CONSTRUCTION

SCHEDULING
ARC7025
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Prof. Dr. Esin Kasapoğlu
STEPS INVOLVED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION
STEPS INVOLVED IN
TIMBER TRUSS ROOF CONSTRUCTION
 FRAMING
 SHEATHING
 UNDERLAYMENT INSTALLATION
 ROOF COVER INSTALLATION
FRAMING: This is the construction and installation of the
roof frame, which can be done with premade trusses.
SHEATHING: This is the layer of material that goes on top
of the frame and provides the surface of the roof.
UNDERLAYMENT INSTALLATION: This is a protective
layer that covers the sheathing. this step may also include
the installation of an ice barrier on top of the
underlayment.
ROOF COVER INSTALLATION: this layer goes on top of
the underlayment and protects the roof from the
elements.
CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULING
 CREATES AN ORDERLY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS,
DEFINES THE PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN
CARRYING FORTH THE PLAN, AND DESCRIBES THE
ULTIMATE DISPOSITION OF THE RESULTS.
 SERVES BY POINTING OUT THE THINGS TO BE
DONE, THEIR SEQUENCE, HOW LONG EACH TASK
SHOULD TAKE.
 AIMS AT PRODUCING AN EFFICIENT USE OF
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND LABOR, AND
ENSURING COORDINATED EFFORT.
SCHEDULE ELEMENTS
 PERIOD AND DEADLINE
 TASKS
 PLANNING THE DURATION AND
SEQUENCE OF TASKS
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND
RESOURCES
 MILESTONES
 DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN TASKS
 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
PERIOD DEADLINE
A SPAN OF TIME (E.G. A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME,
COMPLETION OF A JOB SUCH AS THE DAY ON
WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS) WHICH PART OF A
PROJECT MUST BE
COMPLETED

PERIOD AND DEADLINE

TASKS

 REFER TO SELF-CONTAINED WORK

UNITS
 E.G. TILING THE GROUND FLOOR
 SUMMARY TASK: SEVERAL TASKS
ARE COMBINED
 E.G. TILING AND PLASTERING
PLANNING THE DURATION AND
SEQUENCE OF TASKS
 TASK DURATION: THE TIME NEEDED TO
COMPLETE A TASK. IT IS A FACTOR OF
PRODUCTION QUANTITY AND PRODUCTIVITY.
 DURATION PLANNING: THE CALCULATION OF
DURATION
 SEQUENCE PLANNING: ESTABLISHING THE
DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN ACTIVITIES
 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING: TAKEN
TOGETHER, DURATION AND SEQUENCE
PLANNING FORM THE BASIS OF CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULING
CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND
RESOURCES
 CONSTRUCTION METHOD: THE
TECHNICAL PROCEDURE FOR
CARRYING OUT A TASK
 RESOURCES: THE EQUIPMENT AND
LABOR NECESSARY TO PERFORM A
TASK
MILESTONES
 A TASK WITHOUT A DURATION
 A SPECIAL EVENT ENTERED SEPARATELY INTO THE
SCHEDULE
TYPICAL SCHEDULING MILESTONES
INCLUDE
THE START OF CONSTRUCTION

COMPLETION OF BUILDING STRUCTURE

SEALING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE

FINAL INSPECTION

PUTTING THE BUILDING INTO OPERATION

DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN TASKS

IN MOST CASES, TASKS ARE NOT ISOLATED ITEMS

ON THE SCHEDULE BUT ARE INTEGRATED INTO A
WEB OF DEPENDENCIES WITH OTHER TASKS.
SEQUENTIAL DEPENDENCY
TASK B CAN ONLY BEGIN ONCE TASK A IS FINISHED

