29 - Forced Convection Heat Transfer For Laminar Flow in Closed Conditions ME532 Final PDF

ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016
Chapter ( 2 )
Forced Convection Heat Transfer for Laminar Flow in Closed Conditions
The major technical applications of these types of flow are in the analysis and
design of heat exchanges. The main assumptions of the analysis are:
1. Negligible body forces.
2. Steady flow.
3. Constant fluid properties.
4. Fluid is forced through the tube by some external means unrelated to the
temperature filed in the fluid
2.1 Fully - Developed Flow (both Hydrodynamically and Thermally)

This analysis is applicable in the region far removed from the entrance to the
conduit.
2.1.1. Circular Tubes
Assumptions:
1. Fully developed flow (
2. No inlet Swirl ( =0;
3. Circular symmetry (
4. Negligible dissipation function (

5. No heat generation (
6. No buoyancy effects (β=0)
7. Negligible axial diffusion ( L>>R,
M.E. → .....(2.1) r
R
D=2R
X
E.E. ....(2.2)
Equ. (2.2) is applied for the two B.Cs. (constant heat rate and constant wall temperature).
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of Baghdad Page 29
A- Constant Heat Rate
From equ. (1.19) → ...(1.19) T

Tw
T
Thus, equ. (2.2) will be (using equ. (2.1);
Tb
....(2.3)
x
B.Cs. : at r = 0
at r = R T = Tw
Equ. (2.3) can be integrated twice to obtain;
T = Tw - ...................... (2.4)
Now:
Using equs. (2.1) and (2.4) ,it is obtained;
………………………... (2.5)
Now;
Using an energy balance (equ. (1.20), noting, that (Dh=D=2R);

Nu
or;
x/D
Thus; Nu= ...... (2.6)
i.e.;
Nu= constant in fully developed flow
Note: Nu= StPrRe=4.364
St Pr =
H.T. (h) M.Flow (f)
B- Constant Surface Temperature
From equ. (1.18) → ………………………... (1.18)
Thus, equ. (2.2) will be:
......................................... (2.7)
B.Cs. at r = 0
at r = R T = Tw
There are two methods for solving equ. (2.7);
1- Successive Approximation Method:
a. Assume a profile for T=T(r) (use for example equ. (2.4) as a first trial), in the R.H.S.
of equ. (2.7) only (i.e for (Tw-T) term).
b. Solve equ. (2.7) for a new temperature profile T1(r).
c. Using T1(r), calculate Nu1.
d. Use T1(r) into equ. (2.7) and get T2(r). and Nu2.
e. Compare Nu1 and Nu2 until Nu becomes constant. The limit is;
Nu= 3.658 ……………………………………………………………... (2.8)
This value is 16% less than Nu= 4.364 for constant heat flux. This is due to temperature
profile. H=const. heat flux
T=const. wall temp.
H T
2- Asymptotic Method
In this method, we solve the problem of developing flow and find where (Nu)
becomes constant.
Note:
Developing flow solution
Constant Tw case is nothing but variable qw
Fully-developed
case, and constant qw case is nothing but
variable Tw case.
2.1.2 Parallel Plates

Assumptions:-
1. Fully-developed flow ( , (no end effect).
2. Negligible dissipation function.

3. No heat generation.
4. No buoyancy effects.
5. Negligible axial diffusion.
6. Two-dimensional flow (w=0).
7. No edge effects ( =0).

