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About the Gas Machinery Journal
The Gas Machinery Journal is published by STRIKER Enterprises, LP (dba STRIKER Com- We are actively seeking expanding our readership - if your group or organization would
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Gas Machinery Journal
The Gas Machinery Journal is distributed at no charge to 5000 energy industry profession- Marsha Short, Editor
als and top-level decision makers with responsibility for gas machinery and compressor
station design, installation, operations and maintenance. 106 East 6th Street, Suite 900 Austin, TX 78701
1.800.524.1620 x 4
The Gas Machinery Journal welcomes submissions on all aspects of natural gas machin-
ery and compressor station design, installation, operations, and maintenance, articles and
marsha@striker-ent.com
case studies relating to topics such as valve performance and wear, pulsation control and
mounting issues, and challenges presented by unwanted surge and how to deal with them.
Also of interest are contributions on the topics of emissions reduction, engine efficiency,
performance and reliability, gas/electric regulations, and gas and electric partnership. We
especially welcome case studies that illustrate implementation of new ideas and technolo-
gies, and submissions from the users of gas machinery technology.

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Gas machinery Journal p. 3
2013 Gas / Electric partnership conference overview
Contributed by W. Richard Schmeal, gas liquids such as petrochemicals and gas export will be in Dramatic changes in flow for long-haul pipelines to the North-
Coordinator of the Gas Electric Partnership the Gulf Coast because of existing infrastructure and political east are forecast and issues for those pipelines were discussed
considerations. These forces cause changes and even reversals by Williams Gas Pipeline representatives.
Gas Infrastructure for New Supply and Industrial/Export Markets of flow directions for gas pipelines.
The 2013 Gas/Electric Partnership Conference February 5-8 Offshore Oil and Gas Production
in Houston focused on two major energy issues: the impact of On the supply side, discussions revolved around the outlook for The consultancies of Infield and Endeavor provided an over-
the game-changing North American shale oil and gas supply the various shale regions and issues for infrastructure for natural view of offshore oil and gas production both in the Gulf of
growth and how gas and power industries can coordinate to gas, natural gas liquids (NGLs), and power. Mexico and worldwide. They show that shale reserves are even
provide energy smarter and more efficiently. The interest of greater in Latin America and China than in North America. Mo-
the group was on the driving forces impacting infrastructure for Reviews of infrastructure issues for the Bakken, Eagle Ford, zambique and Tanzania in East Africa hold 250 tcf gas in the
gas and natural gas liquids and focused on compression in the Permian, Utica and Marcellus pointed out obstacles and oppor- offshore and thus could become an exporter. Shale is having an
upstream, midstream, and pipelines. New perspectives on tech- tunities. A Shale Infrastructure roundtable compared the issues impact on the offshore driving investment in the Gulf of Mexico
nology for solving these problems were presented by leading for the different basins. pushing activity toward very deep water.
equipment manufacturers in the technical update sessions.
Assessments were presented by various speakers to show how The types of production systems and trends were discussed by
New Supply and New Markets for Gas the Marcellus and Utica regions will increase production so sig- Endeavor and the options were described. The issues for selec-
It is broadly appreciated that major new supplies of gas are re- nificantly that these Appalachian regions will become major net tion include water depth, whether gas or oil production, geo-
sulting in competitively priced gas in North America and this exporters of gas and NGLs in the near future. Projects to use graphical location, role of oil export, gas usage and export op-
has profound global economic implications. With gas prices competitively priced gas were discussed by Mike Juden, McKin- tions, fabrication, and whether surface, subsea or both.
in North America as low as one-eighth the price in the large sie & Co., and Marybeth Nored, Apache Corp. Ms. Nored pre-
markets of Asia, there is a driver for gas exports from locations sented a wide array of industrial possibilities, including metha- There is growing interest in Floating Production, Storage and
in the Gulf Coast, British Columbia, and possibly other areas. nol, ammonia, gas to liquids, combined cycle power, CNG/ Offloading Systems (FPSOs) which were originally considered
Furthermore, changes in the locus of gas supplies changes po- LNG fuels, compressor gas for transport, and gas export. Mr. an economical solution for the production only for marginal
litical power dynamics for international actors like Russia, Iran, Juden looked quantitatively at many of these gas demands and fields. Later, FPSOs became an essential component in devel-
and others. shows that the likely production from Marcellus is large enough oping remote offshore fields as production capacity, numbers
to overwhelm both traditional and new gas uses for quite some of risers, and capability to operate at increasing water depths
Closer to home, the competitive price of gas is causing new time. This is good news for the economy but not so for those allowed their utilization as full field production facilities.
markets for gas to emerge for a wide range of industries, trans- hoping to see higher gas prices.
portation, power and export. Also of great importance is the Now, floating LNG is creating a good deal of interest. Devel-
location of new supply and new demands, and the impact on Impact of New Gas Supply and Uses for Gas Pipelines oped for smaller stranded gas fields, there are some interesting
gas pipelines. The gas supplies are emerging in places like the An estimated 29 Bcfd (~$27 Billion) of additional interstate advantages which may broaden its appeal. According to one
Marcellus in the Northeast which, in the past, was a major mar- transport capacity could be required through 2020, but most speaker, floating LNG can be developed more quickly with
ket for gas from other areas like the Gulf Coast. It may be that will be regional pipelines, expansions or laterals. A large part of lower environmental impact than other options.
the sites of new industrial projects that will use gas and natural gas infrastructure investment will be in gas and NGL gathering. -- see “2013 Gas / Electric” next page

