Lab Manual Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics: Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JAMSHORO
Department of Civil Engineering
Lab Manual
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics
Name: ___________________ Roll No._________

LAB INDEX
Lab Date of
Object(s) Remarks
No. Performance
a) Introduction to the “Hydraulics Laboratory”

and HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) measures.
1
b) Introduction of the Equipment’s of Fluid
Mechanics and Hydraulics which will be used for
performing the practical.
2 To determine errors in the readings of a Bourdon
pressure gauge.
3 To determine the metacentric height of floating body.
To investigate the validity of the formulas for resultant

4 force on, and position of center of pressure of a
vertical rectangular surface.
5 To prove validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
a) To determine the Cd for a Venturi meter.

6
b) To determine the Cd for an Orifice meter.
7 To find the coefficient of velocity for a small orifice.
8 To find the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice.
To investigate relation between head over sill of a
9 rectangular notch and the flow rate through the notch.
To investigate relation between head over vertex of a
10
vee-notch and flow rate through the notch.
To determine Chezy’s and Manning’s coefficient (C
11
and N) for a rectangular smooth open channel.
To examine quantitative characteristics of hydraulic
12 jump formation on a horizontal floor of a rectangular
channel.
13 To determine Cd of a venturi flume.
To draw specific energy curve for open channel with

14
subcritical and super critical flow.
15 Open ended lab.

MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JAMSHORO
CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
It is to certify that__________________________________________________________having
Roll No.________ has successfully carried out all necessary practical activities of Fluid Mechanics
and Hydraulics lab as prescribed by the University for the year of ______________.
Signature of Instructor: ________________
Submission Date: ____________________

Lab Manual: Fluid Mechanics & Hyd
Lab No. 1
Object:
a) Introduction to the “Hydraulics Laboratory” and HSE (Health, Safety and
Environment) measures.
Here, you will learn about:
✓ Health and safety precautions followed by Hydraulics laboratory.

✓ General guidelines for the students and the lab stuff.
______________________________________________________________________________
Importance of Health and Safety:
Major Precautions:
1|Page
2|Page
Lab No. 1
Object:
b) Introduction of Equipments of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Practicals.
✓ Various Equipments, their description which are used in the practicals of Fluid
Mechanics & Hydraulics.
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Hydraulics Bench:
Paste its picture here.
3|Page
2.Dead weight Tester & Bourdon Gauge:
3.Metacentric Height Apparatus:
4|Page
4: Hydrostatic Pressure and Center of pressure Apparatus:
5: Orifice & Notch Apparatus:
5|Page
6: Fluid friction Apparatus:
6: Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus:
6|Page
7: S4 Tilting Flume:

7|Page
Lab No. 2
Object: To determine errors in the readings of a Bourdon pressure gauge.
✓ Procedure of standard pressure determination using dead weight tester.

✓ Working mechanism of Bourdon pressure gauge.
✓ Determination of errors in the reading of a Bourdon pressure gauge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydraulic bench, dead weight tester, weights, pressure gauge to be tested (Bourdon gauge).
Theory:
➢ Pressure = force or weight added to the piston /x-sec. area of piston

