ANATOMY

1.0A GENERALITIES, TERMS, PLANES

August 5, 2019 | Dr. Allan C. Librando LE #1

TOPIC OUTLINE III. SYSTEMS

I. History of Anatomy A. Types of Systems
II. Approaches to Studying Anatomy • Skeletal system
III. Systems • Muscular system
IV. Anatomical Planes • Integumentary system
V. Anatomical Position • Nervous system
VI. Anatomical Movements • Blood vascular system
VII. Anatomical Points • Lymphatics system
VIII. Skin IV. ANATOMICAL PLANES
IX. Skeletal System
A. Planes
I. HISTORY OF ANATOMY • Midsagittal (Median)
• Anatomy → vertical between anterior midline and posterior midline
→ the study of the structure and function of the body. → dividing the body into left and right
• Egypt • Parasagittal (Paramedian)
→ first formal study in anatomy → Parallel to midsagittal
→ Earliest descriptions of anatomy in papyrus • Coronal
• Greece → Vertical and Perpendicular to Midsagittal
→ Hippocrates • Midcoronal (Frontal)
▪ first taught anatomy Greece → Divides body to Anterior and Posterior halves
▪ founder of the science of anatomy; Hippocratic oath • Transverse (Horizontal)
▪ “The nature of the human body is the beginning of → Mutually perpendicular to midsagittal and coronal
Science”. • Axis
→ Aristotle → intersection of any 2 mutually perpendicular planes
▪ first used the word “Anatome” - cutting up or taking ▪ Vertical – midsagittal & midcoronal intersection
apart; “Dissecare” ▪ Anteroposterior – transverse & sagittal intersection
• Vesalius ▪ Bilateral – coronal & transverse intersection
→ “De Humani Corpori Fabrica”
• Hieronymus Fabricus
B. Figure
→ anatomical theater
→ a teacher of William Harvey.
→ discovered the venous valve
• William Harvey
→ “Exercitacio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in
Animalibus”.
→ Discovered the blood circulation.
• 17th century
→ human dissection in European medical schools.
• 18th and 19th centuries
→ anatomist published impressive treatises and atlas with
illustration
• Anatomy act of Britain
→ was passed in Parliament 1832
→ legalizing the donation and receiving of human bodies for
scientific studies.
II. APPROACHES TO STUDYING ANATOMY
● Regional Anatomy
→ Topographical Anatomy
● Systemic anatomy
→ Systems, Circulatory, etc.
● Clinical anatomy Figure 1. Anatomical Planes
→ Structures and Functions as they relate to the practice of
→
medicine and other health sciences
A. Regional Anatomy
● Surface Anatomy
→ Living body at rest and in action
▪ Visualize structures that lie underneath skin and are
palpable
● Physical Examination
→ Clinical application of surface anatomy
● Palpation
→ Examining living anatomy