Oil and gas transaction appetite down slightly as confidence in economic outlook grows
LONDON - The bi-annual Oil & Gas Global Capital Confidence Barometer released recently high-
lights that nearly half (44%) of the 152 oil and gas company executives surveyed believe the global
economic situation is improving, up from 27% in October 2012. Notably, oil and gas companies
are generally more optimistic than the broader global sample of 1,600 respondents in 50 countries.
However, only 27% of the respondents expect to undertake any M&A activity in the next six months,
a decline from six months ago.
Andy Brogan, Ernst & Young’s Global Oil & Gas Transactions Advisory Leader explains this “confi-
dence paradox”: “While general confidence in the state and outlook of the economy is improving, this
is accompanied by increasing levels of uncertainty about the direction of travel of commodity prices in
general and oil and gas prices in particular. This is leading to a valuation disconnect which is delaying
many transactions.’
executives are still waiting for more price visibility before taking action. That conservatism aside, oil
and gas respondents expect that global M&A deal volumes will increase over the next 12 months, with
72% expecting volumes to at least modestly improve. Expectations of the larger global sample were
broadly similar.
Growth focus returns
Prioritization of growth had broadly declined as companies in general became more focused on the
fundamentals, but that decline has seemingly ended. Oil and gas companies’ focus on growth had
similarly been declining, but increased sharply in this survey. Notably, our oil and gas respondents
continue to be more focused on growth than the global sample of companies. Compared with six
months ago, our respondents, both in the broader global sample as well as the oil and gas respondents,
report a decreased focus on reducing costs, improving efficiency and optimizing capital.

Appetite for mergers and acquisitions declines slightly
The oil and gas sector has been one of the most resilient for M&A over the last five years. However, this
survey sees a slight decrease in sentiment with 27% of respondents now expecting to pursue acquisi-
tions over the next 12 months, down from 28% in October 2012 and 31% a year ago. It is not just a
lack of confidence in the business environment that is holding companies back — many are also con-
cerned about the gap between their valuation of potential acquisitions and the prices sought by sellers.
For many companies, the appetite for M&A has declined. Five years after the financial crisis, many
p. 4 Gas Machinery Journal
Growth remains the number one objective for a majority of our oil and gas companies, with 61%
reporting that growth is their primary focus, as compared to 20% whose primary focus was on cost
reduction and operational efficiency, and 17% whose focus was on maintaining stability. This is the
highest percentage of respondents citing growth as their top priority since April 2011.
Credit conditions improving globally
While credit has remained broadly available, particularly to large-cap enterprises, our global respon-
dents report a substantial increase in credit availability. Compared with two years ago, banks are
-- see “Oil & Gas Transaction” next page
2013 Gas / Electric partnership conference overview, cont’d.
EPA Current Regulatory Issues 2020 nationwide, and nuclear challenges re-
Jeffrey Adams, BP, gave a comprehensive dis- main high cost, waste management and Fuku-
cussion of the status and impact of numerous shima psychology, according to Gurcan Gu-
pending environmental regulatory develop- len, The University of Texas Center for Energy
ments affecting gas compression. The Presi- Economics. Yet in ERCOT, current prices are
dent’s inaugural address emphasized climate not sufficient to encourage enough generation
change and the environment. However, the capacity to meet forecasted demand, accord-
congressional split limits like legislation and ing to Mr. Saathoff. New builds will be gas and
thus regulations will drive the agenda. NGOs wind. He also spoke about various price fore-
will continue to press for EPA regulations via casts and the issues of the intermittent supply
court action, public comments, and “sue & of power from wind. Since the peaks and val-
settle” agreements. leys of wind generation do not match those of
power needs, natural gas capacity is needed to
Expected high impact air quality rulemak- fill in the gaps.
ing includes 75ppb ozone standards, final oil
and gas New Source Performance Standards A major issue is that smart power is needed
and NESHAPs, existing engine NESHAPs and for our nation’s energy efficiency. The Fed-
source aggregation. eral Energy Regulatory Agency (FERC) is con-
cerned with this issue. A panel with Christina
Gas Transmission and Power Hayes, FERC Legal & Policy Advisor to Chair-
Power is a huge market for natural gas and gas man Wellinghoff, Bob Truman, CenterPoint
is earning a growing share of the power market. Energy, and Joseph Pollard, TransCanada
Kent Saathoff, Vice President of Systems Op- discussed the tight gas/power interaction and
eration of ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council how it leads to a need for “smart gas transmis-
of Texas) pointed out that gas is now providing sion.” Issues of concern are pricing structures,
use of power to drive compressors. Rob Krenz, Williams Gas pipeline, gave an update on a huge
44.6% of power use in ERCOT and represents communication protocols, and enhanced
facility which has been operating for several years.
57% of power generation capacity. The inter- nomination schedules. The interdependence
actions between these vital energy commodi- of gas and power is nowhere more vital than
A 15-member consortium has come together with Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) to devel-
ties are complex and both are affected by the during weather events such as hurricanes and
op guidelines for electric motor driven centrifugal compressors in pipeline applications and to
growing generation of power by wind. Gas is ice storms. Thomas Wooden, Spectra Energy,
investigate operational reliability and life cycle costs of various commercially available electric
the marginal fuel supply and electricity prices presented a case study on Spectra’s experience
motor drive technologies. The results of this study were presented. The results of this study and
tend to trend with it. providing natural gas for power in the North-
all presentations from this conference can be downloaded at www.gaselectricpartnership.com
east during Hurricane Sandy. Another impor-
Up to 80 GW of coal capacity may retire by tant gas/power interface of great concern is the

Oil and gas transaction appetite down slightly, cont’d.

on a stronger footing and better capitalized. Yet this healthier picture has not always translated into In our recent survey, more than 74% of the oil and gas respondents reported debt-to-capital ratios
increased lending, as many banks tightened their lending standards, particularly for small to-medium below 50%, with 40% reporting ratios of less than 25%. Both of these percentages declined, however,
enterprise (SME) borrowers. Banks also face higher capital requirements under impending Basel III from our October 2012 survey. Clearly, some oil and gas companies, as well as companies in general,
regulations, which could restrict their ability to increase the flow of credit into the economy. are choosing to shed some of their caution.

