Lecture 2

Abdalrahman B. I. Ahmidi 1
 In Signal & Systems, we need to use some standard signals.
Some of the standard continuous time and discrete time signals
are:
1. A dc signal.
2. Sinusoidal signal.
3. Unit Step signal.
4. Signum function.
5. Rectangular pulse.
6. Delta or unit impulse function.
7. Unit Ramp signal.
8. Exponential signal.

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1. Continuous Time DC Signal: 2. Discrete Time DC Signal:
 The dc signal can be represented  It is a sequence of samples each of amplitude A
mathematically as under: and extending from −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
𝑥 𝑡 =𝐴 −∞<𝑡 <∞  This signal can be represented mathematically
by:
𝑥 𝑛 =𝐴 −∞<𝑡 <∞
 Also can be represented in the form
𝑥 𝑛 = … , 𝐴, 𝐴, 𝐴
ณ , 𝐴, 𝐴, …
↑

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1. Sinusoidal Time DC Signal: 2. Sinusoidal Time DC Signal:
 The sinusoidal signal include sine &  Mathematically:
cosine signals.  A sine signals: 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑛 =
 Mathematically: 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑛
 A sine signals: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
 A cosine signals:𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑡

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 1. Unit Step Signal:
 The unit step sequence u(t) is defined as
1 𝑡>0
𝑥 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0

2. Unit Step Sequence:

 The unit step sequence u[n] is defined as
1 𝑛>0
𝑥[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛<0

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 1. Signum Signal:
 The Signum signal sgn(t) is defined as
1 𝑡>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛 𝑡 = ቊ
−1 𝑡<0

2. Signum Sequence:
 The Signum sequence sgn[n] is defined as
1 𝑛>0
𝑠𝑔𝑛[𝑛] = ቊ
−1 𝑛<0

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 1. Ramp Signal:
 The ramp signal r(t) is defined as
𝑡 𝑡>0
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0

2. Signum Sequence:
 The Ramp sequence r[n] is defined as
𝑛 𝑛>0
𝑟[𝑛] = ቊ
0 𝑛<0

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 1. Impulse 𝜹(𝒕) Signal:
 The rectangular signal r(t) is defined as
1 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

2. Impulse 𝜹(𝒕) Sequence:

 The Ramp sequence r[n] is defined as
1 𝑛=0
𝛿 𝑛 =ቊ
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

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1. Real Exponential Signal:
 A real exponential signal is defined as: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ,where both A and a
are real.
 Depending on the value of a we get different signals. If a is positive the
signal is growing exponential, if a is negative the signal is decaying
exponential.

Continuous-time real exponential signals. (a) a > 0; (b) a < 0.

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1. Complex Exponential Signal:
The most general form of complex exponential is given by
x(t)=est
Where s is a complex variable defined as : s=σ+jΩ
therefore:

x(t)=est =e(σ+jΩ)t=eσt ejΩt

Using Euler’s identity we can expand:

ejΩt =cosΩt+jsinΩt

Then x(t)=eσt [cosΩt+jsinΩt]

Depending on the values of σ and Ω, we can get different signals.

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2. Complex Exponential Signal:

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 Time shifting is, as the name suggests, the shifting of a signal in time.
This is done by adding or subtracting the amount of the shift to the time
variable in the function.
Subtracting a fixed amount from the time variable 𝑓(𝑡−𝑇) will shift the signal
to the right (delay) that amount (as show in fig 3.1 a).
While adding to the time variable 𝑓(𝑡+𝑇) will shift the signal to the left
(advance).
𝒇(𝒕) 𝒇(𝒕 − 𝑻) 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝑻)

𝑇 𝑇

0 𝑡 0 𝑡 0 𝑡
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Example 2.1
A continuous-time signal 𝒙(𝒕) is shown in Fig. 3.1. Sketch and label each of the
following signals?
1. 𝑥(𝑡−2)
2. x(𝑡+1)

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Fig 2.1 for Example 2.1
Solution 2.1
1. 𝑥 𝑡 − 2 is sketched in Fig 2.2.
2. 𝑥 𝑡 + 1 is sketched in Fig 2.3

Fig 2.2 Fig 2.3 Fig 2.1 for Example 2.1

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 Time scaling compresses and dilates a signal by multiplying the time variable
by some amount.
If that amount is greater than one, the signal becomes narrower and the
operation is called compression.
While if the amount is less than one, the signal becomes wider and is called
dilation.

𝒇(𝒕) 𝒇(𝒂𝒕) 𝒇(𝒂𝒕)

a<1
a>1 dilation
compression.

𝑡 0 𝑡 0 𝑡
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Example 2.2
A discrete-time signal 𝒙[𝒏] is shown in Fig. 3.4. Sketch and label each of the
following signals?
1. 𝑥(2n)
2. x(1/2 n)

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Fig 2.4 for Example 2.2
Solution 2.1
1. 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔 2.5
2. 𝑥[1/2 𝑛] 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔 2.6

Fig 2.4 for Example 2.2

Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6

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 What happens when the time
variable is multiplied by a negative
number?

- The answer to this is time reversal.

Addition
This operation is the reversal of the
time axis, or flipping the signal over
the y-axis.

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Amplitude Scaling of Signal x(t) as show in equ(3.1) ,The Result is
amplification of x(t) if 𝒂>𝟏
 Attenuation of x(t) if 𝒂<𝟏
 Amplification of x(t) if 𝒂>𝟏
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑡

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The Addition Signal is given by equ(3.2) :
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 (𝑡)

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 The Multiplication Signal is given:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 . 𝑥2 (𝑡)

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Example 2.3
Using the discrete-time signals 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] shown in figure below, represent
each of the following signals by a graph and by a sequence of numbers?
1. 𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛
2. 𝑦2 𝑛 = 2 𝑥1 𝑛
3. 𝑦3 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛

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Solution 2.3
1. 𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛

n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
𝑥2 𝑛 0 -2 -2 2 2 0 -2 0 0 0 0
𝑦1 𝑛 0 -2 -2 3 4 3 -2 0 2 2 0

Then 𝑦1 𝑛 is :

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Solution 2.3
2. 𝑦2 𝑛 = 2 𝑥1 𝑛

n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑦2 𝑛 0 0 0 2 4 6 0 0 4 4 0

Then 𝑦2 𝑛 is :

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Solution 2.3
3. 𝑦3 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛

n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥1 𝑛 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 0
𝑥2 𝑛 0 -2 -2 2 2 0 -2 0 0 0 0
𝑦3 𝑛 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

Then 𝑦3 𝑛 is :

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Example 2.4
A continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡)is shown in figure below. Sketch and label each of the
following signals.
1. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢(1 − 𝑡)
2. 𝑥 𝑡 [𝑢 𝑡 . 𝑢 1 − 𝑡 ]
3
3. 𝑥 𝑡 𝛿(𝑡 − )
2

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Solution 2.4
1. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢(1 − 𝑡)

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Solution 2.4
2. 𝑥 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 . 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑡
1 0<𝑡<1
𝑢 𝑡 .𝑢 𝑡 − 1 = ቊ
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

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Solution 2.4
3. 𝑥(𝑡) 𝛿(𝑡 − 3/2)

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