(kN/m2)
8|Page
Procedure:
Observations:
Table 1.1
Weight of piston ……………………………… 0.646 kgf = 0.646 x 9.81/1000 kN
Cross-sectional area of piston …………………….243.5 mm2 = 243.5/106 m2
9|Page
Gauge
S. Weight added Total load on Pr. on the cylinder, Pc-Pg
pressure, Pg
No. to Piston (kgf) Piston (kgf) Pc (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
(4) = (3)X9.81X
(3) = 0.646 (6) = (4) –
(1) (2) 1000/243 = (5)
+ (2) (5)
(3)X 40.3
1. 0 0.646
2. 0.5 1.146
3. 1.0 1.646
4. 1.5 2.146
5. 2.5 3.146
Results & Comments:
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Lab No. 3
Object: To determine the metacentric height of a floating body.
✓ Drive the analytical equation for determining the metacentric height of a floating
body.
✓ Procedure to determine the metacentric height of a floating body.
✓ Determine the stability of a floating body using the metacentric height value and
conditions of equilibrium.
______________________________________________________________________________
Stability of a floating body:
➢ The question of the stability of a body such as a ship which floats on the surface of a liquid
is of importance. Whether the equilibrium is stable, neutral or unstable is determined by
the height of its center of gravity, and in this experiment the stability of a pontoon may be
determined with its center of gravity at various heights.
Apparatus Required:
➢ Metacentric height apparatus
Theory:
The arrangement of the apparatus is shown on Fig. 2.1. A plastic pontoon of a rectangular form
floats in water and carries a single mast. From this a plumb-bob is suspended so that the angle of
list of the pontoon may be read off a scale marked in degrees. The height of the center of gravity
of the floating body may be varied by an adjustable weight which slides up and down the system.
A jockey weight is arranged to slide along a bar fixed on the pontoon parallel to its base; as this
weight is moved by known intervals, the change in angle of list is noted, and the stability of the
pontoon thereby measured.
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Mast
( )
Fig. 2.1 Arrangement of floating pontoon.
Consider the rectangular pontoon shown floating in equilibrium on even keel as shown in cross-
section on Fig. 2.2 (a). the weight of the floating body acts vertically downwards through its center
of gravity G and this balanced by an equal and opposite buoyancy force acting upwards through
the center of buoyancy B, which lies at the center of gravity of the liquid displaced by the pontoon.
Fig. 2.2. Derivation of stability of floating pontoon.
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To investigate the stability of the system, consider a small angular displacement θ from the
equilibrium position as shown in Fig. 2.2 (b). The centre of gravity of the liquid displaced by the
pontoon shifts from B to B1. The vertical line of action of the buoyancy force is shown on the
figure and intersects the extension of line BG in M, the metacentre.
The equal and opposite forces through G and B1 exert a couple on the pontoon, and provided that
M lies above G (as shown in Fig. 2.2 (b)) this couple acts in the sense of restoring the pontoon to
even keel, i.e. the pontoon is stable. If, however, the metacentre M lies below the centre of gravity
G, the sense of the couple is to increase the angular displacement and the pontoon is unstable. The
special case of neutral stability occurs when M and G coincide.
Fig. 2.2 (b) shows how the metacentric height GM may be established experimentally using the
jockey weight to displace the center of gravity sideways from G. For suppose the jockey weight w
is moved a distance x from its central position, and wt. of the whole floating assembly is W, then
the corresponding movement of the centre of gravity of the whole, in a direction parallel to the
base of the pontoon, is (w/W) x. If this movement produces a new equilibrium position at an angle
of list θ, then in Fig. 2.2 (b), G1 is the new position of the centre of gravity of the whole, i.e.
GG1 = (w / W) . x (3.1)
Now, from the geometry of the figure,
GG1 = GM. tan θ
= G M. θc as θ (radians) is small (3.2)
From eq. (2.1) & (2.2),
metacentric height GM = (w/W) . x / θc (3.3)
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Procedure:
Observations:
Total wt. of floating assembly, W= 1.690 kg
Jockey wt., w = 0.304 kg
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 GM
x
S.No. θav = (w/W) x/ θcav
(cm) θ 0
L θ 0
R
θoav θcav (cm)
(5) = (6)=(5) . (7) = (w/W)