y
M.E → ………….... (2.9) qw
E.E. .....................(2.10) 2b x
B.Cs. at y=0
qw
at y=b T=Tw
* Ex. use equ. (2.9) and the constant hart rate B.C. and integrate equ. (2.10) to obtain;
Nu = ............................... (2.11)
Note: Nu = 7.542 for const. wall temperature B.C.
Asymmetric Heating
q1
It may be that one plate is heated and
1
y
the other is cooled. This problem can be
x
b
solved by superposition technique (since the 2
D.E. and B.Cs. are liner) q1
q1
q1
1
Nu11 insulated
1
1
y
y
2b x T1 2b
+ x
2b
2
2 2
insulated q2
q2
Case (0) Case (1) Case (2)
Nu1 or Nu2 , T0,Tb Nu11 T1,Tb1 Nu22 T2,Tb2
Note: T0 = T1 + T2 Tb = Tb1 + Tb2. The position of the axes must be the same in all
cases.
Nu11 = Nu at plate 1 when plate 1 alone is heated = 5.385
Nu22 = Nu at plate 2 when plate 2 alone is heated = 5.385
Nu1 = Nu at plate 1
Nu1 ≠ Nu2
Nu2 = Nu at plate 2
The following steps may be followed to find Nu1& Nu2;
1. T1& T2 are the temperature distributions for the cases 1&2 respectively. They
contain q1& q2.
2. The temperature profile (T0) for the original case is obtains as (T0 = T1 + T2).
3. Find (Tb) from (T0) (by definition) or (Tb = Tb1 + Tb2).
4. q1 = h1(Tw1 - Tb)
q2 = h2 (Tw2 - Tb)
5. Nu1 = ………………………..(2.13)
6. Nu2 = ………………………....(2.14)
0.346 = influence coefficient

Nu11 = Nu22 = 5.385 const. heart flux ................... (2.15)
= 4.869 const. Tw
Note: if → Nu1→ & h1→ , but this is not true because q is still finite. This
means only that (Tw1 - Tb) → 0, i.e Tw is increased.
Example: Value in a pipe

h Increase of h
B
value flow A
x/d
Curve A without pulsation

Curve B without pulsation
The closing of the value cause pressure waves deceases the b.l. thickness and thickness
and thus increases (h) and increases the wall temperature
2000K
500K
1500K
2.1.3 Concentric Circular Tube Annulus

This type of flow is of considerable technical importance because either or both of
the surfaces can be heated independently. There is an important applications to this type
of flow, such as;
1- Double pipe heat exchanger
2- Nuclear reactor, the inner tube represents the radio acting material (like uranium) and
the fluid is liquid metal flows outside the tube.
The assumptions used here are the same as those used in circular tubes analysis.
M.E. →
qo ri
qi
B= ..(2.16) ro
m=1+r*2-B x
r*=
r
E.E. …………..(2.17)
B.Cs. at r = ri
at r = r0
Equ. (2.16) with (2.17) may be integrated to obtain the temperature profile and thus the
Nu can be calculated.
qi = hi (Twi - Tb)
q0 = h0 (Two - Tb)
Nui = …………………………... (2.18)
Nuoo = ……………………….... (2.19)
Nuii = Nu at the inner tube when it is heated alone.

Nuo = Nu at the inner tube when it is heated alone.
De=2(r0-ri) =D0-Di=2*annular gap
Influence coefficients, depends on (r*), see Table (2.1).
Table (2-1): Circular Tube Annulus Solutions for Constant Heat Rate and Fully-
Developed Velocity, and Temperature Profile
r* Nuii Nuoo
0 4.364 0
0.05 17.81 4.792 2.18 0.0294
0.1 11.91 4.834 1.383 0.0562
0.2 8.499 4.883 0.905 0.1041
0.4 6.583 4.979 0.603 0.1823
0.6 5.912 5.099 0.473 0.2455
0.8 5.58 5.24 0.401 0.299
1 5.385 5.385 0.346 0.346
If we make ri and ro but (ro-ri) still have a finite value, we get two parallel
plates. For this reason, in parallel plates we get (Dh=2*2b=4b), and by letting
(ri, ro) where r*=1 and
When r*=0 (ri 0), we still have u=0 at (ri), i.e, we can't make
u=umax at ri as in the circular tube. Thus we cannot obtain the
circular tube solution from the annuls solution.
2.1.4 Rectangular Ducts
E.E. ……………………..(2.20)
y b
The solution of equ. (2.20) to give T=T(x, y, z) requires
acknowledge of the fully developed laminar velocity x a
profile in the rectangular duct. This profile (equ.4-87 in

