ELECTRICITY

What first aid will you render, fo a person suf'f=ering from an

electrical
shark?
i. Piit off the po-w€r.
2. Isolate casualty from any iive circuit.
3 If this is impossible puil or push the victim away rrorn the source of electricitv
taking care not to make electric contact wrth victirn or electric
source.
4. Raise alarm.
5. All tight clothing, tie should be loosened to promote resprratlon.
6. Bring the casuaity into fresh air.
7. Check the respiration, pulse.
8' If required give him cardiac massage and mouth to mouth respiration without any
oelav
9 Take the heip of an expert.

Fo* many emergency batteries maintained af the correct charge level?

B-v con tinuous charirin g.
l. Post eherging 2. Trie kle eharging.
T...,'* -ryp= *fbatte;es are theie:--
i Leaci acici baiiery 2. Aikaiine barierv
Eraergency battery is provided to give supply in emergency:__
I.
For radio equipment
2. Fire fighting alarm system
3.
Intemai & Extemal communication.
4. Emergencylighting or Navigational light.
Emergency generator. ---
If rnain generator thiis" wrthin 45 seconds the emergency generator should
come on load.
24 volt Dc total supply voltage by buffenng. They are rechargeable
so they are
secondary cell
Lead acici battery --Each cell has 2 volts. so it has rz no. of celr.
Aikaline battery - Each cell has r.2 volts and has 20 no. of celr.
Capacity of battery -350 Ampere hour.

MAINTENANCE PROCEDTIRE AND PRECAUTI0N oF BATTERIES:--

fresau-ti-o4
1 Baltel/ is stored !n lvc!! ventilated battery roo!!1.
2. The r+c.l sh+'.:ld !-eep cle*: e-d dry.
3. i{u sinokiirg boarri io be ciispiayeci.
4. No naked light is allowed.
5. Both batteries emit/ generate ..H', (Hydrogen).
'5. Parnt work ln roorn shoulci be acid and aikaiine resistance.
7. Acid ceils should not be placed near alkaline cell.
 :

8. Hycircmeier anei piprng gear tbr lead acici shoulcj not be useci fiii aikaiine battery
arrc ra'ire :,resh
9. Tightness oflterinit:al nuts and applylng petrolerimlelly on connection to prevent
corrnsion.
10 Ceii top shoLrld be clean ar:d ciry.
11. {lale must be taken whrie using hydrometer.
iS Use protective gla.ss, eye goggles, insulated spailner to prevent accidental shorl
circuit as it rna3,' ca.use ireav.v spark. lt may damage the ceii serioLrsly and may
:ause erplosron
i3. First aid equiprnent should keep in battery fooln.
14. Vent hoies of the cap shouid clear.
i5. Teraperature of eleeiroi_vte should not be more than 45'C.
iG. Specific gravity of tiriiy charge battery--) 1.285
Specific gravity of F,rlly discharge battery* 1 .1
i 7. Electrolyte ior iead acid battery Contain - Suiphun'c acid
Electrclr,te for Alkairne battery Contain :) Potassiuil Hydroxide
i8 Alkairne battery rvhen new,the specific gravitl, of eiectroiyte is f .i9 and slowly
about 5io i0 years after will drop down to 1.tr45, then the battery is to be
repiaced. Also if the voitage of cell drops to 1.1 replace the battery.

FASW,---
i Cell tops be kept clean anil clry in order to reduee tire r-isl< of eorc'sion ard
"mr:.qt
otranr-rinal loolr.-o
Z. Tct'iiiiiiai siiaril.llic iigirt,clcuu, lree uf any cieposits, aiid dr-y. Tiie uriuie-t-rs caii
be coated wrth petroleumleliy {not greasei.
3. The cables rn ctrose proximitv to the cells are requireii to be examined fi'om time
to iinre for signs of corrosicn.
4. Electrolyte levels shoulci be checkeci ancl topped up w-ith distiiied water to cover
the electrodes.
5. The gas vents in the cells shouid be kept free iiom biockage by dirt or rn case
alkai ine b atteri es liom crystail ized electro ly te.
b. Pure distilieci water oniy shouici used fbr topping up cells.
i. Suitable FFE should be used while rvorking with battenes.
B. First -aid treatnlent shoulci be urderstood and be available at all tiines.
9. Specific gra'".ity should be measured and temperature correction should be
apphed.
10. A weelcly iog of critical parameters to be maintained.
I l. Voltage reading of each ceil should be taken while the current is actually fton'ing.
The voltage of a bafteq; on an open circuit is how ever rather rnisleading.

FULL CFIAR(IE -- 128{l at 15o C.

HALF CI{AGRE .--1'26rt
F'ULL DISCHAR,Gtr .---------.. 12OO
DEAD BATTER1/--------------- I 1 80.
 F'hat are the saf'eties provide4 on a switchboarti? What are
a
prefe:"elrfi*! trip anei e **.,j**.* psEFJer::e!a;,?
Switch boai"d -- Ii consis',s oi Ceireiator conirol" generatoi-
saieties, sei:!-ice pa,rel, aii,J
group of starter. This all will fbrm switch board,
bu, bar, crrcult breaker.
EAEETIEs'--
I Har:dle ftr opening the dc'or: on the srvlteh t+ard to have inte:-loe
ked *co tlrat unle_"s
fiic circi;if brcakci' is s-,vitchcd cff thc dc*r i,i.ili iict cpcii.
2 -- Gn opening ihe iuse switchb,oani gets isoiated ;urii san be repiaceci
1Y^:u.
SAICIV
3 TWO CONTACTS: -- l. pnmary 2. Secondary.
While closing the circuit breaker the primary eontact close first
and the marn
r.Gntact closes aflerwards.
4. Generator w-hich is not running cannot be connecting to
bus bar
5 contacts are silver coated ancl provicled wrth eac crurg to qulnce
the arc anci
to cool the switch board.
6' Breaking speed of contact: Fast breaking speed at contact, in
order to 1lrevenr
arcin-q.
7. Ebonite Hancile is provr<ieei at the &ont of the swrtchboard.
B. On top of w'ooden platform, one r-uhber sheet is provided.
t. Emergency manual trio of circuit breaker.
I0. Farth fault monitnr and alann.
I I Shrp shore interjock.
12'Dead front type circuit breaker so line parts of circuit
breaker have not exposed
tront.
i -:,. Should be properlv ventilatecl.
14. Sea water and oil prpes are not passed over swrtch
board.