GROUND- GROUND- UPPER-

FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
WALLS CEILING CEILING
ONE TASK INTERFERING WITH
ANOTHER
 IT IS OFTEN IMPOSSIBLE FOR FINISHING
CONTRACTORS TO WORK IN PARALLEL DURING
A NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION PHASES.
 IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR PLANNERS TO EXAMINE
MUTUAL DEPENDENCIES BETWEEN SPECIALIZED
TASKS AND, IF NECESSARY, TO DIVIDE THE PROJECT
INTO OPTIMAL CONSTRUCTION PHASES.
TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
 FINISH-TO-START (FS)
 FINISH-TO-FINISH (SS)
 START-TO-FINISH (FF)
 START-TO-START (SF)
FINISH-TO-START
TASK B CAN ONLY BEGIN AFTER TASK
A IS FINISHED

INTERIOR INTERIOR
WALLS PLASTERING
(TASK A) (TASK B)
FINISH-TO-FINISH
TASK A AND TASK B MUST BE
COMPLETED BY THE SAME TIME

INSTALLING
WINDOWS
(TASK A)

INTERIOR
WORK
SEALING THE
ROOF (TASK
B)
START-TO-FINISH
 TASK B MUST END WHEN TASK A
BEGINS.
 ONE TASK CAN BE SCHEDULED AT
THE LATEST POSSIBLE POINT IN TIME
BEFORE IT INTERFERES WITH
ANOTHER TASK.

B A
START-TO-START
 TASK A AND TASK B MUST START AT
THE SAME TIME.
 THIS MAKES SENSE IF THE WORK CAN
BE PERFORMED IN PARALLEL.

A
B
FORMS OF REPRESENTATION
 BAR CHART
 LINE DIAGRAM
 NETWORK DIAGRAM
 DEADLINE LIST
BAR CHART (GANTT DIAGRAM)
 TIME IS CHARTED
ALONG THE
HORIZONTAL AXIS, AND
THE VARIOUS TASKS ARE
LISTED ALONG THE
VERTICAL AXIS.
 THE DURATION OF
EACH TASK IS
RECORDED AS A
HORIZONTAL BAR
ALONG THE
CORRESPONDING TIME
AXIS.
BAR CHART (GANTT DIAGRAM)
BAR CHART (GANTT DIAGRAM)
LINE DIAGRAM
 THE UNITS EXECUTED ARE SHOWN ON THE
SECOND AXIS NEXT TO THE TIMELINE.
 THE TASKS ARE DEPICTED BY LINES IN THE
COORDINATE SYSTEM.
TYPES OF LINE DIAGRAM
 THE SPACE-TIME DIAGRAM: SHOWS THE
QUANTITY AS A GEOMETRIC SEGMENT
 THE QUANTITY-TIME DIAGRAM: SCALES THE
AMOUNT TO 100% AND SHOWS WHAT
PERCENTAGE OF THE TASK HAS BEEN COMPLETED
LINE DIAGRAM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
 REPRESENT SCHEDULED TASKS AS NETWORKS
RATHER THAN AS ITEMS ALONG A TIME AXIS.
 USING THIS FORM OF SCHEDULE, PLANNERS CAN
EFFECTIVELY MAP OUT THE RECIPROCAL LINKS
BETWEEN TASKS, BUT IT PROVIDES ONLY A
LIMITED SEQUENTIAL OVERVIEW OF THE ENTIRE
PROCESS.
NETWORK DIAGRAM
TYPES OF NETWORK DIAGRAM
 ACTIVITY-ON-
NODE
 ACTIVITY-ON-
ARROW
 EVENT-ON-NODE
ACTIVITY-ON-NODE
ACTIVITIES ARE REPRESENTED BY
NODES AND DEPENDENCIES BY
ARROWS
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW
ACTIVITIES ARE REPRESENTED BY
ARROWS AND DEPENDENCIES BY THE
LINKS BETWEEN THE NODES.
EVENT-ON-NODE
ARROWS SYMBOLIZE THE
DEPENDENCIES AND NODES
REPRESENT THE RESULTS (WITHOUT
DURATIONS).
DEADLINE LIST
 A VERY SIMPLE FORM
OF REPRESENTATION
 PRESENTS IMPORTANT
DEADLINES AND
PERIODS IN TABLE
FORM AND
THEREFORE OFFERS
ONLY A LIMITED VIEW
OF THE PROJECT.
PLANNING TASK SEQUENCE
 LEAD TIME (NECESSARY PLANNING TIME, LEAD
TIME FOR CONTRACT AWARDS AND TRADE
CONTRACTORS)
 EXECUTION PERIOD (PLANNING PERIOD OR
CONSTRUCTION, DEPENDING ON THE
PARTICIPANT)
 LAG TIMES (DRYING AND CURING TIMES) AND
FOLLOW-UP PERIODS
PLANNING TASK DURATION
 THE UNIT PRODUCTION TIME (UPT)
INDICATES HOW MANY PERSON HOURS ARE
NEEDED TO PRODUCE A UNIT OF WORK.
 UNIT PRODUCTION TIME=REQUIRED PERSON
HOURS / QUANTITY UNIT (E.G. 0.8h/m²)
 THE UNIT PRODUCTIVITY RATE (UPR)
INDICATES THE QUANTITY PRODUCED PER TIME
UNIT.
 UNIT PRODUCTIVITY RATE=EXECUTED
QUANTITY / TIME UNIT (E.G. 1.25m²/h)
PLANNING TASK DURATION
 DETERMINING QUANTITY
 ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES ARE BASED ON THE
QUANTITY UNITS OF THE UNDERLYING UNIT
PRODUCTION TIMES AND PRODUCTIVITY RATES
(m, m², m³ OR PIECE).
ESTABLISHING TASK DURATION

