TREMATODES

F. Buski F. Hepatica F. Gigantica C. Sinensis H. Heterophyes M. Yokagawai

Other names/ Large intestinal fluke. Sheep liver fluke large liver flukes Chinese liver fluke Heterophid fluke Heterophid fluke
Common name
Adult morphology and No shoulder; 5 cm by 1.5 Presence of shoulder; 3 cm Presence of shoulder; Each end of the 1.0 by 0.5 mm; grayish approximately 1.5 by
size cm by 1 cm 75 mm by 15 mm adult worm is narrower pyriform organism, scaly 0.5 mm; pyriform
than the midportion of appearance. with tapering at the
the body ; 2 by 0.5 cm anterior end and
rounding
at the posterior end
Eggs 128-140 μm by 78-85 μm 128-150 μm by 60-90 μm 128-150 μm by 60-90 Presence of distinct Presence of shoulders Presence of shoulders
μm shoulders and but discrete, lack of but discrete, lack of
presence of small knob terminal knob; 30 by 15 terminal knob; 30 by 15
opposite operculum;30 μm. μm.
by 15 μm
Integument Smooth and unarmed Smooth and unarmed Smooth and unarmed Smooth and unarmed Smooth and unarmed Smooth and unarmed
Thick shell Thin shell
Ovary branched tubular small and dendritic Single; rounded Small located at the Small located at the
anterior end of the anterior end of the
testes testes
Testes Tandem dendritic  two branched tubules, dendritic and cover Two testes towards the large and diagonal to large and diagonal to
located in the middle and two-thirds of the posterior end each other each other
posterior regions of the posterior portion
body
Infective stage to man Metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae encysted metacercariae Metacercariae Metacercariae
Diagnostic stage Feces Feces Feces stool Feces Feces
specimens or duodenal
aspirates
1st intermediate host Snail Snail Snail Snail Snail Snail
2nd intermediate host Watery plants Watery plants Watery plants Fresh water fish or Fresh water fish Fresh water fish
shrimp
Definitive host Human; cattle or sheep Human; sheep Human; ruminants Human; Dogs or cats Human; Dogs or cats; Human; Dogs or cats;
Fish eating mammals Fish eating mammals
and birds and birds
Larval forms cercariae cercariae cercariae cercariae cercariae cercariae
Lab methods Recovery of the adult Recovery of the adult Recovery of the adult Enterotest Enterotest; Careful Enterotest; Careful
Fasciolopsis worm; Fasciolopsis worm; Fasciolopsis worm; microscopic examination microscopic examination
Enterotest, ELISA, and Enterotest, ELISA, and gel Enterotest, ELISA, and
gel diffusion diffusion gel diffusion
Mode of transmission Ingestion of infected Ingestion of infected Ingestion of infected ingestion of Ingestion of infected Ingestion of infected
watery plant watery plant watery plant undercooked fish undercooked fish undercooked fish
contaminated by C.
sinensis
Habitat Small intestine Bile ducts Bile ducts Bile ducts Small intestine Small intestine
Preventive measures Exercising proper human Exercising proper human Exercising proper practicing proper avoidance of consuming avoidance of consuming
fecal disposal and fecal disposal and human fecal disposal sanitation procedures; undercooked undercooked
sanitation sanitation and sanitation avoiding the ingestion of fish; practicing proper fish; practicing proper
Practices Practices Practices raw, undercooked, or fecal fecal