oE
r
B-evelSe p+v;el lip.
a Ur:.i*^r'.,'cl:tge ii*:e Cei+5- 3.5 s=,:.
iidi*se! d-ven.
_.!, over curient(i25%of fuii ioaci surreni witjr aiirne, cieiay oi20 sec) i0-i3o?,0,
A
+. Preferential tnp {110 Yo of full loacl curent).
5
Manuai tnpprng device.
A Arc chute {arc catcher inside circuit breaker).
some times over voltage trip to protect the precise electronic device.
o
Minirnum 3 mrn thick nrbber mat 0.6m space behrnd the panel board.
LI
Ventrlation end.
10 Dead front anti insu-lated haadle.
t:
ri Fuses.
I.) Eafih fault indicator.
i5 -breaker
!J If is in on position then top cover cannot be removeci.

What are Eectillers, antl what is their function?

Rectifier is used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage, normally used in battery
charser
 ;

lxjhat t_vpe of electrical starter *re used on baard antl whv?

IXREC:!'O\lllNE ST4FTEB -- {ised for sniall nroto!'s where s.tarting cuffent is low
STAF- BEI-TA- STAR|ER: -- It *4!i reCr-rce the star-ting curelt X:y l,/-t rd .*o red,-rce
E-!- -.-:.- -^
u-ssyilrE,5 ^f __^1!^._^
ul \uiidSC
F"tiTO"TRANSFORN{ER. --- Used for large n-rotors where speed can be controlled.

What is an A.C.E. ancE what are the safeties providetl on the A.C.B.
.{lLelEtIlIag8Ell.5ER. -- When the current is made broken there is no other mednim
:xcent air i-" nre"ent rs called air clrcr_rit brezk_er.
S;IFETIES:::
I r{{I\: Cr-l\\
l. l\!,1ii\ ^ . ,)rL (i.\i},{f\ 1'^n\-T^-Tt
L \lt\ t ,-lL t J-
Seconciaiv conta.ct ls ca-iied arcing ccntacts. This is provicieci to prevent the dalnaee to tire
nain cc;:tact.
.
I Srlver tungsten plated b'coz it has propeqy of low contact resistance.
2. Contacts are siiver coated as silver fias got very high conductrvitl,.
-1. ARC CH{'ITE: -- So quencir ihe arc and cool tire contact.

Iiow lvill ysu e$nvert a 44(}tr'AC supply to a 24 vcit ilC sutrplv?

440 AC + 2.2{} AC Bv transtbrmer.
220 AC + I 1O Af' B:' Transfb,rn:er
! In /\ Ji -, i, A /'1 8., 'l'-^,.^+'^*^--,
i iv ,-1!-. -a uJ ri{liiSiuiiiitr-
-L.
24 AC + 2+ *C Ev R.ceirfici.

lVhat is the clifference trefw'ee* Afl & S{l currenf?

4e :) :'r,,here direction and arnplitude is continuouslv chanqeci is called AC current. a:rri
the ,.olrage ciia.qram is sine \va\ e.
8e.-}. In DC curent, the drrectron and amplitude is not changecl and r,.oltage iine is
straight-line a:rd no change in voltage and current.

nugets
trVhat action will you take, if an elecfrical rnotor hot oo, during yout'
:vgtch?
I
r, /^\L^^l- +1.
LlisLA [rrs^ 4rlrPgr E;_

:. Wiii check the fan cooiing.

-{ A.n-u* abnonlai rroise
4 Bearing b1, securin-q
5. improper ventilaiicn.
State the different tvpe of mofor availa-ble on ships.
l. INDUCTION MSTSR. -- Due to the electromagnetic induction the voitage is
iri<tueed.
AC ','ciie"ge is appiieil tc tl':e staiter. This '-.";ll pi+diice a iciating
magneiic fieici in ihe sianer. This rotaiing fieici r.r'iii cui by roior anci hence wiii inriucei
prroduce the enif / voltage ie rotor.'lhis two voitage are siarter voitage anci rotor roiiage
will react each other to prociuce a tcrrqile rvhich n'ill rotate the motor is callecl induction
mot0r"
 f

state the safeties provitied on an electricai motor circuit.

' Over load nroteclion
2. Single pheing pr+tectien tr!p.
3. Shcrt cl;cul; proteciiot *'ip.
4' Thermister to tnp due to high temperature and windines.
5 No/low voltage trip.
Sol*s regulation for tratterv:--
1. IB hours full mnning continuouslv for carqo vessel_
?. 35 h+urs ------- pur-r*rrg*. rressel.
3 ' voitage shoiild not drop more than ],29L -with,ir, ihat peno,c.

E!4nBGEIiCY-GENEBATOS+-
1. Sholld stzttato" C.
2. T';"c starting ;.edtun -lr:st be gveilable.
3 Each i:iediuiri shoui,j be capable io give dirce siaits coirsecutiveiy iii 30 liiirutes
wrthout charged.
4 Should corne on load wifhin 45 seconds.
js Fuel flash point should not be less than 43" C.
6. Tank capacity should be for l B hours.