(1) (2) (3) (4)
[(3)+(4)] / 2 π/180 (2)/(6)
(a) Adjustable Wt. at Top of mast
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aver.
(b) Adjustable Wt. at Bottom of mast
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aver.
Results & Comments:
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17 | P a g e
Lab No. 4
Object: To investigate the validity of the formulas for resultant force on, and
position of center of pressure of a vertical rectangular surface.
.
✓ Drive the analytical equations for determining the theoretical hydrostatic forces in
partial and complete immersion cases.
✓ Procedure to determine the hydrostatic pressure.
✓ Determination of center of pressure of immersed rectangular surface.
______________________________________________________________________________
Hydrostatic Pressure & Center of pressure:
➢ Hydrostatic force is defined as the force exerted by the static liquid on any body or
surface which is brought in contact with the standing water and the corresponding force
per unit area is known as hydrostatic pressure.
➢ Center of pressure is the point of application of the resultant hydrostatic pressure.
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydrostatic pressure and centre of pressure apparatus. loose weights.
Theory:
For the above apparatus, the plane subjected to hydrostatic force is vertical. The following
formulae may be applied to give expressions for moment of the hydrostatic force about the knife-
edge axis: -
−
P = w. A y (7.1)
I0
and yc = −
( 7 .2 )
Ay
−2
IG + A y
= −
(Transfer formula for Moment of Inertia, I)
Ay
18 | P a g e
_ IG
or yc = y + −
(7.3)
Ay
− IG
or yc − y = −
(7.4)
Ay
where P = hydrostatic force
−
y = depth of C.G. of immersed area A
yc = depth of center of pressure below free surface
Io = 2nd moment of the area about the free surface
IG = 2nd moment of the area about a horizontal axis through its C.G.
(i) Partial Immersion
Fig. 7.2
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− y
y = ; A = by
2
1
 P = w by 2
2
−
IG by 3 / 12
and yc − y = −
= = y/6
Ay by 2 / 2
Moment M of P about knife-edge axis is given by:
M = P . yc
1  y y 1  y
or M = w b y . a + d − +  = w b y . a + d − 
2 2
(7.5)
2  2 6 2  3
Also M=Wl (7.6)
where w = unit wt. of water = 1 g /cc
W = Weight added to balance pan
1 = distance from knife-edge axis to balance pan suspension rod axis
From (7.5) & (7.6),
1  y
W1= wb y 2  a + d −  (7.7)
2  3
 y
1 x 7.5 x y 2 12 +10 − 
3 y  y
2
or W=  =  22 − 
30 x 2 8  3
or W=2.75 y2 -0.042 y3 (7.8)
(ii) Complete Immersion
20 | P a g e
Fig. 7.3
− −
P = w A y = w. y b d
− bd 3 / 12 −
yc − y = −
= d 2 / 12 y
bd y
M = P . yc
 
−  2 
d d 
or M = w y b d a + + (7.9)
 2 −

 12 y 

Also M = Wl (7.10)
From (4.8) & (4.9),
 
−
 d d2 
W 1= w y b d  a + + − 
(7.11)
 2 
 12 y 
− d
Also y= y − (7.12)
2
From (4.11) and (4.12),
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 100 
(y − 5) x 7.5 x 10 12 + 5 + 
 12 ( y − 5) 
W =
30 x 1
or W = 42.5y – 191.75 (7.13)
Procedure:
Observations:
(i) y < d (Partial Immersion)

Table
a = 12 cm d = 10 cm
b = 7.5 cm l = 30 cm
22 | P a g e
Wac − Wth
y Wth =2.75 y2 – 0.042 y3 Wac Error = x 100
Wth
S. No.
(cm) (g) (g)
(%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Av. ……
(ii) y > d (Complete Immersion)

Wth = 42.5 y – 191.75 Wac − Wth
y Wac Error = x 100
S. No. Wth
(g)
(cm) (g)
(%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
23 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
24 | P a g e
Lab No. 5
Object: To prove validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
.
✓ Bernoulli’s theorem for ideal fluid.

✓ Procedure for determining the discharge and velocities at the different sections of
Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus.
✓ Examining the theorem on the water whether that behaves as ideal or real fluid.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Bernoulli’s theorem apparatus, hydraulic bench, and stopwatch.
25 | P a g e
Theory:
➢ Bernoulli’s Theorem states that ‘for any mass of flowing fluid in which there is continuous
connection between all the particles, the total head (sum of pressure, velocity and datum
heads) of each particle is the same.’
Procedure:
26 | P a g e
Observations:
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Results & Comments:
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Lab No. 6
Object:
a) To determine the Cd for a Venturi meter.
✓ Venturi meter working mechanism and Coefficient of discharge.

