AEROSPACE STRUCTURAL METALS HANDBOOK

FeM
REVISED1 SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS
AUTHOR 1 DR. R. P. WEI

1. GENERAL 1.09 Special Considerations

These 17 percent chromium martensitic stainless steels 1.091 Cracking may occur on heating, cooling, pickling or
are produced with various carbon contents. Type 440 A after welding. Fe
contains about 0.70 percent carbon, Type 440 B about 1.092 These steels are particularly subject to decarburization:
0.85 percent carbon, and Type 440 C about 1.10 percent because of their high carbon content. Use of protective,
High C
carbon. Type 440 F is a free machining grade of Type non-decarburizing atmospheres in heat treatments is 17 Cr
440 C and contains additions of either sulfur or selenium. recommended.
All of these types are used in the hardened condition where 1.093 Addition of 0.4 to 0. 5 weight percent of sulfur to Type 0.5 MO
a combination of high wear and corrosion resistance is 440 C reduces friction, wear and welding normally en¬
required. Their hardness and wear resistance increase countered with these alloys in high vacuum (to 10"9
with Increasing carbon content, while their shock resis¬ torr) applications (9). TYPE 440 A,
tance and ductility decrease (1)(2){3)(4)(5){6). 1.094 These steels are subject to severe embrittlement by
gaseous hydrogen (10). B,C, AND F
1.01 Commercial Designation
Type 440 A, B, C and F stainless steel.
2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1.02 Alternate Designations
SAE 51440 A, C and F: Type 440 C modified. 2.01 Thermal Properties
2.011 Melting range. Types 440 A and B, 2500 to 27S0F.
1.03 Specifications Type 440 C, 2500 to 2700F (6, p. 47).
1.031 AM S specifications, Table 1. 031. 2.012 Phase changes. Alloy transforms from austenite to mar¬
tens ite.
1. 04 Composition 2.0121 Time -temperature -transformation diagrams.
1.041 Specified composition. 2.013 Thermal conductivity. 14. 0 Btu ft per (hr sq. ft. F) at
1.0411 AMS specified composition, Table 1.0411. 212F (1, p.39)(6, p. 47).
1.0412 AISI specified composition. Table 1.0412. 2.014 Thermal expansion .
2.0141 Mean coefficient of thermal expansion from 32F, Table
1.05 Heat Treatment 2.0141.
(1, p. 39)(6, p. 47). 2.0142 Mean coefficient of thermal expansion from 68F, Table
1..051 Full anneal. 2.0142.
1.0511 Bar, wire and forgings. 1550 to 1650F, furnace cool. 2.015 Specific heat. 0,11 Btu per lb F, 32 to 212F, (1, p.39)
1.0512 Precision investment castings. 1625 to 1675F, 1hour (8, p. 90).
minimum, furnace cool at 25F per hour maximum to 2.016 Thermal diffusity.
12 OOF maximum.
1.052 Subcriticai anneal. 1250 to 1450F. 2.02 Other Physical Properties
1.053 Spheroidizmg anneal for best mac hinability of precision 2.021 Density. 0.28 lb per cu. in. 7.75 gm per cu. cm.
investment castings. 1875P, 1hour, air cool + 1350F, (6, p. 47)<8. p. 90).
32 hours. 2.022 Electrical resistivity. 23.6 microhm -in. 60.0 microhm-
1.054 Stress relief after forging Type 440 C, 1200F. cm (1, p. 39)(6, p. 47)(8, p. 90).