Ifthe running rnotor stop surldenly what can be the possible faults and
h+w y++ vi!! reeti$?
i. itipui si;pply.
2. Overload Trip.
3. Winding bumt.
4. Biow control fuse.
5. Short circuit in transformer.
MULIIMETER:--
1 Cr-rryert - DC-200g-10A
2. R.csista:icc :z+A'*-- 2000K'g)
3. Vui'iage AiV--750
4. Diode
5. HFE
NOTE::
AC curent can not be measure with multimeter.
A.C. can be measured by Tong tester.
Megger is used to test insulation of electric motor and gear. Its minimum value should be
I M'Q.

ELECTRIC MOTOR OVERHAULED

Initia! prcparation :--
1. Switch off breaker in the starter panel.
2- Remove the fise for the control circuit as precautionary measure.
3. Check aiid le-check NO VOLTAGE in rhe ou@ut terminal of the contactors.
 6

4. lt is aiso gocd pracitce to check the insuiation resistance at terminajs beicrre

ovsrhauiing.
"Do i.ior SrART-MEN AT wollK'hotice to be postecl ar the main panel, local
panel and at the site of r.,ork.
n All proper personal protectrve equrpments like insulating glo..zes etc. to be pur ro
proiter ilse.
7 Make sure the measttring instruments are in proper order and in the proper moCe
trefore using them.
E. Actian to be taken in case oi emergency to be disc.ussed and rmderstood bv all
memhers of ti're ',vor!: fea_rn
9. It rs good practtce to ::ei-er the rnsulatron manual a day betbre the wor:k ancl also
check the availability of rhe spares.

lV .--
i Keei al! t+rls spa:-es, art'l ir:stnrtnen!s ei stard h1,i:r1i-:'e sta:-rilq rhe..^.'c,rk-..
?. ei;.€** ihc li;:c is .i.caii bcf;rc rc:xci-i;:g ihc c+n;:ccti+:;.
3. fi.eii;or.e iir+ terminai covei ai ihe nrci'or anci rnark the cabies for ideniificar-iorr as
a precaution ary measure.
4. Reinove the connections a;rd promptl,v rnsulate thcse.
5. FJote the caripling clearances before removin-q.
6. Open the coupirng and inspect for abnormality.
7. Loosen aii the founriation bolts, renrove the locating pin and rernove tire bclts.
8. Remcrre the motor fi'orn its place and transfer it to convenient place for overhaui
as safe as possiirle.

FB€ED!BE:--
I Mark ftg positjon and reruove the en<J c$\jers carefir1l'1 Ccve s are ca,sting and arr:
ve{; *agile, d+*': hsmmer di;'ectl;"-:;lth hafirner, :.jse','"++d cr sc*er Tef'!c* rcd

2. F.emove ihe cooirng ian aitacheei to iile shaft, if possibie.

3. IJrarv out the rotor carefuilv n'ithout maliing contact rvith the stator and secure it
saieil'.
4. Inspect the rotor fbr any damage. Keys and key slots are to be given rnore
importance.
5. Cleaning can be done r,r-rth DREW ELECTRIC which does not affect the
insulation. The cleaning liquid sh*uld be safely handled. Refer MSDS sheets for
henciiing saf'ety.
6 Lrspeci tile stator for any danrage Quality of irrsulating varrrish to be grveri
impcrtance.
7. If vamish is fbund deteriorated, clean the legion rvith a dry cloth. Blorv some arr
mildiy to remcve the dust parficles accurnulated. Make sure the air is dry. Spray
s*:ne quiek drying vamish and place a warming lanrp r.rear it and iet it dry for
sometimes.
B. Check fcr: the in:proved insulation again.
L Clean the casins and the fan ancl drv ther:n efrectiveiv.
 i0. Remove the wom oui bearing on both sides of the rotor iuth abearing puiier as
safel-v.
1 i. Assemble the new bearings without damaging them.
12. Box up the motor and check ibr insulation again befbre coupling with dnven
machinery.
:3. Place the firing shims and the foundation bolts
i4. Re-fit the locating dowels and the foundation bolts.
15. Fair the coupling and tighten the foundation bolts.
16. Test for rotor freeness by rotating it with hand- one full rotation.
i". Alignment to be checked and set correctly.
i8. Re-connect the connectors as they were before.
19. Re-check the insulation.
20. Keep a record of spare used and the date of overhaul.

PIJTAII{GfN]I(} S ERYIC a - - :

l. Conrest the i-rse {c'r the eontral eirsuit

1. Q,,.i+^L
g -t l ivii ^- +L,'
vii liiv
k-^-1,^-
u v4t1wi
a
- .

3. Siari lire motoi'fioiri ihe iosai staiei, obscrve ilie stariiirg currsrli aird tire ruirlirlg
Ioad current.
+. Cireck for any abnormal vibrations, overhauling etc.

rvVhaf is the purpose of Under voltage trip?

Al under voltage trip is fitted to all generator breakers. Its main function to trip the
breaker r.a7!1g11 ggr.'3re '.'+ltage Dip {ar*,":nd 5094) cccurs. The under .".oltsge tnp on a
.'1'^^-^+^r ^l-^.'i+ L-^.1'^* ^l^^ ,--^''nr+r ir L^i-- ^l^^-J,,,L^'^
tssiilia:ui LriLurl ul{,dnli cif,u lJrv\'urr.- ir U-iiig ti-:juu Vtii.tii +L^ ^^6^,^+^r,,^l+^^^
iii$ BUiiijiAiiii ;-.,^,,,
'v'Uiiagc i;j'v'iJiJ
iow or absent.

What is the functian *f fuse?

