 2
u 1  3u  
2
= × m × (7u ) + × 3m × u −  m ×   + × 3m   
2 2 2 2 2  2  

1 3  mu 2 27 mu 2 
= m × 49u 2 + mu 2 −  + 
2 2  8 8 
45 2
= mu
2
35 u u
A 3m B 2m
0 v
a 3mu − 2mu = 2mv

Conservation of momentum.
mu = 2mv
e (u + u ) =
v
2ue = v
Eliminating v:
mu = 2m(2ue)
1
e=
4
b K.E.lost
1
v 2ue
= = 2u ×
1 2 1 2
 1 1  
2
4
= × 3mu + × 2mu −  0 + × 2m  u   1
2 2  2  2   = u
 2
5 1
= mu 2 − mu 2
2 4
9
= mu 2
4
36 a u 0
A m B 2m
vA vB
mu mv A + 3mvB
=
y v A + 3vB
= (1) Conservation of momentum.
eu= vB − v A (2)
(1) + (2) : u + eu =
4v B
1
vB
= (1 + e)u
4
b Using (2):
v=
A vB − eu
1
=(1 + e)u − eu
4
1
= (1 − 3e)u
4
36 c K.E. after impact
1 2 1
= mv A + × 3mvB2
2 2
2 2
1 1  3 1 
= m  (1 − 3e)u  + m  (1 + e)u 
2 4  2 4 
1 u2 3 u2
= m (1 − 6e + 9e 2 ) + m (1 + 2e + e 2 )
2 16 2 16
2
mu
= (1 − 6e + 9e 2 + 3 + 6e + 3e 2 )
32
mu 2
= (4 + 12e 2 )
32
mu 2
= (1 + 3e 2 )
8
1
K.E. after impact = mu 2
6
1 1
∴ (1 + 3e 2 ) =
8 6
2
6 + 18e = 8
18e 2 = 2
1
e2 =
9
1
= e (e > 0)
3
u
vA
d = (1 − 3e)
4
u 1
= (1 − 3 × )
4 3
=0
∴ A is at rest.
37 Initially: m = 8 ×103 kg, v = 4 m s−1, kinetic energy = Eki
1
Ek = mv 2
2
1
Eki = × 8 ×103 × 42 = 64 ×103
2
Finally: m = (8 ×103 + 12 ×103) = 20 ×103 kg, v = 1.5 m s−1, kinetic energy = Ekf
1
Ekf = × 20 ×103 ×1.52 =22.5 ×103
2
Change in kinetic energy:

∆Ek = Eki − Ekf
∆Ek = 64 ×103 − 22.5 ×103
∆Ek = 41.5 ×103
The loss in kinetic energy is 41.5 kJ.
38 Initially: m = 0.05 kg, v = 2 m s−1, kinetic energy = Eki
Ek = 1 mv 2
2
Eki =1 × 1 × 22 =0.1
2 20
Once string is taut, speed of the particles, v, is found using conservation of momentum:
0.05 ×=
2 ( 0.05 + 0.25) v
0.1 = 0.3v
v=1
3
and the total final kinetic energy Ekf is

2
Ekf =1 × 3 × 1 = 1
2 10 3 60
Change in kinetic energy:

∆Ek = Eki − Ekf
∆Ek = 1 − 1
10 60
∆Ek = 1
12
1
The loss in kinetic energy is J.
12
39 a 2u 2u
Direction of motion of B is
A 3m B 2m reversed but speed is unchanged.
vA 2u
3m × 2u − 2m × 2u= 3mv A + 2m × 2u
2=
u 3v A + 4u
2
vA = − u
3
e(2u + 2u ) =2u − v A Newton’s Law of Restitution.
4eu
= 2u − v A
2
∴ 4eu =2u + u
3
8
4eu = u
3
2
e=
3
39 b 2u 0
B 2m C 5m
v w
2m × 2u = 2mv × 5mw
4=
u 2v + 5w (3) Conservation of momentum.
3
× 2u =w − v (4) Newton’s Law of Restitution.
5
Eliminate w from (3) and (4)
 6u 
4u = 2v + 5  + v B will not hit C again as they
 5  move in opposite directions.
4u = 2v + 6u + 5v You must investigate the
possibility of B hitting A
7v = −2u again.
2
v= − u
7
From a
2
vA = − u
3
After the collision between B and C:
2u 2u
w
3 7
A B C
As speed A > speed B there will be no further collisions.
40 a u 0
P 2m Q m
vP vQ
2mu 2mvP + mvQ
=
2u 2vP + vQ
= (1)
1
u vQ − vP
= (2) Newton’s Law of Restitution.
3
8u
(1) + 2 × (2) : = vQ + 2vQ
3
8u
3vQ =
3
8u
vQ =
9
Using (2)
1
v=
P vQ − u
3
8u 1
v=
P − u
9 3
5u
vP =
9
8u
40 b
9
v wall
8ue Newton’s Law of Restitution.