Eighty-five percent of oil and gas respondents now view credit availability as stable or improving.
Within this, the percentage of oil and gas companies seeing credit conditions loosening has increased
substantially.
Mixed global deleveraging trends
The oil and gas sector has tended towards conservatism with respect to leverage. The improving credit
conditions have prompted many of them to review and adjust their capital structure. Some took ad-
vantage of better credit conditions to take on debt and reduce their overall cost of capital. However,
reflecting the industry’s traditional conservatism in this area (and the buoyant oil price), over the last
two years, more oil and gas companies have been looking to deleverage their balance sheets. The
proportion of companies expecting to finance to further expand their operations — and increase their
debt-to-capital ratios — grew to 28%, up from 21% in October 2012. However the proportion of oil
and gas companies looking to take the opportunity to decrease their debt-to-capital ratios increased
even more sharply to 45%, up from 31% in October 2012.
Debt decreases as a source of deal financing
Only 30% of the oil and gas respondents were expecting to refinance loans or other debt obligations
in the next 12 months, up from 21% from the October 2012 survey, but still down from 49% in the
April 2012 survey. With large-scale changes to their capital structures now completed, oil and gas
companies are focused on refinements — reducing interest costs, extending debt maturities and re-
moving restrictive covenants. Declining in importance for refinancing has been the optimization of the
corporate structure and retiring of maturing debt.
Brogan concludes: “Throughout the crisis and recovery period the oil and gas sector has proved re-
markably resilient. Many companies have already taken advantage of improving credit conditions
to restructure their balance sheets but overall the industry remains conservative in this area. Going
forward we expect the sector to remain resilient both from an operational and an M&A perspective.
However, with expectations on forward price curves for oil and gas subject to increasing uncertainty
we can see that pricing is going to be a key issue in the transaction markets over the next six months.”