The function of a fuse is to gire
l. Short circuit protection.
2. Overload protectron.
l. To isolate circuits when maintenancel repair must be carried out.
Describe the necessary action to be taken when re-commissioning a
sir+$if thst h*s fused.
4,__
I4.
li ar, uiuw> at^_
ruJc !_!_=_.^ f^11^-_,i-^,^^^t- L^
trr(' auiiuwliig iin€(I] ru L^ t^--^ t__;--- .._- ^^_---^-:_^:^_:--*
u{r uuitc uuttrig i€-urj,rrtiiiiiJruliitig ^frr.^
ui. -t--__)t
aii€ tllturt.
l. The cause of failure must be iocated before a fi;se is replaced.
2. Any replacement has to be identical to the original fitted in terms of current
rating, grade and type.
3. all fuses in the sirpply must be replaced even if only one has blown because the
other(s) wrll be seriously weakened by the fail causing the failure.

How-will vou reverse the direction of motor?

Bv swaoping any two supply line connections over-
 8

lVhere an she shilr elnergencv Gen*r-ater loeated?

f ire emergencv senerator is lncated renroteiv from t.he encine roonr usuallv orr fiie
:cccg:rncdatr+n cleck ,:r at -".,4lether deck le--'el +r sbc.,'e.

$/hat rl'ould vou consider s minimum {nsuiafion reading resistance?

insulation resistance must be kent ahove a'r least lfu{W the higher t}re lnsr;lation
resistauce the better. C*mp:::ies hs.:e the!r c'"r,n regulaticns, but ncst conpanies url;'
^:t ^--- ( n,{.
rllr\J !v t-^^-l:"^^^ ^L^-.,-
gd,LlIrS) Jlul-r v c -, tvtle-

What is load sharing?

Load shanng is the equal baiance of loads betrveen generators irresnectire oi ioad
ehanges.

Give t'easons rvhv protecfion equipment is essentiat in an electricai

Elisfributi$* sj's tern?
li-^^--^^^+ l^^l^r^ t^--l*- CLlLrrprrrif,ltr
--^--i--^^-r :-^ ^-)^- +^
1L '-!--- ^.--] rSUr4tc
I U LIllulJrItrELL allLl -t4.Ura_Y .tlr LrlLri,r lrtd.lrrtd,r-tl rL^
rrj ^-^l-+^)- rrrt, .^^--.^- ^-.*--1-- r^
puwcr 5UliFrr] t{-t

:he remaining healthy circuit in ihe systern.

2. To prevent dainage to equipi'nent fr*ui tlie tliermal and magnetic forces that occur
dunng shart circuit and overload fauits.
3. To prctect personnel from electric shock.

What are the advantage and disadvantages of alkaiine batteries?

Advantases.--
-f hgrr rolein .hqr,to ni..rri+ or-.1 o-ror. if rlic.h orrtor-l rt .o. hr. lp* fn"
^n ^nan v) r ! vssr

I^-^.- '^ ^.-j ^ -J^,-..r1- ^.-+ ^l- -^--^ j:jl^

rulrS vYruruLla dLtvgrbE e^ riFLL-^+
P\;rrullS
Disadvantages:--
Tirey requile a greater number of celis to produce a particular voltage.
They are more expensive than ]ead acid l-ratteries.

{xplain Regnlaticn regarding power supplies f,or steering gears.

Fhe electrical pov;er supliiy must Lre f'rorn two widely separate sr4rplies i e
1 . Llne from the rnain s..^i-itch!:card and the +ther &+n: the emergenc;' bozrd
a
L.
El.-^$*:^^l
LlELtltL<n
l^^"J^
tg4lt3 ^*S
aru --.^-
J|.
ru)tr; ^-^ +^
d,r€, ^ll^---
t\J 4rruw
1n/-!O./ ^-"-*1.-^-l
lv\r,/o uvplluo\l)
.'i-.:-.'
E,lvurS ^. 1-. .-L^*
urrrj/ Jrlt-lrl ^.'.^'-'r
urrlutt

F-rotectron.
3 The steering motor will have sequential starting

Describe how synchrcnizing lamps are used to parallel a generator.

This is ncmrallv userl a,s a hack un ar alternative wav to the svnchroscone, the lamns is
connecteci betrnreer the incc*rlng generatsr and the bls bars. The sequence nethod is the
,^-.-f^---^l
pitrIglieLi ^^ l+
^--^ a)
atii€
li^--1^--- {1
ii UiJijr.ty:, ^ -^+^+i^- ^f 1^^.'^
iLrrrtaluir {Jr r.urlp L-i-1-q--- \ r'rttLl1 i..Ji^-r--
utrgrrLrr('bb) ,.-Li-L lrlLlll,(rL('b, .-:\.-'].--
wlrGll!sl +L-
tlltr
incomirig machine is running fast (Clockwise) or slorv (anticlockwise). As r,vith th*
syncirrcscope, the tramp sequence n"lust appear to rotate siorvl-y clockwise. Comect
svnchronization occurs when the top or key lamp is dark and the trvo bottonr latnps are
equally brigtit.
Vi ha€ is fhe noi:mai reading +;i ai:d ;nsilEatio* testmeter?
iniiniry is a normai readino, but rearling sirouiri he kepi a.irove 5 mega-ahms
II.rL^a :^ ^^-- ^-a:^I ^a^--*:*^q!
vY Eratf rS ^sEqutrrlr4] f,lal r.ilg;
It is the automatic stariing of essential equipment rvhen power is returned after a total
power failure, i"e. equipment such as steering gear
Name the trips found on a g€nerator circuit breaker.
i over current
2. Under voitage
3. Reverse pc.J/€r.
flolr'would you go about finding an €arth fault in the system?
Finding an earth fault woulcl be lry the nrocess of elimination i"e. circuit breakers would
h.+ nnonod qnrl clncer{ rrn?il eqrfL fq,rlt ;:lilar,r:ear+''i+ol-in * r)T+ rt.hich hreoLorc .*rpre hein+
upgrrgu -*A lrvlFtl
^*-^-^l aurllt ^l---) {t5 +L^-- *^,. L^
^- urgy r1r4} {J\t ---*.-1-. ----*+l-l
SupPrj/ tr)}grrtl(u 1-*.tr- 4tt
1\J4lu} urp +l*-^
-+.-L* urtrg. al va"\Jtllll L^
l+ ,-.^,.!l ^^^J
t-rg iiu\JLl
practice to start wrth places such as the galley and laundry.arhere faults are common.
lYhat loads are considered Non-essential?
Loads considered as non-essential are: -- Air conditionins and ventilation. laundrv"
galley, refrigeration and deck equipment.
Draw and explain how earth larnps works.
A direct earth on pole will short circuit its lamp. causing the other two to shine brightly.
D----f
ir-iritrAiir
^:- wriilt, Y?ltturl L^--^*
--,L,.*,-,^,-1,.1 rr JlJU w€rE 4^
ilaiPltErr :g-,^-- 1t, l^^^ ^ *ataaa+^a
trrDE it g€fitr-tattr.
First the standby generator set r.vould start up and automatically put itself on the board. If
this did not happen, the ship would "BLACK OUT" and after a time delay, usually 30
seconds, the emergency Generator would start up and supply the emergency switchboard,
which supplies essential equipment.
What is single phasing of a motor?
It is where one of the 3 phases supplying the motor becomes disconnected. The motor
rill coqtinrie t+ run if this irappens *d z resuit in mttor burncut. The effect ef singie
^L^^i-^i^ +^
piiiiijiiiB
i5 :*^-.-^-^ +l^^
au iiiuicaJc i- +L^
^,.*^-+ iir
iiii; tiiiiciia .ii- +.--+ -a:eoiri-ry
avv\J iliii4rrtriig !i--'.
itricr *-l
aiu !4uJs
^.-..^ dis +^+^-
+1-a rtlvrur +^
.u
become very noisSr ciue io uneven torque prociuceci.
What are the causes of single phasing?
It happens when one of the three back up fuses blows or if one of the contactcr contacts is
ir nnpn rtrcrti+

