Biology – Organelles of the Cell

Function of the Nucleus

Contains all the genetic material necessary for replication
of the cell
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Mitochondrion
 Location of many metabolic process (pyruvate
dehydrogenase, citric acid cycle, ETC, oxidative
phosphorylation, β-oxidation, some of gluconeogensis, urea
cycle) and ATP production
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Lysosome
Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes
capable of breaking down many different substrates
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes
studding the outside; site of synthesis of proteins destined
for insertion into a membrane or secretion
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected membranous structure where lipid synthesis
and detoxification occurs
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Golgi Apparatus
Membrane-bound sacs where posttranslational modification
of proteins occurs
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
Function of the Peroxisome
Organelle containing hydrogen perioxide; site of β-
oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What does the cell membrane consist of?
Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded
proteins
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What is on the exterior of the cell membrane?
Hydrophillic phosphate head groups
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What is on the interior of the cell membrane?
Hydrophobic fatty acids
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What are the four tenets of the cell theory?
 All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic functional unit of life
Cells arise only from preexisting cells
Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA; this
genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell*
(recently added, initially there is only three)
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What is the difference between a eukaryote and
prokaryote?
A eukaryote has a nucleus and a prokaryote does not have a
nucleus
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
How are prokaryotes classified?
By Shape
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What are the different kinds of shapes of prokaryotes?
Describe them.
Cocci: spherical-shaped
Bacilli: rod-shaped
Spirilli: spiral-shaped
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What do the cell wall and cell membrane form?
The envelope
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What are the two different types of classification of
prokaryotes?
Gram positive and gram negative
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What is the difference between gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria?
 Gram-positive bacteria have large quantities of
peptidoglycan in the cell wall, while gram-negative bacteria
have smaller quanitites of peptidoglycan with
lipopolysaccharides
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What type of bacteria have flagella?
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
What do prokaryotic flagella contain and what is its
function?
A basal body that serves as the engine for motion
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
How do prokaryotes divide?
Binary fission
 Biology – Organelles of the Cell
How does binary fission work?
The circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell
wall; the plasma membrane and cell wall grow along the
midline, forming daughter cells