Pivot Position

A System of Linear Equations

Two Equations, Two Unknowns:
Lines in a Plane
Three Possible Types of Solutions
1. No solution
Three Possible Types of Solutions
1. A unique solution
Three Possible Types of Solutions
1. Infinitely many solutions
Three Equations, Three Unknowns:
Planes in Space
 Intesections of Planes
What type of solution sets are represented?
 Elementary Operations
• Interchange the order in which the
equations are listed.
• Multiply any equation by a nonzero
number.
• Replace any equation with itself
added to a multiple of another
equation.
Augmented Matrix
 Row Operations
• Switch two rows.
• Multiply any row by a nonzero
number.
• Replace any row by a multiple of
another row added to it.
 Echelon Form
A rectangular matrix is in echelon form if it
has the following properties:
1. All nonzero rows are above any rows of all
zeros.
2. Each leading entry of a row is in a column
to the right of the leading entry of the row
above it.
Echelon Form
Echelon Form
 Define the Pivot Positions and
Pivot Columns.

The positions of the first nonzero entry in each

row are called the pivot positions.

The columns containing a pivot position are

called the pivot columns.
Example
Example
Example
 Echelon Form
A rectangular matrix is in row reduced
echelon form if it has the following
properties:
1. It is in echelon form.
2. All entries in a column above and below a
leading entry are zero.
3. Each leading entry is a 1, the only nonzero
entry in its column.
Reduced Row Echelon Form
Reduced Row Echelon Form
Solve the System
Solve the System
 Rank
The rank of a matrix is the number of nonzero
rows in its row echelon form.

Rank Theorem
Let A be the coefficient matrix of a system of
linear equations with n variables. If the system
is consistent, then
Number of free variable = n – rank(A)
Homogeneous System
Q.No.1
Find the general solution of the
linear system whose augmented
matrix is

 1 3 5 : 0
 0 1 1 
 : 3
Solution:
Here the given augmented matrix is

 1 3 5 : 0
 0 1 1 
 : 3
Solution:
Operating R1>>>R1 + 3*R2

 1 0 2 : 9
 0 
 1 1 : 3
Solution…..
Then the system of linear equation
will be
x1  2 x3  0........( i )
x2  x3  3.......... (ii)
So we take any value of x3 freely
to get the values of x1 and x2 as
follows .
Solution…..
Then the general solution of the
linear system will be

x1  9  2 x3
x2  3  x3
x3  any value
Q.No.2
Find the general solution of the
linear system
x1  2 x2  x3  3 x4  0
 2 x1  4 x2  5 x3  3 x4  3
3 x1  6 x2  6 x3  8 x4  2