Katz) is complicated and prevents an analytical solution
of equ. (2.20). Instead, a numerical solution exists in
literatures, see Table (2.2) and the Figure
10 Table (2.2): Limiting Nusselt Number for

Laminar Flow Heat Transfer in Rectangular
9
Ducts
8
N (F.D. 2-D case)
Nu∞ 7 Uniform heat
Uniform heat flux Const.wall.Temp
6 flow
a/b
5 Exact Exact
num. num.
4
. .
1(square
3 2.89 2.976 3.63 3.608
Cons tant wall te mp.
)
2
1
0.713 ---------- 3.78
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.5 3.39 3.391 4.11 4.123
a/b
0.333 ------------ 4.77
-------------
0.25 4.439 5.35 5.331
-
---------
0.125 ------------- 5.597 6.49
-
0(paralle
7.6 7.542 8.24 8.235
l plates)
Empirical Relations:
1- Uniform wall temp.
500 …… (2.21)
Pr=0.7
2- Uniform heat flux
500 …… (2.22)
Pr=0.7
Equations (2.21) & (2.22) were obtained on a square duct (0.18×0.18 in) with
( and a rectangular duct (0.151×0.395 in) with ( . All teats were
made on air. The value of may be obtained from table (2.2) or the figure.
de=
Example (2.1): Laminar fully –developed flow between parallel plates: Couette flow:
Sol.:
V=0,
u =U, T=Tb U
C.E
y b
M.E 0=
X
Thus; u =0, T=To
u= ……………(1)
B.Cs.
at y = 0 u = 0
at y = b u = U
Thus; u = ……………... (2) Coutte flow
Eq. (2) comprise a linear velocity distribution between two plates due to simple
shear flow, superimposed on which is the quadratic distribution caused by the pressure
parameter P =
Reverse flow occurs when P<-1.The flow is

basically the same as that existing in the
U
narrow clearance between a lubricated u> C
Journal and its bearing where inertial 0

0 1 u/U
effects are negligible
If u= ……..…….…..……(3)
If both plates are stationary,
u= ……………………………. (4) Poiseuille flow
Energy Equ.
E.E 0=k
……………………………………... (5)
For the case of zero pressure gradient, equ. (3) may be used;
Thus; T = ………………………….... (6)
B.Cs. at y = 0 T = T0 T0
at y = b T = Tb
Thus, T-T0 = ………………….… (7)
Define η = equ. (7) will be;
………….………………….. (8)
Equ. (8) consists of two relationships, the first is linear temperature profile for (Pr Ec=0)
(that is or U=0), and the second is parabolic distribution due to viscous heating
( (U and
Now, to find q at the upper plate;
1 ……………........ (9)
Thus, for Tb<T0 , the upper plate will be;

Cooled if Pr Ec < 2 [q is -ve]
Heated if Pr Ec<2 [q is +ve]
When the upper plate is adiabatic;
i.e 1
Or; Pr Ec=2
Pr ……………………. (10)
1
When Tad,b is the adiabatic wall temperature, that
is, the temperature assumed by the top plate
T>Tb
when heat flux through it is zero. Thus;
For cooling the top plate Tb< Tad,b
0
0 1
For heating the top plate Tb<Tad,b