[ANA] 1.0A Editor: Nibshian Dela Rosa 1 of 5

 V. ANATOMICAL POSITIONS B. Figure
A. Normal Anatomical Position
• Person is erect (or lying supine as in erect)
• Arms by the sides
• Palms facing forward
• Legs together
• Feet directed forward
B. Terms of Positions
• Superficial → position of one structure with respect to other
structures, muscles to skin and bones.
• Anterior (ventral) → towards the front aspect
• Posterior (dorsal) → towards the back aspect
• Superior (cephalad, craniad,cephalic, rostral) → towards head
• Inferior (caudad, caudal) → towards tail or feet
• Caudal → refers to the tail
• Cranial → towards the cranium
• Prone → ventral surface down
• Supine → ventral surface up
C. Combined Terms
• Proximal → nearer the attachment/origin; close to median
• Distal → away from its attachment/origin Figure 2. Terms of Movement
• Dorsum → superior or dorsal surface of the part that
protrudes anteriorly.
D. Laterality
• Median → in the midsagittal plane
• Medial → nearer to the median plane; towards median
• Lateral → away from the median plane
• Bilateral → both sides
• Unilateral → one side.
• Ipsilateral → same side of the body.
• Contralateral → opposite side of the body.
VI. MOVEMENT
A. Terms of Movement
Midcoronal Plane
• Adduction → towards the median plane, middle finger, 2nd toe
• Abduction → away from the median plane; Lateral Flexion
Midsagittal or Parasagittal Plane
• Flexion → brings ventral surfaces together; bending or
decreasing the angle between bones.
▪ Dorsiflexion = upward flexion (extension) of foot @ aj
▪ Plantar flexion = downward flexion of foot @ ankle joint
▪ Radial deviation = abduction of hand @ wrist joint
▪ Ulnar deviation = adduction of hand @ wrist joint Figure 3. Terms of Movement
• Extension → away from ventral surface; straightening leg @
knee joint VII. ANATOMICAL POINTS
Line by intersection of Coronal, Parasagittal, Sagittal A. Skull
• Rotation → revolving around a body part • Pterion → union of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal bones
• Medial rotation → internal rotation; ventral towards median • Occiput → occipital, parietal, mastoid part of temporal
• Lateral rotation → external rotation; ventral away median • Inion → Occipital protuberance
Other Terms • Foramen magnum → large opening at the base of the skull
• Retrusion → movement posteriorly or backwards • Lambda → the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures
• Protraction → anterior movement (shoulder, jaw jutting) • Coronal sutures → separates frontal and parietal bone
• Retraction → posterior movement (shoulder,withdraw tongue) • Sagittal sutures → separates parietal bones
• Elevation → raises/moves superiorly (shoulder shrug) • Lambdoid sutures → separates the parietal and temporal
bone from occipital bone
• Depression → lowers/moves inferiorly (eye downward)
• Bregma → intersection of sagittal and coronal sutures.
• Eversion → movement of sole away from median plane;
→ plantar surface laterally • Vertex → most superior point of the skull
• Inversion → movement of the sole towards the median plane; • Parietal foramen – found posteriorly near the sagittal sutures,
→ plantar surface inwards transmits emissary veins.
• Pronation → movement of hand and forearm, medial rotation
• Supination → movement of forearm and hand, lateral rotation
• Circumduction → circular movement; combi of
→ flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
• Intorsion/Extorsion → rotation about an axis through the pupil
• Opposition → thumb is brought to another digit
• Protrusion → forward movement
• Elevation →raise superior

[ANA] 1.0A Editor: Nibshian Dela Rosa 2 of 5

 VIII. SKIN IX. SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The largest organ in the body. A. Composition of Skeletal System
• Consist of: • Axial skeleton
→ Epidermis – outer superficial layer, avascular → Head = Skull bones(hyoid and cervical)
→ Dermis – deeper connective tissue → Trunk = ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum
→ Subcutaneous tissue – loose tissue • Appendicular skeleton
→ Skin ligaments – retinacula cutis → Bones of the upper and lower limbs
→ Deep fascia – dense → Pectoral bones (shoulder= clavicle, scapula)
• Functions: → Pelvic girdle (pelvis = ilium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx)
→ Protection B. Function of Skeletal System
→ Heat regulation • Protection for vital structures
→ Sensation • Support for the body
A. Dermis • Mechanical basis for movements
• Vascularized, nourishes the epidermis • Storage for salts (calcium)
• Contains: • A continuous supply of new blood cells.
→ Hair follicles • Cartilage
→ Arrector pili muscles, cause “goose bumps” → resilient, semirigid connective tissue that forms parts of
→ Sebaceous glands the skeleton where motion occurs
→ Sweat glands → Has no capillary blood supply
→ Collagen and elastic fibers- provides skin tone → Nutrition is thru long range diffusion.
• Has tension lines of Langer • Bones
B. Skin Incisions and Wounds → compact bones
• Karl Langer, ▪ provide the strength for weight bearing and the
→ Austrian anatomist rigidity for attachment of muscles and ligaments.
→ studied the tension lines of cadavers skin → spongy or cancellous bones
→ found the skin always under tension ▪ central mass containing: blood cells, blood platelets
→ if the Collagen fibers in the dermis are disturbed by C. Number of Skeletons
incision, healing will also be disturbed. • Axial skeleton
• Surgical Incisions parallel to the lines results → Skull
→ good wound healing and little scarring ▪ Cranium 8
• Stretch marks (striae gravidarum) ▪ Face 14
→ loosening of the fascia and reduced cohesion between ▪ Auditory ossicles 6
collagen fibers as the skin stretches.
C. Figure → Hyoid 1
→ Vertebrae 26
→ Sternum 1
→ Ribs 24

