First Order

Differential Equation
• LINEAR EQUATIONS
• TEST 1: 23/10 10-11.30 AM
• PRESENTATION CHAPTER 1 –
4/10/2015
3. Linear Equations
𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑏(𝑥) and 𝑐 𝑥 are continuous functions of 𝑥.

No products of the function 𝑦(𝑡), and its derivatives and neither the
function or its derivatives occur to any power other than the first
power.
Linear or non-linear equations?

LINEAR 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 NON-LINEAR
𝑥(1 + 𝑦)( ) = 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑦)( )
𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑦
Non-LINEAR 𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution of Linear equations
1. Put the differential equation in the correct initial form. Make sure the
𝑑𝑦
coefficient = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
2. Find 𝑝(𝑥) and evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
3. Find the integrating factor 𝜇 = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
4. Multiply everything in the differential equation by the integrating factor
and then solve for 𝑦.
𝜇𝑦 = න 𝜇𝑄𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
Example + 5𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 STEP 1
Coefficient = 1, 𝑃 = 5 and 𝑄 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

න 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = න 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 STEP 2

The integrating factor, 𝜇 = 𝑒 ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬, 𝜇 = 𝑒 5𝑥 STEP 3

Multiply with integrating factor 𝜇𝑦 = ‫𝑥𝑑𝑄𝜇 ׬‬

1 7𝑥 STEP 4
𝑒 5𝑥 𝑦 = න 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 = න 𝑒 7𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑐
7
1 2𝑥 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑒 + 5𝑥
7 𝑒
Group work 4
,

Solve the differential equation 1

By using substitution 𝑧 = ,
below: 𝑦2
change the differential equation
1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
− 2 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

Answer 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐)
To linear equation. Hence, find the
general solution of the equation
Group work 4
1
By using substitution 𝑧 = , change the differential equation
𝑦2

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

To linear equation. Hence, find the general solution of the equation