Gas machinery Journal p. 5

A Novel Method to Detect Surge During Surge Test
Mantosh Bhattacharya, Petrofac UAE
Centrifugal Compressors are most widely used high speed ma-
chines in Oil & Gas industry. A failure of compressor leads to major
revenue loss and downtime. A good percentage of compressor fail-
ure did happen in past due to operational instability which includes
Surge. By dint of numerous papers by experts and case studies pre-
sented in various symposiums, end users are now very much aware
of consequence of such phenomena. Compressor surge prevention
and control are now part and parcel of any software installed in
unit control panel which operates the compressors. Most of the al-
gorithms for anti surge control work on the data taken from vari-
ous process parameters. This paper endeavors to propose a new
method to identify and mitigate surge related damage, particularly
during commissioning / surge test of centrifugal compressors when
operators are mostly dependent on groans / squeals of compressor.
Mechanism of Compressor Surge - When the pressure ratio across
a centrifugal compressor exceeds the maximum pressure ratio that
can be produced for that gas and impeller speed, the flow will sud-
denly reverse through the compressor. The flow reversal allows the
discharge pressure to drop and at the same time will cause the suc-
tion pressure to rise, resulting in a sudden drop in the pressure ratio.
The flow reversal essentially relieves the condition that caused the
flow reversal to occur.
Within few moments after the flow reversal started, the flow will
start moving forward again through the compressor. If the condition
that has temporarily created a higher than designed pressure ratio
across the compressor is not changed, the flow reversal will repeat.
At this point, the compressor shall be in surge. The unit in surge
shall emit a load groaning / squealing sound in every few seconds.
Before surge to occur an “alarm” rings as incipient surge inside the
machine.
Incipient surge occurs when the flow through the impeller is not
sufficient to fill the impeller flow passage. Boundary layer separa-
tion occurs on the trailing side of the vanes. Stall cells are formed
in the separation area and when they reach the impeller exit, it
moves in a counter-rotation direction to another flow passage. Most
of the times rotating stall occur just before the time of surge.
This phenomena a radial pulsation is produced that acts orthog-
onally of the axis of Rotation of compressor rotor. The exciting
frequency of the pulsation are transgressed into radial non synchro-
nous vibration which normally happens at 0.3 -0.6 X of RPM. This
is mostly combined with a Noisy signal and generally cascaded by
lubrication related troubles like whirl ( 0.43-0.47X RPM ).
As with surge, the pressure pulsations that occur during incipient
surge are also a function of the gas density and impeller tip speed
squared. However the magnitude of the pulsations are about 0.05
times those experience during surge. Also, the pulsations that occur
during incipient surge act in the radial direction, rather than in the
axial direction.
The biggest problem with incipient surge is the frequency at which
the pulsations occur. The frequency of incipient surge often is close
to that of the rotor’s natural frequency. If the compressor operates
for very long in incipient surge, the opportunity exists for exciting
the rotor, acts as a catalyst to high radial vibration leading to prob-
able damage.
Under normal conditions when the flow is moving forward, the
area of the shroud is exposed to discharge pressure as is the back
of the hub. Since the area of the eye is exposed to suction pressure,
p. 6 Gas Machinery Journal
there is a net force on the impeller that acts toward to the suction
that is shall not be equal to the difference between the impeller suc-
tion pressure and the impeller discharge pressure applied over an
area equal to the impeller eye. This inequality is compensated by a
balance drum and /or balance line.
During a surge condition, the gas flows backwards through the im-
peller from the discharge to the suction. This cause the discharge
pressure to drop and the suction pressure to rise. This reversal in the
pressures causes the net thrust that is normally acting on the rotor
to reverse directions. During this cycle, the pressure change across
the impeller is proportional to the density of the gas and the impel-
ler tip speed squared. This means that for a given compressor, the
surge event is more loud and clear with a gas of higher density and
the speed is higher. The more significant is the effect of speed being
squarely proportional. When a compressor is at very low speeds
(way out of bottom line of compressor speed line map), the effect of
surge shall not be severe.
Pressure Fluctuation during surge shall cause axial excursion. This
can be well understood by axial loading directional diagram as
shown below during normal design range flow conditions for a
typical back to back compressor. [1]
Fig -1 A back-to-back compressor configuration with load direction
A case study placed for example - During commissioning of a
Centrifugal Compressor before Work range mapping and surge line
drawing , Compressor is run a lower speed with a controlled suc-
tion flow and recycle valve fully open. Slowly the recycle valve
is modulated towards closure to look into a point of surge locus.
Again the same procedure is followed with a bit higher speed and
flow. During such activity of commissioning of a commissioning
of a Gas Turbine driven Centrifugal Compressor a “Cat Scream”
sound inside the compressor was observed. At that time recycle
valve was fully open. To avoid any untoward consequence, com-
pressor was shutdown. The coast down of the compressor indicated
the machine to be all right. The test RPM of compressor was slightly
lower than 70% of rated RPM during the incident .
Machinery Vibration trends were taken from event log from di-
agnostic system. This sound was in cyclic interval as detected by
Vibration Waveform generated by Machinery analysis Module.
Fig-2 Hunting in axial probe reading during “Cat Scream”
Further investigation suggest led to a conclusion in obstruction in
Recycle line gas path.
After inspection of inlet suction strainers, it was decided to open
the Anti Surge Valve which was found clogged with foam acting as
Heart Pump in recycle line. This means whenever sponge was stuck
to cage, flow dropped down and discharge pressure rose to create
a event of surge. 
This occurrence and subsequent vibration data acquisition led to
draw an alternative method to detect surge particularly during
field testing. The plots and observations on them are shown below
(left) in Figure 2.
It was observed that time interval of “cat scream” sound and Rotor
axial movement trend had some distinct relationship. This excur-
sion was detectable as RPM of rotor was quite low, Compressor was
at recycle mode at low suction pressure.
During the whole episode, Gear Box Pinion radial vibration fluctu-
ation was also found in line with time interval of screaming sound.
Fig-3 Hunting in pinion vibration readings during “Cat Scream”
A rotor rub will lead to high vibration during coast down at ma-
chine critical speed, which did not occur.
Change in machine behavior during surge - Usually surge is limited
to be identified with excessive rotor excursion / vibration and au-
dible “cat scream” sound yet there are cases when surge was not
audible yet occurred and caused damage to the machine. Gener-
ally onset of surge causes fluctuation of temperature, differential
pressure fluctuation with a high order and change in rotor axial po-
sition. Monitoring first three parameters, require smart and special
type of transmitters.
High pressure compressor onset of surge is accompanied by a low
frequency asynchronous vibration which are detected when the
surge energy is quite high. If the Compressor train is driven with
a speed increasing gear box, the pinion being the lightest part of
system can demonstrate some excitation in low frequency regime
and a spectrum can easily reveal the symptom.
Fig 4 – Gear Box vibration spectrum
Pressure Fluctuation during Rotating Stall at stage although the last
impeller of compressor might go to a condition of incipient surge
first shall cause high lateral sub synchronous instability.
-- see “A Novel Method” page 8
 Gas machinery Journal p. 7
A Novel Method to Detect Surge During Surge Test, cont’d
During normal operation pressure differentials between two sides
of each impellers are balanced by end balance drum and center
wall balance drum.
Comparative study on various Possible Setting of a early warning
system other than Compressor Antisurge control module normally
in use.
Measurement of flow and discharge pressure oscillation is difficult
to achieve at site as they require special type of transmitters.[2]
Measurement and monitoring of radial vibration at low frequency
calls for a very accurate band pass filter. Calibrating very low fre-
quency accelerometer is difficult task. During compressor opera-
tion it is quite difficult to pin point surge with the increase of Non
synchronous vibration as a tool.
Fig - 5 Compressor shaft vibration spectrum during surge
These can be only used as a diagnostic tool if location of rotating
stall is already detected before tow out. Test and drawing a stall line
can be performed during full load full speed Type -1 test at Com-
pressor Manufacturer’s premises.[3]
If the unit uses a speed increaser gear box, a low frequency accel-
erometer can pick up the vibration as pinion is the lightest part in
transmission. It must use Piezoelectric Transducer, shall be capable
of overcoming monitor noise shall be less sensitive to strain. [4]
Measurement and monitoring of axial vibration. It has been ob-
served that axial vibration do occur during surge. To measure axial
vibration needs shaft end face minimum surface finish must be in
compliance with API 670 latest edition where maximum ARH of
1 micron is allowed. Besides this , there are other issues like mis-
alignment and bent shaft which may cause axial vibration at 1 and
2 times operating frequencies and create a confusion in diagnosis.
Rotor speed and the coupling type/stiffness have a strong effect on
the vibration spectra. The level and type of misalignment had a
significant effect on the vibration signature. Due to inadequate data
the effects of machine dynamic stiffness can not be quantified ..Fil-
tering the axial vibration value at particular frequency from direct
axial vibration reading may need human interface.
Monitoring Axial excursion level and rate of Rotor. The rotor excur-
sion during surge is dependant on dynamic pulsation of machine
which then is a function of gas density and Square of rotor periph-
eral speed.
The schematic diagram of proposed early warning system of surge
is illustrated in Figure 6 (top, right).
• Where CV1= Gear Box casing vibration measured particularly
at Low Frequency .
• CV2 = Casing vibration measured with a band pass filter (
should be used as Diagnostic tool to baseline the other input
values to firm up a Logic )
• Z1 & Z2 = axial displacement measured by dual probes prefer-
ably with a signal booster.
• Z0 = difference between Z1 & Z2. This value shall be counted
with a timer. S is the microprocessor.
p. 8 Gas Machinery Journal
The proposed scheme requires a microprocessor with a good scan-
ning time with a logic box, a counter, a high value gate, signal
booster and charge amplifier to amplify gear box casing / compres-
sor casing vibration.
Fig -6 –Schematic of proposed instrument layout
Description of Proposed Logic in Microprocessor S1
Fig -7 Proposed Logic diagram
The Microprocessor S1 shall be armed just after compressor cross-
es the 1st Critical speed or 60% of deign speed (base speed). Then
it will start reading Z1 and Z2 (both in microns) and a calculation
block shall calculate difference between Z1 and Z2 (a dimension-
less value). It parralelly checks if Z (overall excursion) has crossed
a preset limit of A. If the Z remains greater than A for count of more
than M during a measuring span of 2 seconds, Microprocessor shall
trigger an alarm.
The other part of logic shall calculate an invariant (RPS x Z x K2)
where RPS is rotation per second, K2 is sensitivity constant i.e how
much onerous the reading shall be. Parallely, the low frequency ac-
celerometer reading CV1 from gear box pinion location. If the CV1
remains greater than Y, it shall create an another invariant (RPS x
Cv x K1) where RPS is rotation per second, K1 is sensitivity constant
i.e how much onerous the reading shall be. Due diligence shall be
exercised to decide upon A , Y ,K1 & K2 .
These two invariants shall pass the high value gate and one of them
shall be accompanied with counter output to annuciate an alarm
or trip .
The logic box shall attenuate an alarm if number of axial position
of rotor shift is more than Z0 micron counts exceeds A in 2 seconds.
Axial position transducers shall be measuring element. The value
of 2 sec is based on numerous vendor experience that compressor
can withstand a surge for 2 seconds with surge event counting of 2.
Fig -8 Axial excursion counter with a set timer.
For those single casing centrifugal compressors those are operated
by a DOL Induction motor at a constant speed and compress a gas
with a firmed up composition ratio within a fixed operating regime
this logic can work well.
For a variable speed driver, some more algorithms must be devel-
oped like speed x axial probe reading as an invariant taking the
status of machine as point for deducing the end result.
If this happens and the compressor is operated at a turndown con-
dition, there is risk that compressor could drift into surge without
the operator knowing about it, which could lead to a machine fail-
ure. Monitoring compressor performance is therefore important to
not only ensure efficient compressor operation, but also to protect
against operating the machine in surge.
A parallel operated valve with Cv of approx to that of ASV (Anti
Surge Valve) can be used to be operated as ON /OFF based on
signal by Microprocessor S1 during surge test. The configuration of
the valve shall be same as a Cold Gas By Pass Valve.
Advantages – The proposed scheme avoids human interface to in-
terpret Surge with maximum extent.
All data required can be taken from VMS (Vibration Monitoring
Rack) directly with RS232 communication.
The proposed system is cheaper and can be used at various sites
with a Laptop having the program.
The author wishes to thank Mr. Abdul Rahman Dandachi, Controls
Specialist Petrofac for his valuable suggestions.
References –
1. Compressor Handbook by W.E.Frosthoffer
2. Increased Flexibility of Turbo-Compressors in Natural Gas Transmis-
sion Through Direct Surge Control by Robert McKee, Shane Siebenaler
& Danny Deffenbaugh-Southwest Research Institute
3. Application Guideline for Centrifugal Compressor Surge Control Sys-
tems by Klaus Brun & Marybeth Nored-Southwest Research Institute
4. Papers on Non Synchronous Forced Vibration by D.R. Smith & J.C.
Wachel
5. Product Catalog – Wilcoxon
6. Articles by Late Dr. Donald Bently on Rotating Stall
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Gas machinery Journal p. 9