To find the (Nu) number at the lower plate;
q= =h (To-TB) where TB is the bulk temperature
Thus; h =
Now; =
And; = ; hence;
Nu =
Nulower = ……………………………. (11)
Example (2.2): Same as example (2.1) but lower plate is adiabatic.
Equ. (6); T = + ………………………………… (6)
B.Cs. at y = 0
at y = b T=
Thus; T = …………………… (1)
= = h (TB-Tb)
Hence; Nuupper =
Example (2.3): For example (1), show that;
Nuupper =
Example (2.4): Both plates are stationary;
where Tw
y
Uc x b
[B.Cs. y = 0 ;
Tw
E.E.: B.Cs. ,
Where; 1-
2.2 Developing Flow
2.2.1 Introduction
In the previous types of flow, we have fully–developed velocity and temperature
profiles, and (h) is constant with length. If the tube is short (as in heat exchanger) the
flow will be developing. The development of hydrodynamic ( and thermal
( boundary –layers depends on (Pr) value;
Pr=
Diffusivity is defined as the rate at which a particular effect is diffused through the
medium.
If (Pr=1), then heat and momentum are diffused through the fluid at the same
rates, if the velocity and temperature are both uniform at the entrance to a tube, the
velocity and temperature profiles will develop together.
Tw
Tw
U
Laminar
flow
u
T
Pr =1
LH=LT H.B.L=T.B.L.
LH = Hydrodynamic entrance length

LT = Thermal entrance length
If (Pr < 1), the velocity profile develops more rapidly than the temperature profile.
Actually, if (Pr < 5), the velocity profile leads the temperature profile sufficiently so that
a solution based on an already fully-developed velocity profile will applied quite
accurately even though there is no hydrodynamic starting length (before the section at
which heat transfer begins).We can assume that ( starts to develop right from point
(A) where the velocity profile is fully-developed. Most heat exchangers use fluids with
very high Prandtle number like oil, glycerin, engine oil).
Tw Tw
T∞
Pr < 1 H.B.L.
u
T.B.L.
LH
Pr< LT
If (Pr , the temperature profile develops more rapidly than velocity profile,
and we can use the "Slug" flow model, where we assume that the velocity is uniform
(u= u).
Tw Tw
Pr > 1 u
u=u
u= u
T
Pr LT
LH
The (Pr) spectrum is shown below;
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
Gases Water Light

Liquid Metals
organic Oils
liquids
2.2.2Leveque Solution: Velocity Profile Fully – Developed

It is one of the simplest solutions for laminar flow heat transfer coefficient in a
circular tube. The analysis is applied directly to laminar flow heat transfer on a flat plate
but the results may be easily applied to circular tubes.
Consider a fluid flowing over a surface under the following condition:
1. The fluid properties are constant.
2. The surface temperature is uniform at TW. y
Velocity u=cy
3. The undisturbed fluid temperature is T .

Main stream
U,∞ Tw=const.
4. Heat transfer is due to conduction alone.
x
5. The velocity of the fluid is u=cy, v=w=0, Tw
where c=constant
The fluid temperature T=T(x, y). For small values of y, . Also may be
considered negligible. Thus the energy eqation will be;
cy …………………………………..(2.21)
B.Cs.
at x = 0 y< T=T
at x < 0 y T = Tw
at x < 0 y T=T
Equ. (2.21) may be transformed to an ordinary D.E. by introducing a new variable X,

where;
X=y ………………………………….…. (2.22)
Thus; equ. (2.21) will be;
…………………………..…… (2.23)
B.Cs.
X=0 T = Tw
X= T=T
Equ. (2.23) has the following solution;
………………………….. (2.24)
The integral of equ. (2.24) is given in Table (2.3).
Table (2.3): Values of the Integral I=
X I X I X I X I
0 0 0.45 0.44 1.05 0.8246 1.55 0.8901
0.05 0.05 0.5 0.4849 1.1 0.839 1.6 0.8911
0.1 0.1 0.55 0.5282 1.15 0.851 1.65 0.8918
0.15 0.15 0.6 0.5695 1.2 0.8609 1.7 0.8922
0.2 0.1996 0.65 0.6078 1.25 0.8689 1.75 0.8925
0.25 0.249 0.7 0.6454 1.3 0.8752 1.8 0.8927
0.3 0.298 0.75 0.6796 1.35 0.8801 1.85 0.8928
0.35 0.3468 0.8 0.711 1.4 0.8838 1.9 0.8929
0.4 0.3934 0.85 0.7395 1.45 0.8866 1.95 0.8929
0.9 0.7651 1.5 0.8886 2 0.893
0.95 0.7877
1 0.8075
Now; h =
Thus;
h= ……………..…………..….…….. (2.25)
Or; Nux = = …………………………..……. (2.26)
Equation (2.25) may be modified to give the Nusselt number in the entrance region of a
circular tube. If it is assumed that velocity distribution in the laminar boundary layer in
the entrance of a circular tube is parabolic, i.e.;
u = 2U …………………………………….…. (2.27)
And ( ……………………………………… (2.28)
Since r= -y ; Then
So; …………………………. (2.29)