v=
9
5u 8ue
9 9
1
P 2m Q m Here, e = again.
3
0 w
5u 8ue
2m × − m× =mw Conservation of momentum.
9 9
10u − 8ue =
9w (3) Newton’s Law of Restitution.
1  5u 8ue 
 + =w
3 9 9 
5u + 8ue =
27 w (4)
Eliminating w between (3) and (4):
3(10u − 8ue) =5u + 8ue

30u − 24ue = 5u + 8ue
32ue = 25u
25
e=
32
c Q is now moving towards the wall once more. After Q hits the wall, it will return to collide
with P once more.
41 a 5u 0
P 2m Q 3m
vP vQ
2m × 5u= 2mvP + 3mvQ Conservation of momentum.
10
=u 2vP + 3vQ (1)
e × 5u = vQ − vP (2)
(1) + 2 × (2) :
10u + 10eu =3vQ + 2vQ
10u + 10eu =
5vQ
vQ =2u + 2eu =2(1 + e)u
Find direction of motion for P, as
b From (2) if P is moving towards the wall
there must be a second collision
v=
P vQ − 5eu between P and Q.
= 2(1 + e)u − 5eu
e = 0.4 in b.
vP = 2 ×1.4u − 5 × 0.4u
= 0.8u
vP > 0 ∴ P moves towards the wall and will collide with Q after Q rebounds from the wall.
c e = 0.8
e = 0.8
vP = 2 ×1.8u − 5 × 0.8u
= −0.4u
Q hits the wall:
2 × 1.8u
v wall
v = 3.6uf Newton’s Law of Restitution.
0.4u 3.6uf
P Q
For a second collision

3.6uf > 0.4u
0.4 1
f > =
3.6 9
Range for f is
1 All coefficients of restitution
< f 1 are less than or equal to 1.
9
42 a By the conservation of momentum
momentum before = momentum after
2m × 2u + 3m ×= u 2mv A + 3mvB
2v A + 3vB = 7u (1)
By Newtons’s law of restitution
speed of separation
e=
speed of approach
v −v
e= B A
2u − u
vB − v A = ue
v=
A vB − ue (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives:
2 ( vB − ue ) + 3vB = 7u
5vB − 2ue = 7u
7u + 2ue
vB =
5
u ( 7 + 2e )
vB =
5
b v=
A vB − ue , therefore:
u ( 7 + 2e )
=vA − ue
5
7u + 2ue − 5ue
=
5
u ( 7 − 3e )
=
5
7u − 3ue 11
c = u
5 10
70u − 30ue = 55u
30ue = 15u
1
e=
2
42 d After the collision B has velocity:
  1 
u  7 + 2 
 2 
vB = 
5
8
= u
5
1
Using =s ut + at 2 gives:
2
8 5d
d= ut ⇒ = t
5 8u
After the collision A has velocity:
  1 
u  7 − 3  
 2 
vA = 
5
11u
=
10
1
Using =s ut + at 2 gives:
2
11u  5d 
s=  
10  8u 
11d
=
16
11d 5d
Since A has travelled since the collision, it is a distance of at the instant B hits the barrier.
16 16
e By Newtons’s law of restitution