✓ Drive the equation for theoretical discharge.
✓ Procedure for determining the actual and theoretical discharge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Fluid Friction Apparatus
Apparatus Required:
➢ Fluid friction apparatus; Hydraulics bench and Stopwatch.
29 | P a g e
Theory:
➢ Venturi meter is an apparatus used for measuring discharge of a liquid flowing in a pipe.
A venturimeter in its simplest form consists of.
1) A converging cone
2) Throat
3) A diverging cone
Fig. 2 Venturi meter (diagrammatic)
Let
a1 = cross-sectional area at the entrance = 338.6 mm2 = 3.386 cm2
a2 = cross-sectional area at the throat = 84.6 mm2 = 0.846 cm2
h= difference of head between entrance and throat
Qac = Cd . Qth
or Cd = Qact / Qth
where Qac = V/t
a1a2
and Qth = 2 gh
a12 − a22
30 | P a g e
In the fluid friction apparatus, a1 = 338.6 mm2 = 3.386 cm2 and a2 = 84.6 mm2 = 0.846 cm2,
hence
(3.386)(0.846). 2  981
Qth = h
(3.386) − (0.846)
2 2
or Qth = 38.7 h
Procedure:
31 | P a g e
Observations:
Qac Qth
Qac
Qth = 38.7 h Cd =
S.
V t Qac = V / t h1 h2 h = h1 – h2
No. Qth
(lit) (cm3) (sec) (cm3/sec) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm3/sec)
1
2
3
4
5
Average Cd =
Results & Comments:
32 | P a g e
Lab No. 6
Object:
b) To determine the Cd for an Orifice meter.
✓ Orifice meter working mechanism and Coefficient of discharge.

✓ Drive the equation for theoretical discharge.
✓ Procedure for determining the actual and theoretical discharge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Fluid Friction Apparatus
Apparatus Required:
➢ Fluid friction apparatus; Hydraulics bench and Stopwatch.
33 | P a g e
Theory:
➢ Orifice meter is an apparatus used for measuring discharge of a liquid flowing in a pipe.
D= diameter of the pipe = 28.4 mm = 2.84cm
d= diameter of the orifice = 18.5 mm = 1.85 cm
A= cross-sectional area of the pipe = 6.3347 cm2
a= cross-sectional area of the orifice = 2.688 cm2

Fig. Orifice meter (diagrammatic)
h= differential head
2 gh
Q = a (1)
  d 4 
1−   
  D  
Qact = Cd x Qth = Cd a 2 gh
  d 4 
1 −   
  D  
or Qact = 131.5 Cd h (cgs units) (2)
Cd = Qact / Qth (3)
34 | P a g e
Procedure:
Observations:
 h Qac
S.  t Qac = ht hm Qth = 131.5 h Cd =
t = ht -hm Qth
No.
(lit) (cm3) (sec) (cm3/s) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm3/s) -
1
2
3
4
5
Average Cd =
35 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
36 | P a g e
Lab No. 7
Object: To find the coefficient of velocity for a small orifice.
.
✓ Orifice meter and Coefficient of velocity.

✓ Significance of coefficient of velocity
✓ Procedure to determine the coefficient velocity.
______________________________________________________________________________
Orifice
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydraulic Bench with orifice (and notch) apparatus, and Vernier calipers.
Theory:
➢ Let Cv = coefficient of velocity.
Then Cv = actual velocity at vena contracta (cc) / Theoretical velocity
Let H = head causing flow (Fig. 3.1)
v = actual velocity
37 | P a g e
Then Cv = v / 2g H (3.1)
or v = Cv 2g H
➢ The difference between the theoretical and actual velocities is due to friction at the orifice
and is very small for sharp-edged orifices. The coefficient of velocity will vary slightly for
different orifices, depending on the shape and size of the orifice and on the head. An
average value for Cv is about 0.97.
Consider Fig 3.2
Let H = height of liquid above centre of orifice
Fig. 3.2. Trajectory of the orifice jet
Consider a particle of liquid in the jet at P (x y) and let the time taken for this practical to move
from cc to P be t sec.
Then x = vt
and y = ½ gt2
Equating the values of t2 from these two equations,
x2/ v2 = 2y / g
or v= gx 2 / 2y
38 | P a g e
Cv = v/ 2g H
= x2 / 4yH (3.2)
Procedure:
39 | P a g e
Observations:
Orifice dia, d =…………cm
H X y x2 /H Cv =
S. No.
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) x2 / 4yH
1. …….
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean ……….
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Results & Comments:
41 | P a g e
Lab No. 8
Object: To find the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice.
.
✓ Distinguish between small and large orifice and coefficient of discharge.