This is the value of (c) which may be used in equ. (2.25). Thus;
h= ……………………………..…. (2.30)
And;
Nu= ………………………… (2.31)
Which simplifies to;
Nu = 1.077 100 …………… (2.32)
Where = = Re Pr
2.2.3 Graetz Solution: Velocity Profile Fully-Developed

It is one of the earliest analyses of laminar- Flow heat transfer in tubes (1885). The
conditions are as follows;
1- The fluid properties are constant

2- Fully-developed parabolic velocity
profile at entrance. Heat Transfer begin at x=0 Tw=cost. For x>0
avg.net U
R
3- At x=0, the wall temperature changes
T=T∞ for x<0
from ( to (Tw) and is uniform at this Tw=T∞ =const.for x<0
value for x<0.
E.E.
= ……………………………………… (2.33)
M.E. 2 ………………………...……….. (2.34)

Define;
……………………….. (2.35)
Where Te = Entrance Temperature.
Equ. (2.33) and (2.34) will be;
= ………………………… (2.36)
………………………… (2.37)
For (Re Pr)< , the last term may be neglected. Thus; the final form of the E.E. is;
= ………………………… (2.38)
The solution sought is then;
………….…………………….. (2.39)
B.Cs.
1- at x = 0 T = Te (0,
2- at r = R T = Tw ( =0
3-
Let us assume the solution of equ. (2.38) as;
……………………. (2.40)
Substitute in equ. (2.38) using ( λ ) as the separation constant, it is obtained;
λ .... ………………… (2.41)
λ ……... (2.42) (Strum –Liouville equ.)
The final solution;
λ .............. (2.43)
Where Rn = Eigen Function, λn = Eigen value Cn = constants
Now;
λ ... (2.44)
λ
Now;
= hx( x ….................……… (2.45)

Nux
Hence; hx =
and;
Nux = 00
x
Using (2.43) and (2.44) it can be shown that;

λ
…………….…… (2.46)
λ λ
Thus;
= ……………….. (2.47)
λ
λ
See Table (2.4);

Table (2.4): Constants of Graetz Solution
n λ
0 7.312 0.749
1 44.62 0.544 For n> 2
2 113.8 0.463 λn = 4n+
3 215.2 0.414 = 1.01276 λ