speed of rebound
e=
speed of approach
11 vB
=
16 8 u
5
11u
vB =
10
Since A and B are travelling with equal speeds in opposite directions they will collide at the
midpoint of the distance from A to the barrier at the instant B hits the barrier, therefore they collide
5d
at distance from the barrier.
32
43 a Using v=2
u 2 + 2as gives:
v 2 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 9.8 )( 2 )
2
=
= 39.2
14 5
v=
5
speed of rebound
e=
speed of approach
4 speed of rebound
=
5 14 5
5
56 5
speed of rebound =
25
Using v= u + 2as gives:
2 2
2
 56 5 
( 0 )   + 2 ( −9.8 ) s
2
=
 25 
3136
19.6 s =
125
32
s=
25
= 1.28 m
So the ball bounces to 0.64 of its original height.
This continues with each successive bounce so the total distance travelled, d, is
d = 2 + 1.28 + 1.28 + 0.8192 + 0.8192 + 0.524288 + 0.524288 + …
= 2 + 2(1.28 + 1.28 × 0.64 + 1.28 × 0.642 + …
The expression inside the brackets is a geometric sequence
with a = 1.28 and r = 0.64
a
Using S∞ = gives:
1− r
 1.28 
d= 2 + 2  
 1 − 0.64 
82
= m
9
b The model predicts an infinite number of bounces which is not realistic.
44 For the first collision
By the conservation of momentum
m × 4 + 2m × 0= mv A + 2mvB
v A + 2v B = 4 (1)
speed of separation
e=
speed of approach
v −v
0.7 = B A
4
vB − v A = 2.8
v=A vB − 2.8 (2)
( vB − 2.8) + 2vB = 4
3vB = 6.8
34
vB =
15
Since v=A vB − 2.8
34
v=
A − 2.8
15
8
= −
15
8 34
So after the first collision v A = − and vB =
15 15
For the second collision
By the conservation of momentum
34
2m × + 3m ×= 0 2mvB + 3mvC
15
68
2vB + 3vC = (3)
15
speed of separation
e=
speed of approach
v −v
0.4 = C B
34
15
68
vC − vB =
75
68
v=
B vC − (4)
75
44 (continued)
 68  68
2  vC −  + 3vC =
 75  15
476
5vC =
75
476
vC =
375
68
Since v= B vC −
75
476 68
=vB −
75 75
136
=
375
So after the second collision the velocities of the spheres are:
8
vA = −
15
136
vB =
375
476
vC =
375
Therefore there are exactly two collisions.
45 a
Res(↑) R = 20 g ⇒ µ R = 5 g N
b Res(→) N = 5 g
Taking moments about A
20 gx = 5 gy
20 g × 5cos θ =× 5 g 10sin θ
sin θ 100 g
=
cos θ 50 g
tan θ = 2
θ = tan −1 ( 2 ) as required
46
Res(↑) R = mg
1
Res(→) N = mg
3
Taking moments about Q
1 1 3
Rx = mgx + mg × y
2 3 4
1 1
mgx
= mgx + mgy
2 4
1
x= y
2
1
l sin θ = l cos θ
2
sin θ 1
=
cos θ 2
1
tan θ =
2
1
θ = tan −1   as required
2
47
Res(↑) R = 4mg
Res(→) N = 0.6 R
= 2.4mg
Taking moments about P
1 1
Ny = x × 3mg + x × mg
5 2
3 1
2.4=y x+ x
5 2
11
y= x
24
y
tan θ =
x
11
=
24
 11 
θ = tan −1  
 24 
θ = 24.6 (3 s.f.)

48 a
Res(↑) R + N cos 45 =
10 g
2
R 10 g −
= N (1)
2
Taking moments about A
4=
N 10 g × 3cos 45
15 2
N= g (2)
4
2  15 2 
R 10 g −
=  g 
2  4 
15
= 10 g − g
4
25
= gN
4
b From part a
15 2
N= gN
4
c Res(→) F = N cos 45
15 2 2
= F g×
4 2
15
F= gN
4
49
Res(↑) R + N cos θ = mg
Taking moments about P gives:
mgx = 0.75lN
1 3
mg × l cos θ = lN
2 4
2
N = mg cos θ as required
3
50 a
Res(↑) R + N cos θ = 5g (1)