• Appendicular skeleton
→ Shoulder girdles
▪ Clavicle 2
▪ Scapula 2
→ Upper extremities
▪ Humerus 2
▪ Radius 2
▪ Ulna 2
▪ Carpals 16
▪ Metacarpals 10
▪ Phalanges 28
→ Pelvic girdle
▪ Hip bones 2
→ Lower extremities
▪ Femur 2
Figure 4. Cleavage Lines of Skin ▪ Patella 2
▪ Fibula 2
D. Skin Appendages ▪ Tibia 2
• Hair ▪ Tarsals 14
• Nail ▪ Metatarsals 10
• Glands (Sebaceous and Sweat Glands) ▪ Phalanges 28

Total 206

[ANA] 1.0A Editor: Nibshian Dela Rosa 3 of 5

 D. Figure H. Bone Development
• Derived from mesenchyme thru:
→ Direct or intramembranous ossification (membranous
bone)
• mesenchyme model formed during embryonic period, direct
ossification begins in the fetal period.
→ Endochondral or indirect ossification (cartilaginous bone)
• cartilage models of the bone form from the mesenchyme
during fetal period, later bone replaces the cartilage.

• Sutures → joints of two skull bones.

• Joints → an articulation.
• It is the place of union or junction between 2 or more bones or
parts of the skeleton.

I. Figure

Figure 5. Skeletal System

E. Classification of Bones (Shape)

• Developed when additional ossification center appears and
form extra bones “ are also known as wormian bones or
sutural bones”.
• Heterotopic bones = forms in soft tissue when they are not
normally present.i.e., scars, riders bones in thighs of horse
riders.
F. Bone Markings
• Condyle → rounded articular area | “femur”
• Crest → ridge | iliac crest
• Epicondyle →eminence superior to a condyle Figure 6. Skeletal System
• Facet → smooth, flat, covered with cartilage, articulate with
another bone I.JOINTS
• Foramen →passage thru a bone A. Classification of Joints
• Fossa → hollow or depressed area • Synovial Joint
• Groove → elongated depression or furrow → united by an articular capsule
• Line → linear elevation → characterized by a joint, covered by a cartilage, filled by
• Malleolus → rounded process fluids.
• Notch → indentation at the edge of bones • Fibrous Joint
• Protuberance → projection of bones → united by fibrous tissue
• Spines → thorn like process • Plane Joint
• Spinous process → projecting spine-like process → permit sliding or gliding moves in one plane (uniaxial)
• Trochanter → large blunt elevation • Hinge Joint
• Tubercle → small raised eminence → moves in one plane (sagittal) around one axis.
• Tuberosity → large rounded elevation → Permit flexion & extension only.
G. Bone Trauma • Saddle Joint
• Atrophy → reduction in size due to un-use → biaxial with opposing surface
• Absorbed → mandible in dental extraction • Condyloid
• Hypertrophy → increase in size to support weight for a long → biaxial and allow movement in 2 planes, sagittal/coronal
period of time. • Ball & socket
• Fractures → a break in a normal bone. → multiaxial
• Reduction → to approximate the broken ends of a bone to its • Pivot
normal position. → uniaxial and allow rotation
• Callus formation → during bone healing, a collar of fibroblast
surround an injured bone and secretes collagen for its
healing.
• Greenstick fracture → incomplete fracture due to bending of a
bone.
• Osteoporosis → reduction in the quantity of bone, lose
elasticity, becomes brittle, fractures easily.
• Sternal puncture → examination of the bone marrow for
hematological diseases.

[ANA] 1.0A Editor: Nibshian Dela Rosa 4 of 5

 B. Figure

Figure 7. Joints

[ANA] 1.0A Editor: Nibshian Dela Rosa 5 of 5