1.055 Austenitize. 1850 to 1950F, rapid air cool or oil quench. 2.023 Magnetic properties. The alloys are ferromagnetic
Heavy sections of Type 440 A should be preheated at (6, p. 47)(8, p. 90).
1200F. Types 440 B and 440 C should be preheated at 2.024 Emittance.
1450 to 1500F. 2.025 Damping capacity.
1,058 Temper. 300 to 800F, preferably 400 to 500F.
2.03 Chemical Properties
1.06 Hardness 2.031 Corrosion resistance of these ateels is similar to that of
1.061 General. These steels are air hardening, Type 410 stainless steels. It is best in the fully hardened
1.062 Specified hardness, condition with a polished surface.
1.0621 AMS specified hardness. 2.032 Oxidation resistance is good up to 1400F for continuous
1.06211 Bar and forgings. Annealed and in a machinable condi¬ service, and up to 15OOF for intermittent service
tion. Type 440 A, BHN- 241 maximum (2); Type 440 C, (1, P. 39).
BHNa 255 maximum (3); Type 440 F, BHN= 266 maxi¬
mum (5). Material up to 0.375 inch thickness, and 0.375 2.04 Nuclear Properties
inch thick specimens -from thicker material, austenitized See Type 410 stainless steel.
at 1665 to 1885F, 25 minutes, air cooled, shall have a 2.041 Effect of combined nuclear -cryogenic environments on
minimum hardness as follows: Type 440 A, Rockwell C tensile properties, Table 2.041.
55; Types 440 C and 440 F, Rockwell C 58 <2)(3)(5).
1.06212 Investment castings. Annealed condition. Rockwell C
30 maximum. Austenitized 1865 to 1885F, 30 minutes, 3. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
air cooled. Rockwell C 58 minimum (4).
1.063 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness. 3.01 Specified Mechanical Properties
1.0631 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness, Figure 3.011 AMS specified mechanical properties, Table 3.011.
1.0631. (See also 1.0621).
1.0632 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of bar,
Figure 1.0632. 3.02 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature
3.021 Tension.
1.07 Forms and Conditions Available 3-0211 Stress -strain diagrams.
1.071 The various types are available in the full commercial 3.0212 Typical mechanical properties of bar and wire, Table
range of sizes for bar, wire and forgings. 3.0212.
1.072 Bar and wire are available on the annealed or cold fin¬ 3.0213 Effect of austenitizing and tempering treatment on
ished condition, and forgings la the annealed or heat mechanical properties . '
treated condition. 3.02131 Effect of tempering temperature on mechanical proper¬
1. 073 Precision investment castings are supplied in the as ties of bar austenitized at 17OOF, Figure 3.02131.
cast, heat treated or spheroidize annealed condition. 3.02132 Effect of tempering temperature on mechanical proper¬
ties of bar austenitized at 1900F, Figure 3.02132.
1.08 Melting and Casting Practice 3.022 Compression.
Electric furnace air melt. Induction and consumable 3-0221 Stress -strain diagrams.
electrode vacuum melts and remelts are available. 3.023 Impact . (See 3 .0213) .
Vacuum degassed material is also available. 3.024 Bending.

