1)what is alzheimer

=Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills
and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with the disease—those with the late-
onset type—symptoms first appear in their mid-60s

2) Causes

= 4 hypothesis

cholinergic hypothesis

- Cholinergic hypotheses: deficiency in acethlcholine cause alzheimer

tau hypotheses

- deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.

- Tau hypotheses: Tau cause alzheimer instead of amyloid

amyloid hypothesis

- amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells.

- The so-called amyloid hypothesis, that the accumulation and deposition of oligomeric or fibrillar amyloid β
(Aβ) peptide is the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD)
- The amyloid hypothesis is initially compelling because the gene for the amyloid beta precursor APP is located
on chromosome 21, and patients with trisomy 21 - better known as Down syndrome - who have an extra
gene copy exhibit AD-like disorders by 40 years of age.[22][23] The amyloid hypothesis points to the
cytotoxicity of mature aggregated amyloid fibrils, which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein
responsible for disrupting the cell's calcium ion homeostasis and thus inducing apoptosis.
- Amyloid hypotheses: Mutation --> formation of amyloid beta --> its toxicity induces apoptosis

Large gene instability hypothesis

- damage of DNA of large and fragile gene cause Alzheimer

3) TREATMENT

-Role of current Alzheimer's drugs

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two types of drugs specifically to treat symptoms of
Alzheimer's disease.

>Cholinesterase inhibitors

>Memantine

-Three cholinesterase inhibitors are commonly prescribed:

>Donepezil (Aricept) is approved to treat all stages of the disease. It's taken once a day as a pill.

>Galantamine (Razadyne) is approved to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's. It's taken as a pill once a day or as an
extended release capsule twice a day.

>Rivastigmine (Exelon) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. It's taken as a pill. A skin patch is
available that can also be used to treat severe Alzheimer's disease.
-Treatments that involve therapies and activities

>Cognitive stimulation therapy

Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) involves taking part in group activities and exercises designed to improve
memory and problem-solving skills.

>Cognitive rehabilitation

This technique involves working with a trained professional, such as an occupational therapist, and a relative or
friend to achieve a personal goal, such as learning to use a mobile phone or other everyday tasks.

Cognitive rehabilitation works by getting you to use the parts of your brain that are working to help the parts that
are not.

>Reminiscence and life story work

Reminiscence work involves talking about things and events from your past. It usually involves using props such as
photos, favourite possessions or music.

Life story work involves a compilation of photos, notes and keepsakes from your childhood to the present day. It can
be either a physical book or a digital version.

These approaches are sometimes combined. Evidence shows they can improve mood and wellbeing.

4)SYMPTOM

- https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms/

- https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/10_signs