D= PH/W*DWT=[WD]

D: TASK DURATION
PH: PERSON HOURS
W: NUMBER OF WORKERS
DWT: DAILY WORKING TIME
WD: WORKDAYS
CPM PROCEDURE
PROJECT PLANNING
CRITICAL PATH
DEPENDENCY RUNNING
THROUGH THE PROJECT
FROM START TO FINISH – A
DEPENDENCY THAT, IF
SUBJECT TO DELAYS, HAS AN
IMMEDIATE EFFECT ON THE
DEADLINE FOR COMPLETION
CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)
 CONSTITUTES THE BASIS
FOR THE ENSURING
TREATMENT OF
PROJECT TIME
CONTROL.
 APPLIES EQUALLY WELL
TO ALL CONSTRUCTION
WORK, LARGE AND
SMALL, INTRICATE AND
STRAIGHTFORWARD.
CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)
 BASED ON NETWORK GRAPHICAL PROJECT
MODEL
 PRESENTS IN DIAGRAMMATIC FORM THOSE JOB
ACTIVITIES THAT MUST BE CARRIED OUT AND
THEIR MUTUAL TIME DEPENDENCIES.
 SERVES AS A BASIS FOR THE CALCULATION OF
WORK SCHEDULES AND PROVIDES A MECHANISM
FOR CONTROLLING PROJECT TIME AS THE WORK
PROGRESSES.
PHASES OF CPM
 PLANNING
 SCHEDULING
 MONITORING OR
CONTROLLING
PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
 DETERMINATION OF WHAT MUST BE DONE
 HOW IT IS TO BE PERFORMED
 THE SEQUENTIAL ORDER IN WHICH IT WILL BE
CARRIED OUT
SCHEDULING
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
 DETERMINES CALENDAR DATES FOR THE START
AND COMPLETION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS
TIME MONITORING OR CONTROLLING
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
 THE PROCESS OF COMPARING ACTUAL JOB
PROGRESS WITH THE PROGRAMMED SCHEDULE.
PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS
STEPS OF
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
1. A DETERMINATION OF THE GENERAL APPROACH
TO THE PROJECT
2. BREAKDOWN OF THE PROJECT INTO JOB STEPS
OR «ACTIVITIES» THAT MUST BE PERFORMED
3. ASCERTAINMENT OF THE SEQUENTIAL
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THESE ACTIVITIES
4. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF THIS PLANNING
INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF A NETWORK
5. ENDORSEMENT BY THE PROJECT TEAM
ARROW NOTATION
 EACH ACTIVITY IS DEPICTED AS ARROW
 THE TAIL OF ARROW BEING THE STARTING POINT
OF ACTIVITY AND THE HEAD OF THE ARROW
REPRESENTING ITS COMPLETION
JOB ACTIVITIES
 THE SEGMENTS INTO WHICH A PROJECT IS
SUBDIVIDED FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ARE
CALLED ACTIVITIES.
 AN ACTIVITY IS A SINGLE WORK STEP THAT HAS A
RECOGNIZABLE BEGINNING AND END AND
REQUIRES TIME FOR ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT.
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
• NOT A TIME CONSUMING ACTIVITY BUT AN
EXAMPLE OF A LOGICAL CONNECTION
• ITS PRESENCE IS NECESSARY IF JOB LOGIC IS TO BE
PORTRAYED CORRECTLY
 ACTIVITIES