What is reverse power protectian ior?

Generator intended to operate in parallei must have a reverse power protection trip. A
reverse po\^,'er reiay monitors the direction of power flowing between the generator and
the switchboard.
If a prime mover failure occurred the generator would act as a motor. The Reverse Power
Relay detects this fault and acts to trip the generator circuit breaker.

What is the function of the AVR?

It is toregulate the exciter field current automatically, comparing the generator terminal
r.oltage with the standard set voltage and thus maintaining the generator terminal voltage
to a constant value, regardless ofload changes.
 l0

fi*scs"lhe ho',t' nE:! A{l rir*trlr w,rirks_

i'"'{+si r! C ruoi'Jrs ou ships are oithe induetion or seqneritiai or squirei cage
motor types,
ihe ;rriricipie of ,rperation for ur,hreh is as fiiii*rn's Th* starier is made;s n-,acte up of three
s-=tarateiy pha-secl r.r'itrdi::gs, io rviiich a 3-pirase suppiy is connected. The rotsr has a
sei'ies ':f cotrrpei' conductcrs al*ng its axis, r.vhich are j+ined by nng at the ends to iou:r a
i.rge. 1'{7hetr the mclor is staried, the rotating nragnetrc field induces an EMF in the cage
anc! thtts 3 curr€rrt fl*rr,. The cilrrent cariving conductor in a magnetic fieid prociuces the
i=otor ef'feci. -iviricir iunrs the roior. The ixotor speeii builcls Lrl--' rc) avair-ieSust iess tiran the
speed of roiaiici^i of the niagneiic fieiel. The ffiiiLirspeeci dei:encis ilpon the EMF inciuced
:r: the roicr and tiris ciepends ui-ro1r the difference in speed betu,een the concluctor a-nc1 ilie
i:-agneiic iielcl.
A number ot' ciifTeient fixed speeds aie pcssrble hy cha.nging ihe number ol poles
(cor iciu c rtr rs )

Sescrilre li*w a self *xcifed AC Genera*sr would work.

Tl^re self ercited A C generator basicallv consists of a s",,nchronizes qeneratoi-. lo,here tj:e -]
i-:irase supply is gerieraied. an A C erciter anc{ a rotary rectifier and a static excitati*ri
de i'ice.
'iiie roia.ting diode chan-g1e A C into D C for the i) C excitation cllil.ent, r.i,hich is supplied
ti:ror.lgir brusiies The exciter in conl'r-iilction witir the A V R is rised t* m*nitcr thr-: correct
',r+ltage unciei lcad changes.
trYh*t is a circuit ltreaker'j
The c.ir-cuit breaker is al isolating snitcl-i ihat also acts as a fuse. It has two designeii
raiitt-q r:i-le of normai safu v;crkin.q ci;nent- anC the cther againsi overload, rvhicir rnav
ai:a i:ave a tinre delav
lYhat eon*litions are nec€ssary ta paraliet two generators?
Tire sneed of hotl^r nlaci:ines nrust be the same l.e the frecluencv ancl rhe valtaEes must ire
1.r-^ S?1-i19 anc! in phase.
Wirat *re tire irvr; rnain typres of irzriierrr, ctlrlmuniy r-nsed E-ra "nuanti ships?
i-ead 'rcid arrd Alkrrline
le.Jh}'d* you neq".nire *arth lamps cn 22$v distritrufion board lyhen vru
!:*":s f!:e*r +:: the ::r:tir? s"::itcirtJ+*rd?
You ie.i'Lilre ea;-,ii ian'ps crr il-rt; 220v disti'ib',,itiol boar,j as -rvell as the ;i:arin bcai-cl, diie ia
tire alr gap iir step dc'wn tiai-rsfonirei'i.e.'i40v eanir lanrps can't detect eafih cn 220v
s-ystem ciue to tlie gap.
1?hat s*rt Gf starting current dc vou get lr'ith a tlirect on*line starter?
{r-8 tinres fLlli load cuffi*i-rf
llrhat is the Furpcse of the over ctirrent ;irotection rrip?
The nllryose of the over cLri'renr nroteciron is to trip the gerrerator i;r overload situatrr-'rns
Ti:: ti:p is L:su:liv set at !509/+ s::*rating c*paciry and iras a time ce!a;'cf Lsua!l;,?r,i
si:.*.onds Tl-,is allo-ws fo;'shoit i;eiiocls ci'ovci'ioaci ciirrciii. It aiso itiotecis a:cakisi a shc:t
crrcuit iir ihe gel:arator.
H,iiren w-crking on batteries. r,vhat precautions shsukl be t:rhen?
lltrsure the snace is n'eli ventilated don'f snrnke.!r ilse nakeil lieht and alsn r,vear
n:'::tPCr;\ o,'lnrl.ina rt11"i-, oinr':.
1r ?11!'n!i ;iu- i !;. .,,.i fa.-- ciriald
 i;

