Lecture 1 Inroduction To Signals & Systems

Lecture 1
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 1
Schaum's Outline of Signals and Systems 1st Edition Signals & Systems 1st Edition
By Hwei P. Hsu By Sanjay Sharma
Introduction to signals.
Signals classifications & elementary signals.
Basic Operations on Signals.
Introduction to systems.
Systems classifications.
Linear Time-Invariant Systems (LTI).
Convolution & Correlation.
Laplace Transform.
Fourier Analysis for continuous time signals.
A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable.
Typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of

the phenomenon.
In electrical sense, the signal can be voltage or current. The voltage
or current is the function of time as an independent variable.
System Manipulates one or more signals accomplish a function
,thereby yielding new signals.
The interaction between the System and Signal illustrated in Fig
1.1
Input signal System Output Signal
Figure 1.1 : Block diagram of representing of a System
In Fig1.1 the description of the input and output signals naturally
depend on the intended application of systems.
 There are two type of Signal:
1. The dependent variable.
2. The independent variable.
 The dependent variable can be:
1. Real valued scalar quantity:
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋/2)
2. Complex valued quantity:

 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝑗3𝜋𝑡
3. Vector (multi-channel):
 Signals are generated by multiple source or multiple sensor.
 This signals, can represented in vector form.
𝑥1 (𝑡)
 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥2 𝑡
𝑥3 (𝑡)
Signals can be functions of single or multiple independent
variables.
1. 𝑠(𝑡) a one dimensional signal.
2. 𝑟(𝑥, 𝑦) a two dimensional signal.
3. 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) a three dimensional signal.
4. 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) a four dimensional signal.
1. One Dimensional Variable (Speech Signals):
 When the function is depends on a single variable, the signal is said to be on
dimensional.
 A speech signal is function of single independent variable, particularly time
s(t).
2. Two Dimensional Variable (Image Signals):
 An Image signal is function of two independent variables 𝑚(𝑥, 𝑦).
3. Three Dimensional Variable (TV mono Signals):
 TV mono signal is function of three independent variables 𝑛(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡).
𝒕
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 𝒙 11
4. Three Dimensional Variable With Multicannel (Colored TV
Signals):
mR ( x, y ) 
m( x, y )  mG ( x, y )
mB ( x, y ) 
 The signals are classified in different types. Some of them are:
1. Continuous Time (CT) & Discrete Time (DT) Signals.
2. Analog & Digital Signals.
3. Deterministic & Random Signals.
4. Even & Odd Signals.
5. Periodic & non-periodic Signals.
6. Energy & Power Signals.
7. Casual & non-casual Signals.
Continuous Time (CT) & Discrete Time (DT) Signals
1. Continuous Time (CT) Signal:
 Signals that are defined for every instant of time. They are denoted by x(t).
Most of the signals encountered in practice are continuous time.
Example of continuous time signal, AC power signal
2. Discrete Time (DT) Signal:
 Signals that are defined at discrete instant of time. They are denoted by
x[n], it is continuous in amplitude.
 Some signals are discrete in nature and some may discrete representation
of continuous time signal.
 For example, the amount deposited every month in a savings account is
discrete.
 The other type of discrete time signal is obtained by sampling a continuous
time signal at regular intervals.
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑛𝑇)
2. Discrete Time (DT) Signal:
 Discrete time signal is:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑇
 Where:
 T called the sampling period and n is
an integer ranging from -∞ to ∞ called
the time index.
Sampled signal (sequence)
Natural discrete signal Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 16

Analog & digital Signals
1. Analog Signal:
 Is signal which is continuous in time as well as amplitude.
2. Digital Signal:
 Is signal which is discrete in time as well as amplitude.
A discrete amplitude and time signal

Deterministic & Random Signals
1. Deterministic Signal:
 Is a signal which is completely described by mathematical model.
 The value of deterministic signal can be evaluated at any time (present,
past and future) without uncertainty.
 For example the sinusoidal signal, x(t) = A cos(ωt).
2. Random Signal:
 Is signal which is discrete in time as well as amplitude.
Example for random signal
Even & Odd Signals
1. Even Signal:
 A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡)
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥[−𝑛]
 Example: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
2. Odd Signal:
 A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if:
𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡)
𝑥[𝑛] = −𝑥[−𝑛]
 Example: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡
Even & Odd Signals
Examples of :
• Even signals (a and b).
Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi • Odd signals (c and
20 d).
Even & Odd Signals
 Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals,
one of which is even and one of which is odd. That is:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] + 𝑥𝑜 [𝑛]
Where:
• 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 1Τ2 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑡
• 𝑥𝑜(𝑡) = 1/2{𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥(−𝑡)} 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥(𝑡)
• 𝑥𝑒[𝑛] = 1/2{𝑥[𝑛] + 𝑥[−𝑛]} 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥[𝑛]
• 𝑥𝑜[𝑛] = 1/2{𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑥[−𝑛]} 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥[𝑛]
Even & Odd Signals
Example 1.1
Find the even and odd components of
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑡
Even & Odd Signals
Solution 1.1
1
𝑒 𝑗𝑡
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
2
1 1 𝑗𝑡
𝑥𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑡 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕)
2 2
1 1
𝑥𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥 −𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑡 = 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒕)
2 2
Even & Odd Signals
Example 1.2
Find the even and odd components of
𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos(𝑡)
Even & Odd Signals
Solution 1.2
1
𝑥𝑒 = 2 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡

𝑥 −𝑡 = cos −𝑡 + sin −𝑡 + sin −𝑡 cos −𝑡
𝑥 −𝑡 = cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 cos(𝑡)
1
𝑥𝑒 = 2 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡 =1/2{ cos(t)+sin(t)+sin(t) cos(t) + cos(t) -sin(t) -sin(t) cos(t) }
1 2 cos 𝑡
𝑥𝑒 = 2 cos 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒕) (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
2
Even & Odd Signals
Solution 1.2
1
𝑥𝑜 = 2 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥 −𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡

𝑥 −𝑡 = cos −𝑡 + sin −𝑡 + sin −𝑡 cos −𝑡
𝑥 −𝑡 = cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 cos(𝑡)
1
𝑥𝑜 = 2 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡 =1/2{ cos(t) +sin(t) +sin(t) cos(t) – (cos(t)-sin(t)-sin(t)cos(t))}
1
𝑥𝑜 = 2 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡 =1/2{ cos(t)+sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t) – cos(t)+sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t))}
1 2(sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t))
𝑥𝑜 = 2 sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t) + sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t) = = sin(t)+sin(t)cos(t) (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
2
Periodic & nonperiodic Signals
 A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it satisfies the
condition :
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡 + 𝑇) for all t
The smallest value of T that satisfies the above condition is known
as fundamental period.
A signal is non-periodic (a periodic) if the above condition is not
satisfied for at least one value of t.
A discrete-time signal x[n] is said to be periodic if it satisfies the
condition :
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 + 𝑁] for all n
Examples of periodic signals
ExamplesAbdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi
of a periodic signals 29
Energy & Power Signals
1. Energy (E) Signal: 2. Power (P) Signal:
 𝑥(𝑡) (or 𝑥[𝑛]) is said to be an energy signal  𝑥(𝑡) (or 𝑥[𝑛]) is said to be an power signal if
if and only if: and only if:
 0 < 𝐸< ∞.  0 <𝑃< ∞.
 Power (P) = 0.  Energy (E) = ∞.
 For continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡), the energy  For continuous-time signal x(t), the Power
E of 𝑥(𝑡) is defined as: P of x(t) is defined as:
∞
2 1 𝑇/2
𝐸 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ −∞ 𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −𝑇/2
 For discrete-time signal x[n], the energy  For discrete-time signal x[n], the Power P of
E of x[n] is defined
𝑛
as: x[n] is defined as:
𝑛
2
1 2
𝐸 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ෍ 𝑥 𝑡 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ෍ 𝑥 𝑡
𝑁→∞ 𝑁→∞ 𝑇
𝑛=−𝑁 𝑛=−𝑁
S.No Energy Signal Power Signal

1 Total normalized energy is finite and Total normalized average power is finite
non zero. and non zero.
2 The energy Signal is obtained by The average power Signal is obtained by
∞
2 1 𝑇 Τ2
𝐸=න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 𝑇→∞ T −𝑇 Τ2
3 Non periodic signals are energy Practical periodic signals are power
signals. signals.
4 These signals are time limited. These signals can exist over infinite time.
5 Power of energy signal is zero. Energy of the power signal is infinite.
6 For example a single rectangular For example a periodic pulse train.
pulse.
Example 1.2
Sketch the following signal
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝑡 −∞<𝑡 <∞
Also check whether the above signal is a power signal or an energy signal or neither?
Solution 1.2
Given:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝑡 −∞<𝑡 <∞
 In figure 1.1 show the given signal x(t).
 From Fig 1.1 the given signal is periodic signal with period 𝑇 = 2𝜋 and therefore it is a
power signal.
 We know that power of a signal is expressed as
1 𝑇 Τ2 1 2𝜋
𝑃 = ‫׬‬−𝑇Τ2 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝐴2 sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2𝜋
2 2𝜋
𝐴 1 𝐴2 2𝜋 1 1
𝑃= න 1 − cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න − cos 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0 2 2𝜋 0 2 2
𝐴2 𝑡 sin 2𝑡 2𝜋 𝐴2 𝑨𝟐
𝑃= − = 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 2𝜋
0 = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
2𝜋 2 4 0 8𝜋 𝟐
Figure 1.1 For Solution 1.2
Example 1.3
Sketch the following signal
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑡 𝑎>0
Also check whether the above signal is a power signal or an energy signal or neither?
Solution 1.3
Given:
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡<0
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎 𝑡 = ቊ −𝑎𝑡
𝑒 𝑡>0
 In figure 1.2 show the given signal x(t).
 From Fig 1, it is obvious that the amplitude of 𝑥 𝑡 → 0 as 𝑡 → ∞ therefore it is a Energy
signal.
 We know that power of a signal is expressed as:
∞ ∞ 0 ∞
𝐸=න 𝑥2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 −2𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 −2𝑎(−𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑒 −2𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
−∞ −∞ −∞ 0
Or Increase Decrease
0 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐸 = න 𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
−∞ 0 0 0
∞ −2𝑎𝑡 ∞
𝑒 1
= 2 න 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 = (𝑨𝒏𝒔)
0 −2𝑎 0
𝑎
Figure 1.2 For Solution 1.3
Casual & Noncasual Signals
A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be causal if:
 x(t) = 0 for t < 0, for anti-causal signal x(t) = 0 for t > 0.
 Otherwise the signal is non-causal.
A discrete time signal x[n] is said to be causal if:

 x[n] = 0 for n < 0, for anti-causal signal x[n] = 0 for n > 0.
 Otherwise the signal is non-causal.
Casual & Noncasual Signals

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Lecture 1

Typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of

Input signal System Output Signal

Figure 1.1 : Block diagram of representing of a System

2. Complex valued quantity:

Example of continuous time signal, AC power signal

Sampled signal (sequence)

Natural discrete signal Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 16

A discrete amplitude and time signal

Example for random signal

𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡

𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡

S.No Energy Signal Power Signal

A discrete time signal x[n] is said to be causal if:

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