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FERROUS ALLOYS revised: September 1973

.
3 025 Torsion and s he ar .
Source AMS (2) AMS (3) AMS (4) AMS (5)
Fe 3.026
3.027
Bearing.
Stress concentration.
Type 440 A 440 C 440 C Mod. 440 F
Form Wrought Wrought Investment Wrought
High C 3.0271 Notch properties. (See 2.041).
Castings
3.0272 Fracture toughness.
Percent Percent Percent Percent
17 Cr 3.028 Combined properties.
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max,
Carbon 0.60 0.75 0.95 1.20 0.95 1.20 0.95
0.5 Mo 3. 03 Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures 1.20
3.031 Tension.
Manganese - 1.00 - l.OO - 1.00 -
1.25
3.0311 Stress- strain diagrams.
Silicon - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 -
1.00
TYPE 440 A, Effect of elevated temperature on tensile properties,
Phosphorus - 0.04 - 0.04 - 0. 04 -
0.04
3. 0312

B,C, AND F 3.032

Figure 3.0312.
Sulfur - 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.03 0.10(a) 0.35(a)
Chromium 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.0 18.0 16.00 18.00
Compression.
3.0321 Stress -strain diagrams.
Nickel
Molybdenum -
- 0.75 - 0.75 - 0.75
0.75 0.40 0.60 0.35 0.75 0.40 0.60
-0.75
3.033
3.034
Impact.
Bending.
Copper
Nitrogen
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.50
0.08(b)
3.035 Torsion and shear.
3.036 Bearing
Tin - - - - - - - 0.05
Iron Balance Balance Balance Balance
3.037 Stress concentration.
3.0371 Notch properties. (See 2.041). (a) Alternate composition: sulfur 0.030 max. + seLinium 0. 10 to 0.20.
3.0372 Fracture toughness. (b) Determination not required for routine acceptance.
.
3 039 Combined properties .
TABLE 1.0411 AMS SPECIFIED COMPOSITION.
3.04 Creep and Creep Rupture Properties

3.05 Fatigue Properties

3.06 Elastic Properties

3.061 Poisson's ratio. Types 440 A and C, 0.284 (11, p. 21).
3.062 Modulus of elasticity. 29.0 x 103 ksi (1, p. 39)(6, p. 47).
29.0 x 103 to 31.8 X 103 ksi (11, p. 21).
3.063 Modulus of rigidity. Types 440 A and Ct 13.5 x 103 ksi,
(11, P. 21).
Source AISI (6, p. 47}
Type 440 B
4. FABRICATION Form Wrought
Percent
4. 01 Formability Minimum Maximum
4.011 Forging. Starting temperature 2 100F maximum for Carbon 0.75 0.95
Types 440 A and B, and 2050F maximum for Type 440 C. Manganese - 1.00
Finishing temperature 17 OOF minimum. Heating time is Silicon - 1.00
about twice that for carbon steels. Preheating at 1400 Phosphorus - 0.040
to 1500F is recommended. Furnace cool after forging to
12 OOF or cool under insulating cover. Alternatively,
Sulfur
Chromium
-
16.00
0.030
18.00
stress relieve Type 440 C by placing work, after forg¬ Nickel - -
4.012
ing, in furnace held at 1200F.
Drawing or stamping is not recommended (1, p. 39).
Molybdenum
Iron
- Balance 0.75
4.02 Machining and Grinding TABLE 1.0412 AISI SPECIFIED COMPOSITION
These alloys are difficult to machine. Machining is
generally performed in the fully annealed condition for
bar and forgings, and in the spheroidized condition for
castings. The use of carbide or ceramic tools is recom¬
mended. Machinability rating of these alloys is about
40 percent of that of mild steel.

4.03 Welding
Welding is generally not recommended (1, p. 39). How¬
ever, for fusion welding of these alloys, electrodes of
similar composition can be used. If a softer weld can
be tolerated, austcnitic stainless steel electrodes, Fe-(High C)-17Cr-0. 5Mo
Types 309 or 310, can be used. Preheat at 450F and
postheat at 1300F, air cool.

4.04 Surface Treatment

4.041 Pickling. The material should be annealed or stress
relieved to prevent cracking on pickling. Cleaning by
sand blasting or mechanical scale braking of heavy scale
is recommended prior to pickling to avoid localized over-
pickling.
• TYPE 440 A
O TYPE 440 B
"A TYPE 440 C

AMS Type Form

5631 440 A Bar, forgings, forging stock
5630 C 440 C Bar, forgings, forging stock 200 400 600 300
5352 A
5632 C
440 C Mod.
440 F
Castings, (precision invest.)
Bar, wire, forgings, forging stock
TEMPERING TEMP -F
FIG. 1.0631 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON HARDNESS.
TABLE 1.031 AMS SPECIFICATIONS (7)

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REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

Fe-(High C)-17Cr-0.5Mo
1 IN ROUND Fe
1900 F, OQ+ TEMPER, 1HR
AT INDICATED TEMP High C
17 Cr
0.5 Mo