Disease caused and Fasciolopsiasis.
treatment Praziquantel
P. Westermani
Other names/ Oriental lung fluke
Common name
Adult morphology 1 cm by 0.7 cm
and size
Eggs Prominent operculum with
Shoulders; obvious terminal
Shell thickening opposite
Operculum; 78-120 μm
long; 45-60 μm wide
Integument Prominent operculum with
shoulders; obvious terminal
shell thickening opposite
operculum
Ovary Lobed; off-centered near
the center of the worm
Testes Lobed; adjacent from each
other located at the
posterior end
Infective stage to Metacercariae
man
Diagnostic stage Sputum
1st intermediate host Snail
freshly pickled disposal disposal
freshwater
fish and shrimp
Fasciolopsiasis. Sheep liver Fascioliasis. Clonorchiasis. Heterophyiasis. Metagonimiasis.
rot. Dichlorophenol Dichlorophenol praziquantel praziquantel praziquantel
or albendazole
TREMATODES
E. Ilocanum O. Felineus S. Japonicum S. Mansoni S. Haematobium
cat liver fluke Blood fluke. Manson’s blood fluke Bladder fluke
Garrison's fluke
 5 to 15 mm(0.5-1.5 cm) 7 mm to 12 mm by 2 Female: 2 cm Female: 2 cm Female: 2 cm
long and 1to 2 mm wide mm to 3 mm Male: 1.5 cm Male: 1.5 cm Male: 1.5 cm
Surrounds female Surrounds female Surrounds female
19-30 µm long by 10-20 Oblong ; 50-85 μm by Somewhat Somewhat oblong ; 110-
Immature, very small
µm wide 38-60 μm roundish ; 112-182 μm 170 μm by
operculum with germ by 40-75 μm 38-70 μm
ball/yolk (straw colored)
operculated and possess Female: ridged and Female: ridged and Female: ridged and
Plaque-like scales
prominent opercular pitted and possesses pitted and possesses pitted and possesses
'shoulders' and and fewer spines than in the fewer spines than in the fewer spines than in the
abopercular knob oral sucker oral sucker oral sucker
Male: Anterior to the Male: Anterior to the Male: Anterior to the
acetabulum, the acetabulum, the acetabulum, the
integumental surfaces integumental surfaces integumental surfaces
are devoid of spines are devoid of spines are devoid of spines
Anterior to the testes 2-3 eggs 2-3 eggs 2-3 eggs
Lobed
Two testes lying one 6-9 testicular masses 6-9 testicular masses 6-9 testicular masses
Tandem and deeply
behind the other in the
lobed posterior portion of the
body
Metacercariae Metacercariae Cercariae Cercariae Cercariae
stool or rectal biopsy stool or rectal biopsy urine
Eggs in stool Eggs in stool
specimens specimens
Snail Snail Snail Snail Snail
2nd intermediate Crustecean; crabs Snails; tadpoles; fish fish
host
Definitive host Human Human; mammals or Human; fish-eating Human Human Human
duck mammals
Larval forms Cercariae Miracardium Cercariae miracidium miracidium miracidium
Lab methods Serologic tests Serologic tests Enterotest immunodiagnostic immunodiagnostic immunodiagnostic
techniques, techniques, techniques,
including ELISA including ELISA including ELISA
Mode of Ingestion of infected Ingestion of infected ingesting undercooked skin penetration by skin penetration by skin penetration by
transmission undercooked crayfish or undercooked fish fish containing cercariae cercariae cercariae
crabs metacercariae
Habitat Lung tissue Bile and pancreatic ducts veins that veins that veins surrounding the
Duodenum
surround the intestinal surround the intestinal bladder
tract; blood passages of tract; blood passages of
the liver the liver
Preventive measures Avoiding Avoiding human Avoiding human proper human waste proper human waste proper human waste
Human ingestion of ingestion of ingestion of disposal and disposal and disposal and
undercooked crayfish and undercooked fish and undercooked fish and control of the snail control of the snail control of the snail
crabs and exercising proper exercising proper exercising proper population; avoid population; avoid population; avoid
disposal of human disposal of human disposal of human contact with potentially contact with potentially contact with potentially
Waste products Waste products Waste products contaminated water contaminated water contaminated water
Disease caused and Paragonimiasis, pulmonary Opisthorchis infection Schistosomiasis, Schistosomiasis, Schistosomiasis,
Echinostomiasis
treatment distomiasis Praziquantel or bilharziasis, swamp bilharziasis, swamp bilharziasis, swamp
Praziquantel albendazole fever, Katayama fever fever, Katayama fever fever, Katayama fever
Praziquantel Praziquantel Praziquantel; Praziquantel
Oxamniquine