4 348.5 0.382
For infinitely long tube ( < . (i.e. fully - developed flow), only
the first term of the series is needed. Thus for (n=0);
λ λ
…………... (2.48)
λ λ
Which is the Nu value for fully developed flow. The thermal entry length must be
approximately ( ;
……………… (2.49)
Nux
or;
= 0.05 Re Pr .......... (2.49) 3.658
x+
0.1
Ex. Air Pr =0.7, Re=500
Ex. Oil Pr =100, Re=500
In oil heat exchanger it is very rare indeed that anything approaching a fully
developed temperature profile is attained. In general, for high (Pr) applications, fully
developed solution is of little utility.
The complete results of the constant surface temperature solution are presented in
Table (2.5).
Table (2.5): Constant Temperature Solution
Nu
0 1
0.001 12.8 19.29 0.962
0.004 8.03 12.09 0.908
0.01 6 8.92 0.837
0.04 4.17 5.81 0.627
0.08 3.77 4.86 0.459
0.1 3.71 4.64 0.396
0.2 3.66 4.16 0.19
3.66 3.66 0
Ex. Air heat exchanger Re=500 Pr =0.7 = 100
<
Take Nu and design the heat exchanger
Ex. Oil heat exchanger Re =500 Pr =100 = 100
Nu = 12.09
Note the very large error that would have obtained if fully developed solution has
been used (Nu = 3.66). If we use (Nu = 3.66) to rate the heat exchange, we get high exit
temperature than it is designed to because U will be very small (q= UA∆T). For given
(∆T), we get very large area if we use (Nu = 3.66) instead of (12.09)
For constant heat flux case, the solution is (Kays P.P.127);
Nux = …………………….. (2.49)
With =4.364
Table (2.6): Constant for Constant Heat Flux Solutions

m Am×10-3 Nux
1 25.68 7.63 0
2 83.86 2.058 0.002 12
3 174.2 0.901 0.004 9.93
4 296.5 0.487 0.01 7.49
5 450.9 0.297 0.02 6.14
0.04 5.19
0.1 4.51
4.36
For large (m):
Am =0.358
Note; Fluid properties are evaluated at the average bulk temperature;
2.2.4 Combined Hydrodynamic and Thermal Entry Length
C.E.
.....................(2.50)
HBL
u T.B.L.
M.E.
......(2.51)
E.E.
………………...... (2.52)
Define
Thus;
M.E.
E.E.
The (Pr) number becomes a parameter in the solution of the combined

hydrodynamic and thermal - entry - length problem because while the velocity
development is independent of (Pr), the temperature profile is (Pr) number dependent, i.e.
From the figure, the effect of uniform velocity at Nu
CombinedH.B.LandT.B.L.
the entrance in the case of combined HBL & TBL is to
yield a (Nu) that is always higher than if the velocity were TBL fully developed
3.66 velocity
parabolic at the entrance.