lFrir'iat is me*nt iiy* lii=efei.entiai ir-inpingt

Pr=ferentiai trinping is the trinping of non-essentiai loads when an overioaci condition
nnnl!rC nt1 q ftanprqfnr

If a generaiJr o-oerloa,i der'elops ihe prefbrential trip relay operates an alarm and acis to
inp selecied non-essentiai loads. These loaris may irip at set intervals depencling cn how
essential the loads is i.e. first trip-Sseconds. Second trip-i0 secon,js.
\4:'hat is the normal reading on and insulation Test meter?
Infinirv- is a normal reading, but reading should be kept above 5 mega-ohms.
Fescribe how a self excited A C generator would work.

r.heie $3 -3-ph:se sr:pp!;'is generated, an 3^ C e::citer snd a rctan/ rectifier and a

siaiic c;rciiation,ic'" icc.
TherotaiingciiodechangeACintoDCibriheDCiorrheDCexcitaiioncurreni,rvhich
rs supplied through brushes. The exciter in conjunction with the A V R is used to monitor
the correct r,'oltage under load changes.
ilhat is the purpose of sheath on a cable?
The sheath of a cable protects the insutraticn from damage and injury * it is not ciassed as
iasulant. Sheath naterials are reqo,rired to be heat, cil and chernical resist:nt an,.l flame
i'ciai-clant (HOFR). Thc sheath musr also bc touel: and flcxiblc.
&IIIILTIIIETER:--

/ rulvst ru uc urr, ualjaclwi fu u€ OisciraigeLi.

"i Switch off the supply, remove a fuse link, convert probe in series with the load
and tum on the power.
CI-IRRENT CLAMP METER --

. a. vtippvu dvuriq J vvit weola i iVailiiii6 ZUiv.

r iisuaus€ ti tnoutiut's iirc rrragrctrs iiux arouiti iire cabie, iire rrei iiux ecr'u {br 3
core cahie
DIQDE TESTS:--

-) The *stru*:ent ddves a s*1a11 D.C. curent {mA) thrcush the CioCe rt neasure the
. l' - - |
vurragc uruij iluruss rr.
Tum off the supply, discharge all capacitors connect the
probe across diode read fom'ard voltage drop 500-900 mV for a silicon diode.
-'r Reverse the probe ) indicated "over range".
If over range in both direction ) open circuit fault
-, If less than I V in both direction ) Short circuit fault.
SHQBE SUIPTY {IQN}{ECTIQN : --
Connoctiern hox ) Srrilable teminais ) ear-Jring ferminals E cireutt breaker ane! fi-rses
!4 ,t' !4.t tho cohlc lirlriqtty
.v lrivlvlr rnrn+alror kav
vv/i fn o""i+rh L^o.rl
rv o-riivii uv-iu, Aota alolo
*6i[ ^1"ooo sa^rran^a
ViGiJ, ijii;;t;J{U-iii,;
riiuiiralutJ, :--J:
.--Jl--+^'-- ^^i--lt--^^,-\
tiiuruiiaui \raltlpl utt itriiiil 5wrrulr
^,-,--^|,- ---:L^1- l-^-""J ),^t---1 ^^1-^
uualu ltrl€tluur.s.
 12

Et,ECTBtfiCAtst,E:__
fbr 440 V is designed a,s 600/lo00 V
Ca:'1e r:ser:
n nn 4,,
+ 600 to eart-h or 1000 V betr.veen
^+" -^
LU!iUU!lari-..

Cuncirrciurs * Cupper.
lnsuiation * tsutyi mbber" ethylene propylene rLrbber (EpR)
Cross linked poil-ethylene (VLPE), pVC + shore.
Sheath t Neoprene.
Easket r,r/oven * ra.ire braid.
ILE_GGEE
Ea',,,ad*
, utiItV!tr!\/rru!r\,.vrJ, ^^-,-,1,,^r^..

F Contrnurfl,testing.

t Three sets cf coils

AZBZ C3 *--*Strip

infinifr).
Pl iRPCISE Ci{ -INS{It,ATIC}N --
The purp+se of ilsulati*n i-q to keep eleet,rr': e.une4l ur the eonrJuetors zuiel to
preveni contact v;.{th live -..,*res. The slectric registance cf i:rsulaticn lnugt be very higl:
(iviG) iLl pteveri cuiterli ieakirrg away iic,irr conduciors. iiisuiaiion resisiaiice is treasuierj
hetrareen
+ Ccnductors and earth.
':. Conciuctcrs.
Snrface deposits can reduce the insulaiiori resistar-lce,
insulatiori is aclversely effected by many factom such as hurnidity, temperature, electric
;:-nd meciranical strsss, vibration, chemicals, oil dir-t and of course old age.
EA egQ,B E I F ECTIN GlNSlrL,A E [QI{ &-E $I SEA N C E - - .