✓ Significance of coefficient of discharge.
✓ Procedure to determine the coefficient of discharge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydraulic Bench with orifice (and notch) apparatus, measuring cylinder, stopwatch, and
Vernier calipers.
Flow under constant head
42 | P a g e
Theory:
Flow under constant head:
➢ Q= Cd A 2gH
➢ where Q= Discharge m3 / sec
➢ A= Orifice x – sec are a m2
➢ g= Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/sec2
➢ H= Head over orifice centre m
➢  Cd = Q/ (A 2 g H ) (4.1)
Procedure:
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Observations:
Area of tank, At .. x .. = .. cm2

Area of orifice, A ( )2 = .. cm2
4
(i) Flow under Constant Head

S. No. H V T Qac H Cd
(cm) (cm3) (Sec) = V/T ( cm ) = Qac / Qth
(cm3 /sec) Qac

=
A 2 gH
Mean ………..
44 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
45 | P a g e
Lab No. 9
Object: To investigate relation between head over sill of a rectangular notch
and the flow rate through the notch.
.
✓ Notches, flow rate and cd.

✓ Experimental and graphical procedure of finding the relationship between head
and discharge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydraulic Bench with (orifice and) notch apparatus, measuring cylinder and stop-watch.
Arrangement of apparatus for measuring flow through Rectangular Notch
46 | P a g e
Theory:

= Q = C d x 2 / 3 xL 2 g x H 3 / 2 (5.1)
T
where  = Vol. of water collected
T = Time in which  is collected
Q = Actual discharge
Cd = Coeff. of discharge for the notch
L = Length of the notch
H = Head over the notch
1 Qac
 Cd = . (5.2)
2 H 3/ 2
L 2g
3
0.033 Qac
 Cd = (cgs units) (5.3)
L H 3/ 2
Qac
or C d = 0.011 if L = 3 (cgs mits) (5.4)
H 3/ 2
Procedure:
47 | P a g e
Observations:
Length of the notch, L = 3cm
Qac
H H3/2 Qac= 
S. Qac
 T /T C d = 0.011
No (cm) (cm3/2) H 3/ 2
(cm3) (sec) (cm3/
sec)
Mean …
48 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
49 | P a g e
Lab No. 10
Object: To investigate relation between head over vertex of a vee-notch and
flow rate through the notch.
.
✓ Notches, equation for vee-notch, flow rate and cd.

✓ Experimental and graphical procedure of finding the relationship between head
and discharge.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Hydraulic Bench with (orifice and) notch apparatus, measuring cylinder and stop-watch.
Arrangement of apparatus for measuring flow through V-Notch
50 | P a g e
Theory:

Qac = C d x 8 / 15 2 g tan H 5 / 12 (6.1)
2
where Q = Actual discharge
Cd = Coeff. of discharge for the notch
 = The vertex angle
H = Head measured from vertex of the notch
1 Qac
or Cd = ..
8 H 5/2
1962 tan 45o
15
Qac
C d = 0.04 . (6.2)
H 5/ 2
Procedure:
51 | P a g e
Observations:
Angle of V notch,  = 90o
Qac Cd =
H H5/2  T
S. No (cc/ sec) Qac
(cm) (cm5/2) (cc) (sec) = 0.04
H 5/ 2
Mean
…..
52 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
53 | P a g e
Lab No. 11
Object: To determine the Chezy’s and Manning’s coefficient (C and N) for a
rectangular smooth open channel.
.
✓ Chezy’s and Manning’s equations for determining the velocity in open channel.
✓ Determination of Area, wetted perimeter, and hydraulics radius of rectangular
channel.
✓ Experimental procedure for determining the chezy’s and Manning’s coefficient.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Perspex – sided S4 tilting flume, with slope control device; stopwatch.
Perspex-sided tilting flume S4
54 | P a g e
Theory:
Fig. Uniform Flow in an Open Channel
In uniform flow:
Y is constant
V is constant
Sw = Sf = So = S (common symbol)
For a rectangular channel,
A = BY
P = B + 2Y
R=A/P
Fig. Cross-section of a rectangular channel
55 | P a g e
For uniform open-channel flow,
Chezy’s formula:
V =C R S (1.1)
V (1.2)
 C=
RS
And Manning’s formula:
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V = R S (1.3)
n
R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
 n= (1.4)
V
Procedure:
56 | P a g e
Observations:
B = 0.075 m
A P C= n
R V
R2/3
S# S t Q Y = = RS
= Q V R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
0.075 0.075 = Ss 1/2
=
A/P A RS V
x Y + 2Y
l m3 s m3/s m m2 m m m/s m1/2 m1/2/s m2/3 m-1/3.s
(4)= (6)= (10)= (11)= (13)= (14)=