Source (12, p. 67) TYPE 440 A,

Alloy Fe- (High C) -
17 Cr 0. 5 Mo (Type 440 C)
B, C, AND F
Condition Austenitized and Tempered
Teat Temperature R.T. -430F -430F
and Not Not Irradiated
Condition Irradiated Irradiated (1 x 1017 nvt)
--
Fm (a) kfli
Fty (a) ksi
316
270
261
(c)
218
<c>
200 400 600 1000
6 (0.5 In)
-
RA percent
percent- nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
TEMPERING TEMP F - Sharp Notch (b) ksi
Strength (Kt»6.4)
- 217 108 119

FIG. 1.0632 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (a) 0.125 In. diam. specimens
ON HARDNESS OF BAR. (8, p. 86-91) (b) 0.125 in O.D., 0.105 in. I.D.t Root Radii 0. 007 in. K+o 6.4.
(c) Failed at less than 0.2 percent plastic strain.

TABLE 2.041 EFFECT OF COMBINED NUCLEAR-CRYOGENIC

ENVIRONMENTS ON TENSILE PROPERTIES.

Source (11, P. 19)

Alloy
Type
Fe - (High C)440
440 A
- 17 Cr - 0.5 Mo
B 440 C
Temperature -F Mean Coef. from 32F - 10"° in/in/F
212 5.7 5.7 5.7
600 6.0 6.1 6.0
1000 6.5 6.6 6. S
1200 6.8 6.8 6.8

TABLE 2. 0141 MEAN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL

EXPANSION FROM 32F. Source AMS(2)| AMS<3) AMS(5) AMS (4)
Alloy Fe (High C - 17 Cr - 0.5 Mo
Type 440 A 440 C 440 F 440 C Mod.
Form Bar Bar Wire Invest.
Castings
Condition Machinable Ann, Ann. Ann.
Machinable +CF
Source
Alloy Fe
(11. P 19)
- (High C) - 17 Cr - 0.5 Mo
Ftu, max.
Hardness
- ksi - - - 140 -
Type 440 A 440 V BHN, max. 241 255 286 - -
Temperature - F Mean Coef. from 68F 10~° in/in/F Rockwell C, max. - - - - 30
212 5.8 5.6
392 - 5.8 TABLE 3.011 AMS SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1112 - 6.2
1600 6.2 -
TABLE 2.0142 MEAN COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION FROM 68F.

Source (6, P 19, 47-49)(8, p. 86, 88, 90)"

Alloy Type 440 A Type 440 B Type 440 C
Form Bar Wire Bar Wire Bar Wire
Ann + Soft Ann + Soft Ann + Soft
Condition Ann CD Temp* Ann Temper Ann CD Temp* Ann Temper Ann CD Temp* Ann Temper
Thickness -in Al| 1 0. 250 M\ 1 9, 250 All 1 '
0. 250
_kfli 105 115 260 105 115 107 120 280 107 115 110 125 285 110 125
-
Fty ksi
e (2 in) - percent
60
20
90
12
240
5
60
18
85
10
62
18
95
9
270
3
62
16
90
8
65
14
100
7
275
2
65
13
100
6
RA - percent 45 20 20 55 35 35 20 15 40 25 25 20 10 30 20
Hardness
BHN 215 240 510 - - 220 250 555 - - 230 260 580 - -
RC - - 51 - -99 - 23 55 - -99 - 24 57 - 24
95 99 - 95 96 - - 96 97 - - 97 -
* 1900F, OQ + 6 OOF
TABLE 3. 0212 TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAR AND WIRE.

