Electrical, Electronic and

Computer Engineering
ENEL4HB - High Voltage 2

Test 2
17 Sep 2015

Instructions
• Answer all questions and show all working.
• Time allowed = 60 minutes.
• Full marks = 30

Question 1
A 275 kV transmission tower with a height of 32m has a surge impedance of 240 Ω connected to a
shield wire of 480 Ω and an earth resistance of 60 Ω. The conductor is connected to the tower by
a 2 m long insulator. The transmission tower is struck by lightning with a rise time of 2.5µs and
a peak current of 30 kA. The coupling coefficient is 0.1 and the propagation velocity of the tower
is 0.8c.

• Determine the peak voltage across the insulator string and if flashover occurs. [9 Marks]
• Determine the number of insulator discs required if each has an expected flashover voltage
of 125 kV in dry weather based on U50 . [2 Marks]
• Determine the probability of flashover occurrence on a 100 km line if the ground flash density
is 6 strikes per km2 /year. [5 Marks]
• Determine the peak voltage across the insulator if the earth resistance is decreased to 20 Ω.
[4 Marks]

[Total Marks: 20]

Question 2
An overvoltage travels on an 88 kV overhead line with a propagation velocity of v = 0.8c and
steepness of S = 1500kV /µs. A metal oxide surge arrester is to be installed in front of a transformer
with a BIL of 350 kV . The distance between the arrester and transformer is 20 m.

• Determine the voltage at the transformer if the surge arrester has a residual voltage of 250 kV.
[2 Marks]
• Comment on why there is an increase in voltage across the terminals of the transformer and
whether the transformer is protected or not. [4 Marks]
• Given that there is one incoming line with a double conductor bundle and a span of 400 m, de-
termine the protection distance that should be used and whether the transformer is currently
protected or not. [4 Marks]

[Total Marks: 10]

1
 Table 1: Performance factor for incoming overhead line

Line Type Factor A (kV)

Transmission lines (1φ to earth flashover)

Single conductor 4500
Double conductor bundle 7000
Four conductor bundle 11000
Six and eight conductor bundle 17000

2
Useful Formulae
~ 0.308
Constants |Enegative | = 31mδ(1 + √ ) [kV /cm]
δrc
Standard temperature: t0 = 20o C
Standard pressure: P0 = 760 torr
Permittivity of free space: ε0 = 8.85×10−12 F/m ~ | = 29.8mδ(1 + 0.301
|Eacpeak √ ) [kV /cm]
δrc

Formulae Relative air density:

Electric field in relation to a line charge q: P 273 + t0

δ=
P0 273 + t
~ = q
E 6 θ
2πε0 r Voltage across cap and pin insulator string:
q
The equivalent bundle radius: C
sinh Cps n

1 Vn = V q
C
req = nrRn−1 n sinh Cps N

Relationship between Q and V : Efficiency of cap and pin insulator:

[P ][Q] = [V ] V
η=
[Q] = [P ] −1
[V ] N VN

Method of determinants:
Resultant electric field:    
a11 a12  a a12 
~ R = 1 [P ]−1 [V ][ 1 6 θ + ∆ = det =  11 = a11 a22 −a21 a12
E r
16
r0 θ0 ] a21 a22 a21 a22 
2πε0

Self potential coefficient:

   
1 2hi a11 a12 a13  a11 a12
 a13 

Pii = ln ∆ = det a21 a22 a23 =  a21 a22
  a23 
2πε0 ri 
a31 a32 a33  a31 a32 a33 

Mutual potential coefficient: = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
− a31 a22 a13 − a32 a23 a11 − a33 a21 a12
1 Dij
Pij = ln
2πε0 dij
Probability of negative lightning stroke:
1
q P = I
Dij = ((xi − xj )2 + (yi + yj )2 1 + ( 31p )2.6
q
dij = ((xi − xj )2 + (yi − yj )2 Average number of strikes to line:

28h0.6 + b
 
Ns = Ng
10
Average bundle gradient:
Attractive radius:
q 1
Ea =
n 2π0 r Ra = 0.67h0.67
t I 0.74

Average maximum bundle gradient: Flashover current:

h ri 2U50
Eam = Ea 1 + (n − 1) Icrit =
R Z0
Peek’s empirical expressions: Shielding separation:
~ 0.24 q
|Epositive | = 33.7mδ(1 + √ ) [kV /cm] Xsp = Rs − Rp2 − (Ys − Yp )2
δrc

3
Reflection co-efficient:
Z2 − Z1
ρr =
Z1 + Z2

Insulator flashover volt-time curve:

 
710
U (t) = 400 + 0.75 W
t

Switching impulse stength of airgaps:

3400
U50 = k
1 + d8

Voltage at protected equipment:

2 × (d + a) × S
Uequip = Ua +
v

Protective zone:
 
N UBIL
Lp = − Ua × Lsp
A 1.15

Paschen’s eqn:
p
Vb = 6.72 pd + 24.36(pd)