(12)= (14)
(1) (2) (3) (3) (5) (4) (7) (8) (9) (8) (6) (11) (10)2/3 (15)=
(10) x(2) (11)
1000 (5) (9) (8) (12) (2)1/2
57 | P a g e
Results & Comments:
58 | P a g e
Lab No. 12
Object: To examine quantitative characteristics of hydraulic jump formation
on a horizontal floor of a rectangular channel.
.
✓ Specific energy, critical, sub-critical and super-critical flow.

✓ Renold’s number, hydraulics jump formation.
✓ Procedure to achieve the hydraulic jump.
✓ Determination of energy loss during the hydraulic jump.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Perspex – sided S4 tilting flume, with slope control device; stopwatch.
Perspex-sided S4 tilting flume
59 | P a g e
Theory:
The rise in water level, which occurs during transformation of shooting flow to tranquil
flow, is called hydraulic jump or standing wave. Where hydraulic jump takes place, a substantial
part of energy of the flowing liquid is dissipated.
The initial depth y and the sequent depth y of the jump are interconnected as under:-
y2
y1
=
1
2
( 1 + 8F12 − 1 ) (5.1)
where F1 is initial Fronde number, defined as
v1
F1 = (5.2)
gy1
The specific energy loss (ΔE  E1-E2)
is connected with y1 and y2 as under:-
( y2 − y1 ) 3
ΔE = (5.3)
4 y1 y2
60 | P a g e
Procedure:
61 | P a g e
Observations:
L = width of the channel = 7.9 cm
E1 E2
q=
v2
y2
F1
v12 = y2 +
t Q =
q
q y1 v 1 + 8F − 1
2
= y1 +
2g 2 ΔE= ( y2 − y1 )3
S. No y1 y2 v1
= = 1 1 v2 E1-E2
Q= y1 y1 y2
7.9 y2 gy1 2g
/t
cc s cm3/s cm2/s cm cm cm/s cm/s cm cm cm cm
1|Page
Graphs:
1. Plot y 2 against 1 + 8F12 − 1

y1
2. Plot ΔE against (y2 - y1)3 / y1 y2
Results & Comments:
1|Page
Lab No. 13
Object: To determine the Cd of a venturi flume.
.
✓ Venturi flume, its equation for theoretical discharge.

✓ Procedure to determine the discharge using S-4 tilting flume.
✓ Determination of Cd for a venturi flume.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ S-4 Tilting flume consisting of tilt control device, rotameter, and Venturi flume plates.
2|Page
Theory:
For a convergence – divergence flume,
Qth = b 2 g h (H 1 − h )
1/ 2
(6.1)
When the convergence is sufficiently narrow the flow in it passes through critical phase
 2 
 h = H 1 , and the discharge becomes related to H1 as:
 3 
1/ 2
2 1 
Qth = b 2 g H1  H 
3 3 
3/ 2
i.e Qth = 1.705 b H1 (mks units) (6.2)
3/ 2
or Qth = 17.05 b H1 (cgs units) (6.3)
Approximating H1 to H,
3|Page
Qac = 17.05 Cd b H 3/2 (6.4)
Q ac
or Cd = (cgs units) (6.5)
17.05b H 3/2
Procedure:
Observations:
4|Page
b = 4.7 cm
Qac Q ac
Qac-rota H Cd =
S. No. = 1000 Qac-rota 17.05x4.7xH 3/2
lit/s cc/s Cm
Aver. ………..
Results & Comments:
5|Page
Lab No. 14
Object: To draw the specific energy curve for open channel with subcritical
and super critical flow.
.
✓ Critical, sub-critical, super-critical flow, specific energy curve.