x+
Kays (p.p. 142) solved the combined entry - length problem for Pr = 0.7,
employing Langhaar's velocity profile (u=u (x, r)) (pp.62 in Kays) he linearized the M.E
and solve it). In this solution v is omitted since it is important only near the pip inlet.
Then Kay solved the E.E. by numerical integration.
Heatonet. al ( Kays p.p. 144 ) solve the E.E by linearizing it and thus obtain a
generalized temperature distribution at the entry region which could be used in the
energy integral equation.
Problems
1. Derive the general energy equation in cylindrical polar coordinates; include the effects
of viscous energy dissipation. Show that viscous dissipation is important when the
Eckert number is large.
2. Obtain the value of fully - developed Nusselt number for flow between parallel plates
both of which are at the same;
(i) Constant temperature
(ii) Constant heat flux
3. Show that for a circular tube annulus with radius ratio equal to (0.2) and (0.6), the
fully - developed Nusselt numbers for constant heat flux on the inner tube with the
outer tube insulated are (8.499) and (5.912) respectively.
4. For a parallel plates flow with constant fluxes ( ) and ( ) on plates (1) and (2)
respectively, show that;
with
5. Consider a (0.25 in) inside diameter, (4 ft) long circular tube, wound by an electric
resistance heating element. Let the function of the tube be to heat an organic fuel from
(50 °F) to (150 °F). Let the mass flow rate of the fuel be (10 lbm / hr). The following
average properties may be treated as constant: (Pr = 10, =47 lbm/ft3 ,
C=0.5 Btu/ (lbm °F), K=0.079 5 Btu/ (hr Ft2 °F/ft), =1.6 lbm / (hr Ft) ). Calculate and
plot both tube surface temperature and fluid bulk temperature as a function of tube
length. What is the highest temperature experienced by any of the fluids?
6. Consider fully - developed constant - property laminar flow between parallel planes
with constant heat rate per unit of length and a fully - developed temperature profile.
Suppose heat is transferred "to" the fluid on one side and "out" of the fluid on the
other at the "same" rate. What is the Nusselt number on each side of the passage?
Sketch the temperature profile. Suppose the fluid is an oil for which the viscosity
varies greatly with temperature, but all other properties are relatively unaffected by
temperature. Is the velocity profile affected? is the temperature profile affected? Is the
Nusselt numbers affected? Explain.
7. Consider laminar flow for fluid inside a circular tube with walls at constant surface
temperature. Plot the variation of Nusselt number with the parameter [Pe / (x/d)] using
(i) Leveque solution and (ii) Graetz solution.
8. Plot the radial temperature distribution of a cross - section (5 in) from the entrance of
a (1 in) diameter tube in which water at the rate of (200 lb/hr) is flowing. Tube wall
temperature is (200 °F) and the water inlet temperature is (100 °F).
9. Crude oil is to be heated from (65 °F) to (95 °F) in a shell and tube heat exchanger.
The oil flow rate through the tubes is (100,000 lb /hr). The tubes are (0.5 in) inside
diameter and the tube wall is at (200 °F). If the exchanger is to be no longer than (10
ft ), estimate the number of tube passes if there are (i) 20 tubes per pass (ii) 10 tubes
per pass. Use the following properties of oil; specific, gravity = 1.1, specific heat =
0.5, ºF , ºF , k=0.08 Btu / hrft2 °F. Estimate also the power
required to pump the oil through the tubes. State clearly the assumptions you may
need and use in the problem formulation and solution.
10. The viscosity of an oil as a function of temperature is given below:
Temp. (°F) 50 75 100 125 150 200 175
155 75 52 35 24 10 15
Specific gravity = 1.1, k= 0.08 Btu/hr ft 2 °F, specific heat = 0.5. This oil at (50 °F)
flows in (1 in) inside diameter tube at the rate of (6000 lb/hr). After a suitable calming
length the tube wall is maintained at (200°F). Estimate the length of heating required
for the flow to become turbulent.
11. An engine oil flows at (30 m/s) through a (25 mm) tube. The oil is at (160 °C) and the
tube surface is at (150 °C). If the tube is (2m) long, what is the average film
coefficient at the pipe surface? If the tube is (6.5m) long, what is the film coefficient?
(Use values from Table (8.4) of Kays and also empirical relations and compare the
results).
12. Compare the heat transfer results obtained from the Leveque solution and the Graetz
solution. Hence obtain the range of applicability of Leveque solution.
13.Engine oil enters a (1.25 cm) diameter tube (3m) long at a temperature of (30 °C). The
tube wall is maintained at (65 °C) and the flow velocity is (30 cm/s). Estimate the total
heat transfer to the oil and the exit temperature of the oil.
14.(0.5 kg/min) of water is heated from (20 °C) to (40 °C) when passed through a tube of
(2.5 cm) diameter steel pipe. The pipe surface temperature is maintained at (110°C) by
condensing steam at its surface. Find out the length of the pipe required. The
properties of water at the mean temperature (110 + /2=70°C) are; = 978
kg/m3, k=0 0.575 kcal/mhr °C), cp = 1 kcal / kg °C, =0.415*10-6 m2/s. State clearly
any assumption you may need and use, and deriver all the relation used in the
solution.
15. A water heater consists of tube (4mm) in diameter which is provided with nichrome
heating wire over the tube which gives constant heat flux on tube surface. Water at the
rate of (3.6 kg/hr) passes through the tube and its temperature is increased from (25
°C) to (75 °C). The power input to the heating element is (200 W) per meter length of
the tube. Take the following properties of water at (50 °C): =984 kg/m3, = 4.76*10-
7
m2/s, C=4187 J/kg °C, k=0.65 W/m °C. Estimate the tube length and the wall
temperature at the tube exit.
16. Consider the steady laminar Poiseuille flow of a constant property fluid between two
large fixed parallel and horizontal plates that are spaced a distance (b) and kept at
uniform temperature ( ). Assume constant pressure gradient in the flow direction
and neglect the edge effect and end effects (except for pressure), and including the
viscous dissipation effects, derive an expression for the temperature distribution and
Nusselt number of the flow.
17. Derive an expression for the fully developed temperature profile when a fluid
generating heat at a constant rate of (q"') per unit volume, flows with laminar flow
( ) through an insulated pipe.
18. Consider the steady laminar two - dimensional flow between the two parallel plates
shown in the figure. The velocity profile is made of three straight lines as shown. For
( ), Derive an expression for the temperature profile across the channel
cross section.
T1
δ
uc
b
δ
T1