 Business Briefs
ESG Solutions Announces Successful Expansion of Surface-based Regional Monitoring System for Induced Seismicity
CALGARY, Alberta - ESG Solutions, an industry leader in microseismic technology and services,
is pleased to announce the successful expansion of a near-surface seismic monitoring system in
Western Canada. Initially installed in 2012 to monitor any potential larger magnitude induced
seismicity during hydraulic fracturing operations, the system was recently expanded to provide
greater monitoring range spanning multiple well pads.
In response to increased concern surrounding subsurface injections and induced seismicity,
many operators are taking the initiative to better understand the response of unconventional res-
ervoirs to hydraulic fracture stimulations, especially in the presence of nearby geological struc-
tures. ESG’s near-surface regional seismic solution encompasses an array of ESG manufactured
surface-based sensors optimized for seismic detection between M0 and M+4. “Operators are
looking for a reliable, cost-effective solution to help them understand the triggering mechanisms
of seismicity detected near injection operations,” says Dr. Ted Urbancic, EVP of Global Energy
Services at ESG. “ESG has been collecting and analyzing induced seismic data for 20 years. This
experience gives us the knowledge to integrate site-specific seismic data with existing regional
networks and decode the trigger mechanisms associated with that seismicity.”
Continuous passive seismic data from the near-surface array is collected using ESG’s 32-bit, high
resolution, low noise Paladin™ digital seismic recorder and the data is integrated seamlessly with
ESG’s Hyperion Seismic Software Suite for accurate processing and analysis. “ESG manufactures
equipment and develops software in-house. Depending on the customer’s needs, we can utilize
third party components for less cost to the client, or custom design and build seismic systems for
each site so that operators have access to the accurate and timely information required to make
operational decisions,” says Urbancic.
Prior to its recent expansion, the regional seismic array deployed to monitor operations in a Ca-
nadian shale play had detected hundreds of events above magnitude 0. By extending the moni-
toring range to cover additional regions of the field, operators hope to further understand the way
in which the reservoir is responding to stimulation activities, and ultimately maximize production
from the field. Surface-based regional seismic arrays can complement downhole microseismic
monitoring, integrate with established regional seismic networks or be used independently to
establish a baseline for local seismicity, to better characterize nearby faults or provide a means of
alerting operators to abnormal induced seismicity.
A number of similar ESG near-surface arrays are currently in operation throughout the world
for applications as diverse as natural gas storage, waste injection, reservoir impoundment, car-
bon sequestration, coal-bed methane and mining operations. ESG designs and manufactures its
own permanent microseismic instrumentation for longer-term reservoir stimulations and surface-
based regional seismic networks in addition to providing wireline data acquisition, processing
and advanced analytics for hydraulic fracturing.