 EVENTS

 --------- DUMMY ACTIVITY

SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
1) TIME DURATION FOR THE ACTIVITIES HAVE THE
SAME TIME UNIT
2) ACTIVITY
j
i
tij
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
3) CONNECTION BETWEEN THE ACTIVITIES MUST
BE CORRECT
a) TASK B CAN ONLY BEGIN, ONCE TASK A IS
FINISHED.
A B

b) AFTER TASK A IS FINISHED, TASK B AND TASK C

BEGIN AT THE SAME TIME.
A B
C
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
c) AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE FINISHED, TASK C
BEGINS.
A
C
B
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
d) AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE FINISHED, TASK C
AND TASK D BEGIN.

A C
B D
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
e) AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE FINISHED, TASK C;
BUT WHEN ONLY TASK B IS FINISHED TASK D
BEGINS.
A C

B D
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
f) TASK D BEGINS AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE
FINISHED; TASK E BEGINS AFTER TASK C AND
TASK B ARE FINISHED.
A D
dummy activity
B
dummy activity
C E
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
g) TASK D BEGINS AFTER TASK A IS FINISHED; TASK E
BEGINS AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE FINISHED;
TASK F BEGINS AFTER TASK B AND TASK C ARE
FINISHED.

A D
dummy activity
B E
dummy activity
C F
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
h) TASK D BEGINS AFTER TASK A IS FINISHED; TASK E
BEGINS AFTER TASK A AND TASK B ARE FINISHED;
TASK F BEGINS AFTER TASK A, TASK B AND TASK
C ARE FINISHED.

A D
dummy activity
B E
dummy activity
C F
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
4)

FALSE FALSE

CORRECT CORRECT
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
5) AN ACTIVITY CANNOT BE CONNECTED TO THE
STARTING POINT OF A FINISHED ACTIVITY.

FALSE
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
6) ALL ACTIVITIES MUST BE CONNECTED TO THE
STARTING AND END POINTS.

END

START
SCHEDULING USING AN
ARROW DIAGRAM
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. DETERMINING ORDER OF THE ACTIVITIES
2. ESTIMATING TIMES OF ACTIVITIES
3. ANALYSIS AND DETERMINING CRITICAL PATH
CRITICAL PATH APPLICATION
 TWO TYPE OF BLOCKS IN DIFFERENT SIZES AND
QUALITY WILL BE BUILT. REQUIRED ACTIVITIES
AND TIME ARE MENTIONED BELOW:
 WORK TIME
MOBILIZATION 1 WEEK
A BLOCK EXCAVATION 2 WEEKS
B BLOCK EXCAVATION 3 WEEKS
A BLOCK ROUGH WORK 8 WEEKS
B BLOCK ROUGH WORK 6 WEEKS
A BLOCK FINISHING WORKS 3 WEEKS
B BLOCK FINISHING WORKS 5 WEEKS
 CRITICAL PATH APPLICATION

1112
TeTg 5
3
0 0 B D F
1515
7
1 A 2
1010
-
1 1 C 4 61110 G
1111 E -
1000 4 4 1100
1111