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Shallow Bearing Capacity & Settlement PDF
Shallow Bearing Capacity & Settlement PDF
Ultimate Bearing Capacity is defined as the least pressure that will cause
complete shear failure of the soil in the vicinity of the foundation. Only aproximate
solution is available for Ultimate Bearing Capacity.
It is essential that the soil conditions are known within the significant depth of any
foundation.
for square footing of width B 1.5 B
for strip footing of width B 3B
For Isolated rigid foundatons: Extend to depth where vertical stress decreases
to 10 % of bearng pressure. All borng should extend to no less then 9 M (30 ft)
belowest part of foundaton unless rock is encountered at shallower depth.
Assumptions
1) Shear Strength between surface and footing depth D is neglected.
2) Soil above depth D is considered only as a surcharge imposing a
uniform pressure qo=γD on plane of footing
3) General Shear failure takes place and volume of soil remains
unchanged prior to failure
4) Footing base is rough that is no Active Rankine State can not be
developed under the footing. There exist only elastic wedge under footing having an
angle of φ
5) Strip footing of width B and semi infinite length L (i.e. B/L=0)
1. . .
qf γ B ( Nγ ) c . ( Nc ) q o . ( Nq ) for B/L=0
2
3 .π
φ . tan( φ )
e 2
Nq = Nc cot( φ ) . ( Nq 1)
2
φ
2 . cos 45 . deg
2
Modifications
Meyerhof
Meyerhof varied wedge angle between φ and 45*deg+φ/2 to get minimum value
of Nγ.
Hansen
Hansen include shape, depth and other factors
q c. N c. s c. d c. i c. g c. b c q. N q. s q. d q. i q. g q. b q 0.5 . γ e . B'. N γ . s γ . d γ . i γ . g γ . b γ
There are many dfferent testng factors that can influence the accuracy of the SPT
readings.
Em = Hammer efficiency (for U.S. equipment 0.6 for safety hammer 0.45 for a
doughnut hammer
doughnut hammer
Cb = borehole diameter correction (1.0 for 65-115 mm, 1.05 for 150 mm,1.15 for
200 mm)
Cr = rod length correction (0.75 for upto 4 M of drll rod, 0.85 for 4 to 6 M, 0.95
for 6 to 10 M, 1.0 for drll rod n excess of 10 M)
N = measured SPT values
N60 = SPT N- value corrected for feld
N60 = 1.67 Em Cb Cr N
For the very fine sand and below the water table, if the measured N value greater
than 15, should be corrected as follow.
N'=15+1/2(N-15)
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) gives cone resistance qc, force required to push cone
divided by horizontal-projection-area of cone (1000 mm^2).
The cone is pushed 80 mm into the sand at a uniform rate of 15-20 mm/s. The cone
penetration resistance usually being determined at depth intervals of 200 mm
qc qo
su
Nk
H . σ' o ∆σ
s ln
C σ' o
H
1. σ' o ∆σ
s ln dz
C σ' o
0
H = Thickness of Layer
' ff i b d
Piles in Clay
q c u. N c
cu = undrained shear strength
Nc = 9 for D/B > 4
h' Df
γa γb . γ γb
B t
γa =adjusted unit weight to be used in first term
γb = buoyant unit weight of the soil (kN/M^3 or pcf)
γt = total unit weight
h' = depth of the ground water table below ground surface (M or ft)
Df = foundation depth from Ground surface
B = width of the footing
Q.(B 6. e)
q
q max
B2
Q . ( B 6. e)
q min
2
B
Q = load applied to the footing (kN/M or kip/ft)
B = footing width
e = eccentricity
qmax, qmin = maximum and minimum bearing pressure
Earthquake Loading
It is common to use a larger allowable bearing capicity in the analysis. A common
recommendation is that the allowable bearing pressure can be increased by a factor of
1/3 for the earthquake analysis.
Soil Parameters
i 0 .. 4 180
φi atan tanφi . in degree
π
0.677 0.323
γi 0.671 0.329
Vsi
N . Vs = 0.65 Vui 1 Vsi Vu = 0.35
2.68 . 1000 . 9.807
m3 0.608 0.392
0.598 0.402
133.442
N 132.827
γ sat γi Vui . 9.807 . 1000 .
γ sat = 130.633 pcf
i m3
126.176
125.179
Foundation Parameters
Di
ki in radian
B
SF 2.5
φi
Hi 0.5 . B . tan 45 . deg
2
2
π . tan φ i . deg φi B' .
Nq e . tan 45 . deg sq 1.0 sin φ i . deg
i 2 i L'
Nq
i . B'
Nc Nq 1 . cot φ i . deg sc 1.0
i i i N c L'
i
B'
Nγ Nq 1 . tan 1.4 . φ i . deg sγ Max 1.0 0.4 . , 0.6
i i i L'
dc 1 0.4 . ki ic 1 gc 1 bc 1
i
gγ 1 bγ 1
dγ 1.0 iγ 1
qi γ wet . Di
i
q ult
i
q all
i SF
4.218 1.687 5
5.444 2.177 10
Ton Ton
q ult = 7.71 q all = 3.084 D= 15 ft
9.367 ft2 3.747 ft2 20
11.154 4.461 25
Settlement of Soil
Settlement of cohesive and organic soils
Cohesive and organic soil can be susceptible to a large amount of settlement from
structure loads. The settlement of saturated clay or organic soil can have three different
components:
1) Immediate (initial)
2) Consolidation
3) Secondary compression
Immediate or Initial
Surface loading causes both vertical and horizontal strains which means that two-or
three-dimensional Loading.
Immediate settlement is a result of undrained shear deformation, or in other cases
contained plastic flow.
Method Based on the Theory of Elasticity
One approach is to use the undrained modulus Eu from triaxial compression tests in
order to obtained the immediate settlement.
2
1 µ
s i q. B . I p.
Eu
si = immediate settlement (M or ft)
q = applied uniform pressure (kPa or psf)
B = width of the foundation (M or ft)
Ip = dimensionless parameter derived from the theory of elasticity to account for the
thickness of the compressible layer, shape of the foundation, and flexibility of the
foundation
µ = poisson's ratio, normally assumed as 0.5 satuated plastic soil subjected to
undrained loading
Eu = undrained modulus of the clay (kPa or pcf)
σ'p
OCR
σ'vo
OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio
σ'p = preconsolidation pressure
σ'vo = existing vertical effective stress
Ho . σ' vo ∆σ v
s c Cr . log
1 eo σ' vo
case II : σ' vo ∆σ v > σ'vm
Ho . σ' vm Ho . σ' vo ∆σ v
s c Cr . log Cc . log
1 eo σ' vo 1 eo σ' vm
Secondary Compression
1. 1 M2 1 . M2 N2 M M2 1 . 1 N2
I 1( M , N ) M . ln ln
π
M. 1 M2 N2 1 M M2 N2 1
N . M
I 2( M , N ) atan
2. π
N . M2 N2 1
Foundation Properties
D L
= 0.054 = 1.005 IF 0.85 Figure 5-7
B B
H 3. B
L' H
M N
B' B'
Ry
Ry 38461.802 . 103 . lbf qo Average Foundation Contact
B.L
Pressure under Foundation (From
Base Reaction under service
Soil Properties condition)
40 . 106 . Pa
3
Es Es = 5.802 10 psi Medium Dense Clay Table 2-8
Immediate Settlement
2. µ .
2
1 µ 1
∆H qo . B'. . I (M, N)
1 I 2( M , N ) . I F
Es 1 µ
∆H = 0.765 in
References