1. Du-ct, mrlist!(e- grea-se, c'il and ,saline deprrsrr on th.e winciing

2. I{,.lmidif **d c+llditicns that legd t+ c+lldensaticn.
a T-. -,--,--L ,--:,-- _l_-,------
-]. r s.rilpgr arurc lrl{.rea^5s5, i€sis[iilrue
-:--_,--- ueurcilsEs.
+. Intermrttently run off n:otor.
5 F{ouz recently the m{:}ior *'as vamisl:ed.
ENSII{,ATIf}N TEST:--
1. lnibru duty engiae'er t,efbre stopping lraehite.
2. Sr.,tich cff snC l*ck all the suppircs.
a f\t--... 1, -,,.,-- ,-,:,,1--e-.,
:,-- 11 ,-
-r. rr-iSplAy wailrlItB IrUtr{-rc UtrlOlg i€IIrUViilg lltc- UUVEi.
-.-,.-:..-_ -^

4. Confirm the cirsuits are dead before touchrng conductor and terminais by using a
,,oltage iestef
 :3

5' Test should be canied ouf after the machine is still hot
after running on load.
5. Insulatian resista:rce shauld be at least 1 M,e.
7 ' For generafor diseonneet all
AVR equ-ipment instrument eonneetron and heater
supplies.
B' The resistance should be measured between insulated conductor and earth
and
bet.+yeen twc conductors.
9 ' Beftre testing the short the probe
together the pointer should indicate 0'O.
10. After disconnecting motor termrnals marks shoulcl
be grven.

E{.UqES QE BLYEBSS-PQWER T&IP --

l. ? geaeratois rr'tnilg loss c,f exeita,tian in &e.
2' T"..c ge*ele:crs sie run::i*g icad is shifteC io e.nctl:sr +ne
buf breaker ri,ss a^r n,r+
rY"€ iiv. l'u'
r.liT
J. Breaker of idie generator is put on aciverseiy.
4. Prime nover failure.

1 Over laae!. trip ) siver lcad nieehanieall:,

Fuses )
for hlg:: :hon c:rcuil.
j. Uir..ie,' uliage proiyc iiorr.
n
+, Righ wnding temperature protection.

POSSIBLE CAtgE tF A -3 PHASE MCITOR F'AILS TO START

L One or nrore &ises na;v are start.
2. \,'cltagc n:ai'bc :oo lo';.
3. Siariitrg ioad irray i:e ioo irigit.
4' Wom out bearing due to w*rich the armature may be touching field lamrnation
thus introdr_rcing extra friction.

q'=g ITSB4T QB PEQTE C TI ON -- :

\Yhe'! ship-" ge:'asraltr is srrbjeetec!1.o crver load eitler supperlrng generat{ir

ntust be
paraiieled ci non-essential load drcpped. if over icad is allc'..".ed
t* -,"p u generalcr circurt
i:reaker ait eveii grcater over loa,j wjii be fiilown it oii i.r ar,r, paraiieicd
inaeliines cascade
tnpping wrll occur resulting in a complete loss of supply.
a) Preferentral rripping
b) Under voltage protection.
c) Reverse power protection
d) Over current relay protection.

MOTOF. SAFETTES:_:
i, F'uses.
2. Sver cutrgni ;eia5,'.
3. Therrilisier avsr ireaiirrg r.eiay.
4. Heafing element w:hile idling
5. Cooling.
6 l_lnder voltage profeclion.
 i4

Pil-flL]AUTIC}N 1ryHILf, WGRKING

ON ALECTRI{J EQLiIPMETIT::
I removecl or circuit trreakers opened ,o *nr*n* fliat
}}t:-*ot all related circuits
I lf
possible sr.vitehes or circuit
breakers to be reckeeJ. iriotiee to be
Wherc attached.
fu-ses are removeei it shoulel- be
retained try the rnan rvcrrking on
equipment urtii the job is finished. the
+ Lnsuiated glo','es to be uiom rvhere practrcable.
Contaet with deek shouid tre a_voieied pa_rtleularly
if it is wet.
Ijsing voltage tester ean eontain vcltage.

i. F--'<eitatiol &iltire
: Under excilel:cn.
.i uvrr r:,.,uii.aiiurr.
4' improper cocilng ima.v be cilrry fiiteri for
rvarer cocileci ma,v be clue to heat
exchangcr.
5 For brush excitatron may tre bnrshes wour
out reducing the spring aetion cause
sparking.
{.
Rocker l-rrush spring tension redueed eausing
sparking
7
Wom out earbon pa.dieles fb-lling on the rotor/statcr
insrl:1ian wineling ear_rsins low
s i{eating element which is used to prevent the inoisture from getting
the r'vrnding causing ror.r, insulaJion resistanee collecteci on
fail ure.
9 Pedestal bearing high teinperature poor iubrication.
l0' Too mueh elearanee betr'v'een the pedestal bearing
and the shaft r.r,hieh reduce,q the
alr gap at the bottom betrveen a:mature and
rotor.

HOW TO flF.f tiilK THE TiE,E{ITR IC VIOT{}R

Er:sLire the brd5,. co'riri. cf the n'otor haq
ect becime li.re in contact '*di a li..,i:
cable by- usilg a leste;-.
L Circck icrrrperaiure by iirc i;airr ri rlruir-rr ur-rdy ir be {bii wiiir if rr-r icrrrper.aiure
indieating system.
-r. Check bearing temperature ancl Iubrication.
+. Check the eooiing fa;r.
Ensi:re that *o water ol-oil should come in c'nfar:t
wrih rnotor. It is alsei dust fiee
6 Egthins r..virc is properly eonnected-
ro the grorr:rd_.
1 Check the load
on the rrioior.
R |i.a vrbr ation.
.t. No buming srnell.
Itl No a-bnorniai sour:ei frorn the bearinu.

tlrgst $eqrreneg: -- B.o phase sequ.ence it is rnea-nt the orcr_er rn wirich ihe 3 phases
atta-rn their m*ximrim and rninrmum va.lues.
 15

DIEE_E=BN-C]E:T
I The svnchrontltrs motor runs constant averase at a speed whatever the load wiiile
"q

the spesd cf a in4ucticn mct+r fr}ls scme*4rgt..'.'rth increase in load.