Caterpillar Unveils Well Stimulation Pumps and Releases Dynamic Gas Blending Retrofit Kit for Well Stimulation Applications

Well Stimulation Pumps Unveiled at OTC The Cat Well Stimulation Pumps feature fluid erations, and is available in both Air To Air the combined muffler and Cat Diesel Oxida-
ends and power ends designed to an industry After Cooled (ATAAC) and Separate Circuit tion Catalyst (DOC) included in the DGB kit.
Caterpillar Global Petroleum is pleased to an- standard footprint. This will allow customers After Cooled (SCAC) configurations for 2250 The system is capable of achieving maximum
nounce the launch of Cat® Well Stimulation to easily fit the Cat pump into their existing hp and 2500 hp @1900rpm ratings. substitution at various speeds and loads over
Pumps for the well service market. Starting in trailer designs. In addition to the standard fluid the full operating range, and will automatical-
May 2013, Caterpillar will begin accepting end Cat will offer an Extreme Duty (XD) fluid Heavily leveraging decades of success with ly adjust to changes in gas quality without the
orders for the Cat WS223, a 2250 bhp (1678 end with superior durability for the harshest Cat natural gas engines and the recent intro- need to perform any recalibration or adjust-
bkW) triplex well stimulation pump, as well as operating conditions. The fluid ends on both duction of the Cat DGB system for land drill- ments to the system during or between jobs.
the Cat WS255, a 2500 bhp (1864 bkW) quin- models have a valve-over-valve design to sim- ing and production, the Cat well stimulation
tuplex well stimulation pump. In addition to plify valve, seat and plunger installation, and DGB system makes no compromise with per- The DGB system is fully integrated with the
offering the complete pump for well service each fluid end block is manufactured with a formance, safety, and reliability while burn- engine control system, optimizing engine per-
customers, Caterpillar will offer a variety of robust material conditioning process. A full ing a mixture of diesel and natural gas fuels. formance and ensuring that the engine always
8” and 10” stroke fluid ends individually. A assortment of discharge flanges, suction mani- “Through our product development work in operates within safe parameters while blend-
2700hp triplex pump, available in late 2013, folds, and bore sizes will also be offered. the field with some of the leading well servic- ing diesel and natural gas. This results in no
will be on display along with several fluid end ing companies, the Cat DGB system has per- compromise with performance, maintenance
models at the Caterpillar booth #3341 at OTC The new Cat well stimulation pumps will be formed exceptionally well. User feedback has intervals, engine reliability, and most impor-
2013, May 6th – 9th in Houston, Texas. distributed, sold and supported through the been very positive with ease of installation, tantly, safety. Installation of the Cat DGB kit
worldwide Cat dealer network with trained engine performance, and the integrated safety on existing engines is streamlined through
“At Caterpillar, our goal is to provide the most technicians to ensure service support is never features of the Cat DGB system,” said Scott efficient design. The combined muffler and
reliable and durable power solutions for the out of reach. Roberts, Caterpillar Global Petroleum Well DOC eliminates the need for the customer to
Well Service and Pressure Pumping market. Service Product Marketing Manager. integrate a DOC with their existing mufflers,
By adding the well stimulation pumps to our Dynamic Gas Blending Retrofit Kit for Well and a single advanced Engine Control Unit
portfolio of offerings we are able to provide a Stimulation Applications Released Along with the benefit of realizing significant simplifies the electrical system.
more comprehensive pressure pumping solu- fuel cost savings by substituting diesel fuel
tion for our customers,” Mark Helgren, Cat- Houston, Texas – Caterpillar Global Petro- with natural gas, there are several other key
erpillar Global Petroleum-integration man- leum today announced that it has developed features of the Caterpillar DGB system that
ager stated. “Our customers, who have been a Dynamic Gas Blending (DGB) retrofit kit make it a winning solution for well stimula-
pleased with our engines and transmissions, for use on the Cat® 3512C (HD) engine used tion. Operators can run the system with con-
will be able to readily implement the Cat well in well stimulation applications. Available fidence on CNG, LNG, and field gas with a
stimulation pumps into their operations with to order in June 2013, this system will allow lower heating value between 850 and 1,250
the utmost confidence in their performance for maximum substitution of diesel fuel with Btu, knowing that the engine is maintaining
and Cat Dealer support.” natural gas during high pressure pumping op- United States EPA Tier 2 level emissions with

