Course Teacher:

Md. Shamsul Arifin

Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE, CUET
Chapter 9
 The essential requirements  Types of Instruments
of a measuring instruments ➢ Permanent magnet
are: moving coil (PMMC)
➢ That its introduction into ➢ Moving iron
the circuit where, the ➢ Electrodynamometer
measurements are to be ➢ Hotwire
made, does not alter the ➢ Thermocouple
circuit conditions
➢ Induction
➢ The power consumed by ➢ Electrostatic
them for their operation is
➢ Rectifier
small.

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 3

 Construction:
 Moving coil
 Magnet system
 Damping system
 Control
 Pointer and scale

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 4

 Deflecting torque
Td=NBldI =GI
 Here G=a constant=NBdl
 The spring control provides a restoring torque
Tc=kϴ
 where K = spring constant
 For final steady deflection
Td=Tc
GI=Kϴ
 Final steady deflection
ϴ= (G/K)I
Or, I=(K/G)ϴ
 As the deflection is directly proportional to the current
passing through the meter (K and G being constants) we get
a uniform (linear) scale for the instrument.

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 5

 The basic movement of a
dc Ammeter is a PMMC
galvanometer.
▪ Rm=Internal resistance of
movement
Rsh=resistance of the
▪
shunt • So we can write
▪ Im=Ifs=Full scale
deflection current of
movement
▪ Ish=Shunt current
• Multiplying factor
▪ I=Current to be measured
 Here,
• Resistance of the shunt
Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 6
Multi-range Ammeter Universal or Ayrton Shunt
 The circuit has four shunts
Rsh1, Rsh2, Rsh3, Rsh4.

• For switch at position 1

 Let m1, m2, m3, m4 be the

shunt multiplying power
for the currents I1,I2,I3,I4 • For switch at position 2

• For switch at position 3

• Thus the values of different sections of

resistances i.e. (R1-R2), (R1-R3) and
R3 are found.
Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 7
➢ Rm=Internal resistance of
movement
➢ Rs=Multiplier resistance
➢ Im=Ifs=Full scale deflection
current of movement
➢ v=Voltage across the meter • So multiplying
movement for current Im factor,
➢ V-Full range voltage of
instrument.
• Here,
• Resistance of
multiplier
• Rs=(m-1)*Rm
Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 8
 POTENTIAL DIVIDER
MULTI-RANGE ARRANGEMENT
VOLTMETER
 The circuit has four
multiplier resistor
Rs1,Rs2, Rs3, Rs4.

 Here

 Here

 Similarly

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 9

 The most common Ammeters and Voltmeters of
laboratory and meter board are Moving Iron
Instruments.
 It can perform measurement AC quantities with high
accuracy and less cost.

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 10

 Let
 Td= Deflecting torque
 dƟ=Small deflection
 I=Initial current
 L=Instrument inductance
 Ɵ=deflection
 If the current increased by dI the deflection change by dƟ and
the inductance by dL.
 Mechanical work done= Td* dƟ
 So the applied voltage
 The electrical energy supplied
 The stored energy changes from
11
Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET
• Hence the change in stored energy,

• Neglecting second and higher order terms in

small quantities, this becomes
• From the principle of the conservation of
energy,

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 12

 Let
 K = control spring constant ; Nm/rad,
 Ɵ =deflection; rad.
 Tc=Controlling torque
 Tc= KƟ
 At equilibrium (or final steady) position,

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 13

 The deflection in a moving iron instrument is given by

 The deflection is in terms of rms value of current or

voltage.
 Here,

𝑑𝐿
 Thus for a linear scale product Ɵ should be a constant.
𝑑Ɵ
This can be controlled by suitable design i.e. by choosing
proper dimension, shape and position of iron vanes.
Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 14
❖ Construction
o Fixed coil
o Moving coil
o Control
o Damping
o Moving system
o Sheilding
o Cases and Scales

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 15

 Let,
➢ i1=Instantaneous value of current in fixed coil
➢ i2=Instantaneous value of current in moving coil
➢ L1=Self inductance of fixed coil
➢ L2=Self inductance of moving coil
➢ M=Mutual inductance between fixed and moving coil
▪ Flux linkages of coil 1
▪ Flux linkages of coil 2

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 16

  Electrical input energy,

 Energy stored in the magnetic field

 Change in energy stored,

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 17

 From principle of conservation of energy

 So mechanical Energy=

 As L1 and L2 are constant so dL1=dL2=0

 So mechanical Energy=i1i2dM
 Now, Ti=instantaneous deflecting torque

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 18

 Let,
▪ I1=current in fixed coil
▪ I2=current in moving coil
➢ Deflecting torque Td=I1I2dM/dƟ
➢ Tc=Controlling torque
➢ Ɵ=Final steady deflection
➢ At final steady position Td=Tc

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 19

 i1=Instantaneous value of current in fixed coil
 i2=Instantaneous value of current in moving coil
 Instantaneous Deflecting torque Ti=i1i2dM/dƟ
 So average deflecting torque over a complete cycle
 T=time period for one complete cycle.

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 20

 Let,
 The average deflecting torque

 Here,I1 and I2 are rms values.

 At equilibrium

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 21

 Electrodynamometer
Voltmeters

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 22

 Let, the applied voltage ‘e’ can be expressed as

 Instantaneous torque is proportional to square of

voltage.
 So
 Average deflecting torque

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 23

 Now we have

 Average deflecting torque

 Where

 But
 Here, E is the rms of voltage.
 So Td α 𝐸 2

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 24

Thank
You

Md. Shamsul Arifin, EEE, CUET 25