1
L. '!-!.-.,,-^L---^,.-
rtr{t syrrlrrrlrrtuu> +^+^a ^^- L^
rll\Jlur ud,rr ^.^^-^a^J
u(' up{rr4ttrLr \J\'\rl d. --il^ Iaiigit u,i
wiLr- -^-^^ uuui 1^-^:-^
^fL^+L iaggirig <iiiu
^-.I
leading but induction motor is always seen with a lagging power factor.
3. Synchronous motor is rrot self starhng.
4, The change in applied voltage does not effect synchronous motor torque as much
asthey effect induction motor.
5. A d.c. excitation is needed fbr synchronous but not for induction motor.
6. There is no slip with induction motor as wrth synchronous motor.
7. Synchronous motors are normally costly and complicated.
8. Synchronous motors particularly for low speed belon' 300 rpm but induction
motor excellent for above 600 mm.

I{QTQ& NAI{E PIATE

I R-ated i-r1l load eurre!1t {amp)
t TD *,.ok-r {inAino+^ +ho }.^+ro^ vr'
nf nrnfanfinn\
yrvtvvrivril.
r n .r_ f -.- - _ _1 /,,- /__,:,_\
J " r\ilrgu spcc(r u€v/rnrrlJ
4. Rated frequency (Iiz).
5. Rated voltage. (V).
5. Fower rating {Kw)
7. Type.
B. i- Phase Induction moior.
9. Connection {Delta).
l:).'",reight
1i. Serial no.
12. Bearing (drive end/ non drive end).

Heater are fitted lqge :--

| . When altemators are shut off and runnins no heat will be senerated inside
..r+ndings.
1
L. -^^^ +-*-
-^i-.- r\rurrr
LrrStrrtr rll('Y L^
tgrrrp -^-. ^l^---
ug 9rrd.rl}.Q ^+*^^-L^-i^
dD pgr <llrrrlrsprrgrrL ^^^Al+l^- <urll
!\Jlr\lrlr\Jrr ^-I r^*-
Lgrrrp.
3. Engine room temperature has high humidity.
4. Hence w{"len alternator is not runnrng.
Or
Just stopped after long running, the moisture gets condense over the windings.
5. This moisture will damage the winding insulation.
6. Insuia,tion resistance IR wril reduce.
7. 'Windings
This will lead to short circuit.
B may bum.
9. Also oil vapor wiil condenser and along with cause formation of thick sludge
10. This will cause windins to overheat.
I l. May bum.
 ELECTRjCAE 1/

with referenee to the insulation testiiig of marine electr"icar prant.-

State the reason reason for insrilation testing.
1. To find oui the condition of insuiation of rnachinery.
2. To avoid short circuitirrg in between machinedes.
3. Tr; preverrt damage of equipmer-ri as a rcwlt of short cir-,cuit.
ri. Tc avaid ciiir€fit iPo'"r,er) ioss in tiie s,y-stem.
5. Tc avoiti a possi-bie ilre i='azaiti as a resuii cf biimiiig of ccmooi-,enis wiricir
ma-v occiir ciue io insciation faiiure.
6. .fo iind oiii an-v possibie ear*ji ibuit in ihe sysiem.
7. Tc avoid frtai shoeks to pe$onnei onboar'i as a result of insuiation ftilure.
E. As a iiari oi-, roiitine maintenance it helF in predicting the trend in
insuiation cirap of machinery there b;1,' preveiiiing a future tbiiure of the
machine and saving overali cosi in repairwork invoived.
State the pr-ecautions ic be cbserved ivrlen testing intrinsicaiiy safe equipment iype
Eri=
i - The bc'dy materiai of instrument and toois required for maintenarce purposes
shoui<i be ciesigned so that they will not make a hot spark when iiroppe<i. ia) Lo.w
po-wei= insirumeniaiion. ib) Aianns and conimunicaiion c ircu its.
Z. an eiectric saibqv barrier are i'itted to the circuit. The purpose of such barrier is to
lirnit the voiiage and current in hazardous area wlren a fbult sucit as shorts circuit
occurs in the circuit. These safet-v barriers consist of a shunt zener <iiode.
Wirile iesting Exi Ectuipnient:-
1. The equionlent to be tested is isoiated electricaliy.
2. to avoid riamages to zener diodes they should be isolated from the circuit as they
cannot withstanti zuch high voitage deveioped by "Megger".
3. Testine shouiei be cione preferabiy in non-hazarcious zones as rhere is a possibiiit_v-
of sparkwhich mav cause expiosion.
Tirese are circuit in which neither spark nor any thermai eiTect prociuce under prescri"ue
test conciition is capabie of causin=o ignition of a given expiosive atrnosphere. Generaiiy.
ihis means limiting the circuit eonciition to iess iiran 30v and 50 mA.
Descri'be the overhaul of D.C. motorwhich has been subiecteri to excessivefu tiamp
contiition or flooding with sea water.
1. D-e . motor have w-inding in botir stator and rotor.
2. Take out all connection for iire siaror anci rotor connection.
3. Check the stator anci rotor winding for IR.
4. If IR is low, then disma.ntle the motor.
5. Wash with distilled water. the winding of stator and rotor to remove <iust, salt
deposits etc.
6- By means of lamps. heat up the stator and rotor winding.
7 . Check the IR {Only w.r.t. earth).
8. Check iR (between slip ring and shaft).
9. Repeat the procedure of heating several tirnes (2-3) io gei a minimum value of
1M'a.
10. Apply quick drying spray vamish to the winding after obtaining the desired vaiue
of IR.
i 1. Box up the motor and fit in respective place.