p. 10 Gas Machinery Journal

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Business Briefs
New Database At Colorado State University The database has been developed in collabo- ees. Participating companies were rated by Additionally, the Partnership has acquired
Tracks Energy Legislation In All 50 States ration with Advanced Energy Economy (AEE), DiversityInc. in four key areas: CEO Commit- a 50%-75% interest in various joint venture
a national business organization representing ment to Diversity Management, Workforce agreements that currently exist between TEAK
the entire advanced energy industry, from Diversity and Human Capital, Corporate/Or- and TexStar Midstream Services, L.P. The
FORT COLLINS, Colo. - Colorado State Uni-
wind, hydro, solar, and natural gas to efficien- ganizational Communications, and Supplier Partnership will be the operator of the joint
versity’s Center for the New Energy Economy
cy and electric vehicles. Diversity. venture assets following the transaction,
(CNEE) today announced the rollout of the
Advanced Energy Legislation (AEL) Tracker – which include:
“This online database provides information “It is an honor to be named by DiversityInc • 235 miles of pipeline, including rich gas
a new online database of energy-related state
on critical state legislation that is available one of the top regional utilities in the country gathering, header, and residue pipelines;
legislation pending in all 50 states, from solar
nowhere else,” said Graham Richard, CEO of for diversity. As a utility that serves some of • 3 miles of NGL pipeline; and
to natural gas and everything in between. This
AEE. “AEL Tracker is a nonpartisan tool that the most diverse communities in the nation, • A Co-Gen facility, which will produce
first-of-its-kind database, created in partner-
allows researchers, journalists, policymakers PG&E views diversity as the very fabric of our power for the Silver Oak complex as well
ship with Advanced Energy Economy (AEE),
and concerned citizens to follow and analyze corporate culture,” said Laura Butler, Vice as the ability to sell power to third-parties
will also enable CNEE to conduct analysis of
advanced energy legislation, individually and President of Talent Management and Chief and back to the grid during peak season
trends in state energy legislation.
in aggregate. We hope this unique database Diversity Officer at PG&E. “This commitment
will increase awareness of advanced energy to diversity and inclusion is a critical part of The Silver Oak processing complex is ex-
Today, state legislatures are considering more
and the way state action can unleash its eco- our values and how we work to provide safe, pected to expand in early 2014 by installing
than 2,100 bills that could change the way
nomic potential for the United States.” reliable and affordable gas and electric ser- a new 200 MMcfd facility, the Silver Oak II
Americans produce, buy and use energy.
AEL Tracker identifies all those measures and vice to our customers.” plant, and potentially expand further thereaf-
Both Richard and Ritter shared additional ter by adding an additional 200 MMcfd facil-
monitors the progress of many advanced en-
ergy bills as they move forward.
views in videos that can be found on the AEL Atlas Pipeline Partners, L.P. Closes on ity. Any expansions will be 100% owned and
Tracker website: www.aeltracker.org. Acquisition of TEAK Midstream operated by Atlas Pipeline.
“If we look at where the country is going on
CNEE operates the database on the Fort Collins PHILADELPHIA - Atlas Pipeline Partners, L.P.
advanced energy policy, overwhelmingly that
campus of Colorado State University, a land- (NYSE: APL) (“APL”, “Atlas Pipeline”, or the
transition is being led by states,” said Bill Rit-
grant university with a long history of cutting- “Partnership”) announced that the Partnership
ter, Jr., director of CNEE and former governor
edge research into natural gas emissions and has closed on its previously announced pur-
of Colorado. “To get the pulse of where the
renewable energy, water resources and the chase of TEAK Midstream, L.L.C. (“TEAK Mid-
country is going we need to understand what
environment. The university provides credible, stream” or “TEAK”), a private midstream com-
the states are doing. AEL Tracker brings to-
multi-disciplinary solutions to the complexities pany. The effective date of the acquisition
gether information on energy-related legisla-
facing America’s energy industries. was April 1, 2013. Final cash consideration
tion in all 50 states, in a form that is easily
accessible not only to lawmakers at all levels for TEAK totaled $1.0 billion, subject to work-
of government, but to academics, analysts, PG&E Ranked One Of The Top Utilities In ing capital and other adjustments contemplat-
environmentalists, funders, business leaders The Nation For Diversity ed by the Purchase and Sale Agreement.
and the general public. It will allow our Cen-
ter to conduct critical academic analysis of is- Fifth Year in a Row Utility Recognized by Di- Eugene Dubay, Chief Executive Officer of the
sues related to energy legislation nationwide.” versityInc as a Leader in Diversity Partnership, commented, “As I mentioned in
the initial announcement, we are very excited
Based on information available only in AEL SAN FRANCISCO - Pacific Gas and Electric about this acquisition of TEAK Midstream.
Tracker: Company (PG&E) has been recognized by Di- This is the right entry point into the Eagle Ford May 20-22 – Houston
• Nearly 25 percent of pending state ener- versityInc as one of the top regional utilities in with the right infrastructure and with tremen-
gy legislation call for new financing tools the country for its strong diversity practices. dous future growth potential. After success- The 2013 CORE program will be focused primarily
– including tax incentives – for the instal- This is the fifth year in a row that the utility fully executing organic growth across all of on On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) tools for the natu-
lation of energy facilities; has been recognized by DiversityInc, a lead- our legacy systems, we look forward to doing ral gas transmission industry. A review (with case
• Roughly 21 percent of pending bills pro- ing publication on diversity and businesses. the same with our new Eagle Ford assets.” studies) of current and planned industry research
mote development of clean energy sourc- will presented including how OBD can be used as
es; and “It is clear that U.S. companies are increasing- Upon the closing of this transaction, the Partner- a tool to provide emissions compliance verification,
• About 8 percent encourages adoption ly conscious of the importance of diversity,” ship will own 100% of the following TEAK assets: diagnose and identify critical equipment faults. Dis-
of energy-efficient appliances, building said Luke Visconti, Chief Executive Officer of • 200 MMcfd of cryogenic processing ca- cussions will also include the integration of sensors,
codes and practices – the low-hanging DiversityInc. “We are very encouraged to see pacity (“Silver Oak I”); actuators and controllers to move further to an “ex-
fruit in America’s energy supply chain. PG&E applying for this distinction. We also • A second 200 MMcfd cryogenic process- pert” level of OBD.
note a continued positive correlation between ing facility to be in service in the first
The Center’s first trend analysis is on energy achievement in diversity and overall company quarter of 2014 (“Silver Oak II”);
efficiency, entitled “Rediscovering the First performance.” • 265 miles of primarily 20” to 24” gather- CORESymposium.com
Fuel.” The Center expects to publish 2-3 trend ing and residue lines with 750 MMcfd of
analyses per month and will next publish a For the 2013 ranking, DiversityInc surveyed throughput capacity; and
white paper on financing of advanced energy. 893 companies with at least 1,000 employ- • 275 miles of low pressure gathering lines
-- continued next page

p. 12 Gas Machinery Journal

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Business Briefs -- continued

Robert Earl Holding, Former owner of family and his employees as they were to him. Most of the employees hired by Earl in the early
Sinclair Oil dies at 86 days spent their entire careers with him and even their children work with the company to this
day. Earl enjoyed working alongside his people and watching them succeed.
Wyoming billionaire Robert Earl Holding, died on
April 19 at age 86, apparently from old age and Earl deeply loved the land and the beauty of the American West. He looked for every oppor-
complications related to a 2002 stroke. He attend- tunity to spend time at the ranch working the fields, cattle and crops and being surrounded by
ed school in Salt Lake City and after serving in the the natural beauty of God’s creations. Many of his business ventures were centered on creating
Army Air Corps, he earned a Civil Engineering De- something from nothing, making improvements, and building from beautiful natural materials.
gree from the University of Utah. He married Carol When planning the Grand America Hotel he personally traveled to Bethel, Vermont to select
Orme and in 1952 they moved to southwest Wyo- the granite for the project. He was fascinated by the possibilities found in nature, from drilling
ming to manage a money-losing motel/gas station in for oil to preserving a stand of trees on a ski run.
isolated Little America.  He eventually bought out
the other owners and started adding gas pumps. He Earl’s tireless efforts on behalf of the Olympics helped bring the 2002 Winter Games to Salt
later borrowed to buy the Mobil refinery in Casper, Lake City. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Olympics believing the Games stood for the
Wyoming in 1968 and went on to purchase Sinclair ideals of athletic excellence and international cooperation.
Oil in 1976. A year later he bought the Sun Valley
Ski Resort in Idaho. Earl is survived by his wife, Carol, their three children, Anne, Kathleen, and Stephen, their
spouses, twelve grandchildren, his brother, Ralph, and many extended family members, busi-
Despite his business success, Earl never forgot that it was the people he worked with who made ness associates and friends who were just like part of the family. He was predeceased by his
the difference. He often remarked that “you do business with your friends.” He inspired those parents, his sister, Helen Jean, and his close business partner and childhood friend, Kenneth
around him to give their best efforts, and then, even a little more. He was as fiercely loyal to his Y. Knight.
-- continued next page