29 - Forced Convection Heat Transfer For Laminar Flow in Closed Conditions ME532 Final PDF

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ME532 Advanced Heat Transfer / II – Convection and Mass Transfer 2016

2.1 Fully - Developed Flow (both Hydrodynamically and Thermally)

1. Fully developed flow (

2. No inlet Swirl ( =0;

4. Negligible dissipation function (

7. Negligible axial diffusion ( L>>R,

A- Constant Heat Rate

From equ. (1.19) → ...(1.19) T

Using equs. (2.1) and (2.4) ,it is obtained;

Using an energy balance (equ. (1.20), noting, that (Dh=D=2R);

Thus; Nu= ...... (2.6)

B- Constant Surface Temperature

From equ. (1.18) → ………………………... (1.18)

Thus, equ. (2.2) will be:

2.1.2 Parallel Plates

1. Fully-developed flow ( , (no end effect).

2. Negligible dissipation function.

7. No edge effects ( =0).

Note: Nu = 7.542 for const. wall temperature B.C.

D.E. and B.Cs. are liner) q1

Case (0) Case (1) Case (2)

Nu1 or Nu2 , T0,Tb Nu11 T1,Tb1 Nu22 T2,Tb2

0.346 = influence coefficient

means only that (Tw1 - Tb) → 0, i.e Tw is increased.

Example: Value in a pipe

Curve A without pulsation

2.1.3 Concentric Circular Tube Annulus

Nui = …………………………... (2.18)

Nuoo = ……………………….... (2.19)

Nuii = Nu at the inner tube when it is heated alone.

Influence coefficients, depends on (r*), see Table (2.1).

2.1.4 Rectangular Ducts

profile in the rectangular duct. This profile (equ.4-87 in

10 Table (2.2): Limiting Nusselt Number for

2- Uniform heat flux

Thus; u = ……………... (2) Coutte flow

Reverse flow occurs when P<-1.The flow is

Journal and its bearing where inertial 0

effects are negligible

If both plates are stationary,

u= ……………………………. (4) Poiseuille flow

Thus; T = ………………………….... (6)

Thus, T-T0 = ………………….… (7)

Define η = equ. (7) will be;

Thus, for Tb<T0 , the upper plate will be;

For heating the top plate Tb<Tad,b

q= =h (To-TB) where TB is the bulk temperature

Nulower = ……………………………. (11)

Example (2.2): Same as example (2.1) but lower plate is adiabatic.

Equ. (6); T = + ………………………………… (6)

Thus; T = …………………… (1)

Example (2.3): For example (1), show that;

Example (2.4): Both plates are stationary;

2.2 Developing Flow

LH = Hydrodynamic entrance length

The (Pr) spectrum is shown below;

Gases Water Light

2.2.2Leveque Solution: Velocity Profile Fully – Developed

3. The undisturbed fluid temperature is T .

5. The velocity of the fluid is u=cy, v=w=0, Tw

considered negligible. Thus the energy eqation will be;

Equ. (2.21) may be transformed to an ordinary D.E. by introducing a new variable X,

Thus; equ. (2.21) will be;