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FERROUS ALLOYS REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973

Fe
Fe-(High C)-l7Cr-0.5Mo Fe-(High C)-17Cr-0.5Mo |
TYPE 44DC, BAR TYPE 440 C, BAR
High C 1700 F. 1 HRt OQ + DOUBLE STRESS — 1900F, 2 HR, OQ + DOUBLE STRESS
RELIEF 350F, 15 MIK + TEMPER , RELIEF, 350F, 15 MIN + TEMPER,
2 HR, AC I
17 Cr 2 HR, AC
I
300 600
0.5 Mo
TYPE 440 A, 500

B, C, AND F
220 400 |
<
300 s
300

200

100

60 O 20

£ 20
e(2 IN) e<2 IN)

20 £
IE - IZOD V
IE-I20D V

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 TEMPERING TEMP - F
TEMPERING TEMP - F
FIG. 3.02132 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPER¬
FIG. 3.02131 EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ATURE ON MECHANICAL PROPER¬
ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAR TIES OF BAR AUSTENITIZED AT
AUSTENITIZED AT 1700 F. (1, p. 23) 1900F. (1, p. 23)

Fe-(High C)-17Cr-0.S Mo
AUST 1900 F + TEMPE R AT 50F
1 ABOVE test tem P, 1 HR

\\
w F

TY\

40

1000
LX
i
1100
e{2 IN)

1200 1300
TEMP- F

FIG. 3.0312 EFFECT OF ELEVATED TEMPER¬

ATURE ON TENSILE PROPERTIES.
(6, p. 90)

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REVISED: SEPTEMBER 1973 FERROUS ALLOYS

REFERENCES
Fe
1. Republic Steel Corp. , "Republic Enduro Stainless Steel,
-
Chromium Types 400 Series", Adv. 1125 R4a-1QM-
1-66 (1964).
High C
*
2. AMS 5631 (November 1, 1952). 17 Cr
3. AMS 5630C (December 4, 1939, Revised December 1,
1953). 0.5 Mo
4. AMS 5352A (December 1, 1953, Revised November 15,
1960>- 1 1rL 440 «j
TYPE A
5. AMS 5632C (June 1, 1942, Revised November 1, 1969).
6. American Iron and Steel Institute, "Stainless and Heat p £ AND F
1

7.
Resisting Steels", Steel Products Manual (June 1957),
Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp., "Stainless Steel6, Tool
*
Steels, Specialty Steels" , Data Sheet 2M -7 r51 (December
1951).
8. The Carpenter Steel Co., "Carpenter Stainless and Heat
Resisting Steels - Selection, Description, Fabrication",
Working Data (1962).
9. Buckley, D.H., and Johnson, R.L., "Friction and Wear
of Nickel-Aluminum Alloys and Some Sulfur -Modified
Steels in Vacuum to 10~9 Millimeter of Mercury",
Lewis Research Center, NASA TN D-2307 (May 1964).
10. Walter, R.J. , and Chandler, W.T., "Effects of High
Pressure Hydrogen on Metals at Ambient Temperature",
Final Report, Contract NAS 8 -19, NASA, MSFC, North
-
American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Report R-7780-
1,2,3 (1969).
11. Battelle Memorial Institute, "Some Physical Properties
of Martensitic Stainless Steels", DMIC Memo 68 (Sep¬
tember 1960).
12. Scbwanbeck, C. A. , "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on
Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures", Lockheed Nu¬
clear Products, NASA CR 54881, NAS3-7987 (January
1965).

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sevakis, P. and Tafel, R. , "Vanadium Decreases

Hardness of Cast Type 440C Stainless". Casting
Engineering, p. 14 (September/October 1972).
North American Aviation Inc-, "Tensile and Fatigue
Properties of 440C Stainless Steel Bar at -65 F'1, NAA
Report No. TFD-61-756, File No. LP-61-203
(August 11. 1961)(AD 820943).
Hutchinson, E. F., "Effect of Fluid Environment on
Torsional Fatigue Failure", Nuclide Corp. Technical
Report 64-GRX-10 (March l966)(ADi88170).
Warren, K.A. and Reed, R.P. , "Tensile and Impact
Properties of Selected Materials From 20 to 300K",
National Bureau of Standards Monograph 63 (June 28,
1963).
Zlatin, N. , Field, M.p Roster, W. P. , etal.,
"Machining of New Materials", AFML-TR-67-339
(October 19 67)(AD 824483).

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