✓ Procedure to draw the sub-critical flow and super-critical flow curves.
✓ Procedure to obtain the specific energy curve.
______________________________________________________________________________
Apparatus Required:
➢ Perspex-sided Tilting flume S-4; stopwatch.
Theory:
Specific energy of a flowing liquid may be defined as its energy per unit weight (say per
kg) with reference to datum passing through bottom of the channel.
6|Page
Mathematically:
E = y + v2 / 2g
where
y = Depth of flow
v = Velocity of flow
Procedure:
7|Page
8|Page
Observations:
Width of flume, b = 7.9 cm
E0 E1
q= v1
S. q v 2
v 2
t Q Q Y0 y1 v0 = q 0 1
v02 v12
=
No
b
y0
y1 1962 2g = y0 + = y1 +
2g 2g
lit. cm3 s cm3/s cm2/s cm cm cm/s cm/s cm cm cms cm
(3) = (5) = (6) =

(6) ( 6) (9) 2 (10) 2
(1) (2) (2)x (4) (3) (5) (7) (8) (9) = (10) = (11)= (12)= (13)= (7)+(11) (14)= (8)+(12)
1000 (7) (8) 1962 1962
( 4) 7.9
1|Page
Graphs:
Plot:- E0 against y0
E1 against y1
Results & Comments:
1|Page

Lab Manual Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics: Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

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Lab Manual Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics: Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

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MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

Department of Civil Engineering

Name: ___________________ Roll No._________

a) Introduction to the “Hydraulics Laboratory”

To investigate the validity of the formulas for resultant

5 To prove validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem.

a) To determine the Cd for a Venturi meter.

To draw specific energy curve for open channel with

15 Open ended lab.

Signature of Instructor: ________________

Submission Date: ____________________

Here, you will learn about:

✓ Health and safety precautions followed by Hydraulics laboratory.

Importance of Health and Safety:

Here, you will learn about:

Paste its picture here.

2.Dead weight Tester & Bourdon Gauge:

Paste its picture here.

3.Metacentric Height Apparatus:

Paste its picture here.

4: Hydrostatic Pressure and Center of pressure Apparatus:

Paste its picture here.

5: Orifice & Notch Apparatus:

Paste its picture here.

6: Fluid friction Apparatus:

Paste its picture here.

6: Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus:

Paste its picture here.

Paste its picture here.

Signature of Instructor: ________________

Here, you will learn about:

✓ Procedure of standard pressure determination using dead weight tester.

➢ Pressure = force or weight added to the piston /x-sec. area of piston

Weight of piston ……………………………… 0.646 kgf = 0.646 x 9.81/1000 kN

Cross-sectional area of piston …………………….243.5 mm2 = 243.5/106 m2

Results & Comments:

Signature of Instructor: ________________

Here, you will learn about:

Stability of a floating body:

➢ Metacentric height apparatus

Fig. 2.1 Arrangement of floating pontoon.

Fig. 2.2. Derivation of stability of floating pontoon.

Now, from the geometry of the figure,

GG1 = GM. tan θ

= G M. θc as θ (radians) is small (3.2)

From eq. (2.1) & (2.2),

metacentric height GM = (w/W) . x / θc (3.3)

Total wt. of floating assembly, W= 1.690 kg

Jockey wt., w = 0.304 kg

(5) = (6)=(5) . (7) = (w/W)

(a) Adjustable Wt. at Top of mast

(b) Adjustable Wt. at Bottom of mast

Results & Comments:

Signature of Instructor: ________________

Hydrostatic Pressure & Center of pressure:

➢ Hydrostatic pressure and centre of pressure apparatus. loose weights.

where P = hydrostatic force

yc = depth of center of pressure below free surface

Io = 2nd moment of the area about the free surface

(i) Partial Immersion

Moment M of P about knife-edge axis is given by:

Also M=Wl (7.6)

where w = unit wt. of water = 1 g /cc

Name: ___________ Roll No._