Gas machinery Journal p. 13

Business Briefs -- continued registration now open
Platts: Asia’s Power Capacity Expansion Saw Upswing in Q1 2013 Gas/Electric Partnership
Midcontinent Natural Gas Production Challenges
Platts Project Tracker Shows Early-Year Improvement After Marked Slowdown in 2012 September 12 – Oklahoma City
This one-day workshop will explore solutions, best
LONDON, May 8 - Asian power generation development activity in the first three months of practices, and emerging technologies for address-
2013 totaled 62.74 gigawatts (GW), according to the latest quarterly project tracking report by ing the challenges associated with compression
Platts, a leading global provider of energy, petrochemicals and metals information. and processing of natural gas from wellhead gath-
ering to the point of delivery into long-haul pipe-
lines. Although focusing primarily on issues en-
“This was 12% lower than in the same period of 2012, but was well up on the prior quarter – in
countered by Midcontinent gas and oil producers,
fact, more than a fifth higher than in the last three months of 2012,” said Martin Daniel, editor of
many of the topics will be relevant to operations in
Platts Power in Asia, the newsletter in which the quarterly data is published.
other regions of the U.S. Topics will cover a broad
range of issues including the gas and oil industry
The earliest stage of the project development process is the announcement of planned new ca-
outlook; strategies for utilizing stranded gas; rich
pacity. The amount of new capacity announced in the first quarter of 2013 was much the same gas treating and processing; gas and electric driv-
as in the same period of 2012. en compression; compliance with current and pro-
posed environmental regulations – exhaust emis-
“But at more than 21 GW, the level of Q1 activity was almost double that of the fourth quarter of sions, greenhouse gases, HAPs; vapor recovery;
2012, which appears to indicate an improvement in developer confidence,” said Daniel. fuel conditioning; and more.

First quarter project approvals were approximately 12.85 GW, which was down versus a year
ago but up almost twofold compared to Q4. But the amount of planned new power capacity
actually signed to construction and equipment contracts was down 40% from both the prior
quarter and Q1 of 2012.
“This seems to indicate that the revived confidence visible at the start of the project development
pipeline has yet to turn into firm orders,” Daniel said. “This is not surprising, given the long gesta-
tion period of most power generation projects.”
The Platts power project tracker shows that the pattern of new capacity build in Asia was not uni-
form. In India, where new power development had been hindered for much of 2012 by fueling
and financing issues, there was a significant revival in activity of approximately 8.1 GW during
the first three months of this year. New power development in China, of nearly 12.5 GW, also
was up compared to a year ago and versus the last quarter of 2012. Southeast Asia and west Asia
also saw continued buoyant new capacity activity at 19.1 GW and 12.5 GW, respectively.
In terms fuel and technology, a clear winner in the new power capacity build in Q1 was solar
power. New programs in India, China and numerous other Asian countries caused Q1 solar sec-
tor development to treble versus Q4.
Capacity expansions for coal-fired plants accounted for 45% of total activity in the first quarter of
2013, little changed from the prior quarter and first quarter of 2012. Data showed a close split of
about 13.8 GW of new plant capacity going to the use of local coal and approximately 14.3 GW
dedicated to or potentially using imported coal. By contrast, most of the 15.1 GW of natural gas-
fired plant capacity that changed status in Q1 will go to use of either imported or indigenous gas.
The Platts Power in Asia project tracker was developed by Platts in 2011 to identify trends in the
Asian power generation market. It is a bottom-up aggregation of identified individual projects.
Platts tracks these projects as they move through the development pipeline from announcement
to completion. The Platts tracker only tracks projects registering a significant change in status dur-
ing the quarter such moving from announcement to approval or to start of construction. It does
not capture the much broader amount of capacity under development in Asia.
CECO’s Combustion Characteristics
June 4-7 – Colorado Springs - Instructor: Randy Anderson
Combustion Characteristics covers all aspects of
combustion and emissions, with a primary focus
on troubleshooting operating changes on a variety
of reciprocating engines—two–stroke cycle (2SC)
and four–stroke cycle (4SC) engines, as well as
naturally aspirated 4SC engines used as genera-
tors. Students of this course will receive instruction
covering peak firing pressure (PFP), mean effec-
tive pressure (MEP), exhaust temperatures, turbo-
charger speed, fuel consumption, and emissions.
CECO’s Compressor Characteristics
August 20-21 - Oklahoma City - Instructor: Randy Anderson
This class provides a solid foundation of basic troubleshooting skills. It introduces
the student to various troubleshooting techniques and their applications and limitations.
Course topics include integrated operational excellence for gas machinery, analyti-
cal fundamentals of troubleshooting, twenty-five (25) diagnostic troubleshooting tools,
ignition troubleshooting, power cylinder troubleshooting, compressor troubleshooting,
auxiliary and rotating equipment troubleshooting and unit startup troubleshooting.
CECO’s Fundamentals of Troubleshooting
August 22-23 - Oklahoma City - Instructor: Randy Anderson
Compressor Characteristics teaches concepts of reciprocating compressor application
and operation. It covers naturally aspirated 4-stroke cycle, piston scavenged 2-stroke
cycle, pure turbocharged 4-stroke cycle, and turbocharged 2-stroke cycle engines. The
course is divided into two sections: Compressor Fundamentals (A lecture describing
physical components, mechanical linkages, fundamental operating theory, and oper-
ating characteristics) and Compressor Characteristics (a series of problems that de-
scribe certain changes on a compressor and their effect on critical compressor perfor-
mance parameters)

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to register for any of our 2013 Knowledge Transfer events.

p. 14 Gas Machinery Journal

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