Taking moments about A gives:
4N= 5 g × 2.5cos θ
25
N= g cos θ (2)
8
 25 
R +  g cos θ  cos θ = 5g
 8 
25
R 5 g − g cos 2 θ
=
8
1 3 3
tan θ = ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ cos 2 θ =
3 2 4
Therefore:
25  3 
R 5g − g  
=
8 4
85
= gN
32
50 b µ R = N sin θ (1)
85
R= gN (2)
32
25 3
N= g (3)
16
Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives:
85 25 3 1
µ × g= g×
32 16 2
85 25 3
µg = g
32 32
25 3
µ=
85
5 3
= as required
17
Challenge
Res(↑) R = 10 g ⇒ µ R = 2 g
Res(→) N= 0.2 R ⇒ N= 2 g
Taking moments about P gives:
Ny = 10 gl
y = 5l
3sin θ = 5l (1)
x
sin θ = ⇒ x= 0.5sin θ
0.5
m
cos θ = ⇒ x = 1.5cos θ
1.5
l m−x
=
=l 1.5cos θ − 0.5sin θ (2)
=3sin θ 5 (1.5cos θ − 0.5sin θ )
0.6sin
= θ 1.5cos θ − 0.5sin θ
1.1sin θ = 1.5cos θ
sin θ 1.5
=
cos θ 1.1
15
tan θ =
11
 15 
θ = tan −1  
 11 
θ = 53.7 (3 s.f.)


Review Exercise 2: 1 A I J V I V I J B

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Review Exercise 2: 1 A I J V I V I J B

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Review Exercise 2

But I= 9 2 ∴ p= 9 Impulse = change of momentum

b t = 2 ⇒ v = 6i + 8 j Find the velocity immediately

6i − 3 j = V − 6i − 8 j Impulse = change of momentum

Resolving perpendicular to the slope:

c Work done against gravity, WG = mgh

a From the conservation of energy:

Final K.E. = mgh

8 m = 200 kg, u = 2 m s−1, v = 1.5 m s−1, s = 200 m

a Loss of kinetic energy = initial K.E. – final K.E.

b Potential energy gained, P.E. = mgh

The potential energy gained is 196 kJ (3 s.f.)

The change in the potential energy

a Let the vertical distance moved by P

The potential energy gained by P is given by

Let the speed of P at B be v m s–1

The kinetic energy lost by P is given by

Using the principle of conservation of energy

Let the normal reaction between the particle

R() : R = 2 g cos 30

The frictional force is given by

The kinetic energy lost by P is given by

The total loss of mechanical energy, in J, is

The work done by friction is given by:

work done = force× distance moved

Using the work–energy principle:

In moving from S to T, P descends a vertical

The kinetic energy, in J, lost by P is given by

Let the normal reaction between the particle

The frictional force is given by Friction opposes motion and acts up

Using the work–energy principle

Work done = change in energy

Let F N be the magnitude of the driving

For the car and trailer combined:

As the car brakes, the forces in the tow-bar are

Let the acceleration of the car while braking

The deceleration of the car is therefore 1.4 m s−2

For the trailer alone

d To find the distance travelled in coming to rest

e The resistance could be modelled as varying with speed.

The kinetic energy, in J, lost in travelling from A to B is given by

The work done by resistance due to non-gravitational forces is given by

W force × distance moved

Let F N be the magnitude of the driving force produced by the engine.

10 kW = 10 000 W Before you use the formula P = Fv, you

The driving forces in a and b are

Let the speed of the car be u m s–1 and the

21kW = 21000 W In both parts of this question, as the

The speed of the car is 35 m s–1

a Let F N be the magnitude of the driving

Resistance acts against motion. As the car is

Let the driving force of the engine have

R() : F '+ 1000 g sin θ − 600 = 0 As the car is travelling at a constant

a The engine must create a force F where F = R

P= (500 + ( 2 ×15 )) ×15=

Resolving parallel to the slope:

So the power required is:

P= (500 + ( 2 ×15 ) − (600 × 9.8sin 5) ) ×15=

Using Newton’s second law of motion up the hill:

The initial deceleration of the van is 0.15 m s−2

Only the positive root is relevant.

Using the principle of conservation of energy,

1 ψ can now be found using trigonometry.