Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report On
Nano Science and Nano Technology
Topic: UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Course Code- CEP 506
Submitted by Submitted to
Hasanuzzaman Showrav (CEP M-1) Dr Muhammad Zobayer Bin Mukhlish
Session: 2018-2019 Associate Professor
Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Polymer Science Dept. of Chemical Engineering & Polymer Science
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
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Contents
Definition of Spectroscopy and UV-visible Spectroscopy .......................................................................... 3
What Is Absorption of Radiation? .............................................................................................................. 3
The Electromagnetic Spectrum .................................................................................................................. 4
The Result of Interaction of UV-Vis Light and The Molecule ..................................................................... 5
UV-Spectroscopy: Possible Transitions Organic Molecules ....................................................................... 5
UV-Spectrometer: Measurement of Absorbed Radiation ......................................................................... 6
Instrumentation of UV Spectroscopy......................................................................................................... 7
UV-Spectroscopy: Absorption Law ............................................................................................................ 8
Beer–Lambert law .................................................................................................................................. 8
Chromophore ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Applications of UV-Visible Spectroscopy ................................................................................................... 9
Advantage and Disadvantage of UV-Vis Spectroscopy ............................................................................ 10
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UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Electronic orbitals of atoms and molecules have characteristic energies, giving rise to a set of discrete
energy levels. An electron can change from an occupied orbital to another orbital, gaining or losing
energy only in amounts exactly corresponding to the difference between two levels. The transition from
the ground state (lowest possible energy) at energy E0 to a higher level at energy En is possible if the
molecule absorbs electromagnetic radiation of the corresponding wavelength,
λ = ch=(En − E0)
h=Planck’s constant.
Excited states usually exist only for a very short period, because the higher energy state is unstable and
the extra energy is lost through relaxation processes such as emission of light. The typical energy
difference between the ground and the first excited levels of many molecules corresponds to
electromagnetic waves of the ultra-violet (UV) and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The UV-visible range is only a small part of the total electromagnetic spectrum. It is generally defined
from wavelengths of 190 nm at the high energy UV end to about 750 nm at the low energy red end of
the spectrum. Light in other regions of the spectrum gives rise to different types of transitions and is
the subject of different types of spectroscopy. For example, IR radiation is usually not energetic enough
to cause electronic transitions but can excite vibrations of molecules. The wavelength λ is the distance
between adjacent peaks (or troughs) in the time-frozen electromagnetic wave and is given in meters,
centimetres or nanometres (10−9 meters).
Visible wavelengths cover a range from approximately 400 to 750 nm. The frequency ν is the number of
wave cycles that travel past a fixed point per unit of time and is usually given in cycles per second, or
Hertz (Hz). Frequency and wavelength are related via
λ = c/ν = 2πc/𝜔
When polychromatic or ’white’ light passes through or is reflected by a coloured substance, a particular
portion of the spectrum is absorbed. The remaining light will then exhibit a complementary colour to
the wavelength(s) absorbed.
Thus, absorption of blue light between 420-430 nm renders a substance yellow, and absorption of
green, 500-520 nm light makes it red. Green, to which our eyes are most sensitive, is unique in that it
can be created by absorption close to 400 nm as well as absorption near 800 nm.
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The Result of Interaction of UV-Vis Light and The Molecule
Ultraviolet light and visible light have just the right energy to cause an electronic transition of an electron
from one filled orbital to another of higher Energy unfilled orbital
When a molecule absorbs light of an appropriate wavelength, and an electron is promoted to a higher
energy molecular orbital, the molecule is then in an excited state
n O, N, S, halogens 190 nm
n carbonyls 300 nm
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Principle of UV Spectroscopy
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Instrumentation of UV Spectroscopy
Light Source
Tungsten filament lamps and Hydrogen-Deuterium lamps are most widely used and suitable
light source as they cover the whole UV region
Tungsten filament lamps are rich in red radiations; more specifically they emit the radiations of
375 nm, while the intensity of Hydrogen-Deuterium lamps falls below 375 nm
Monochromator
One of the two divided beams is passed through the sample solution, and the second beam is
passed through the reference solution
Both sample and reference solution is contained in the cells
These cells are made of either silica or quartz. Glass can’t be used for the cells as it also absorbs
light in the UV region
Detector
Amplifier
Recording devices
Most of the time amplifier is coupled to a pen recorder which is connected to the computer
Computer stores all the data generated and produces the spectrum of the desired compound
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UV-Spectroscopy: Absorption Law
Beer–Lambert law
At a given wavelength, absorption is proportional to the concentration of absorbing molecules and the
path length of the light through the sample
ε = molar absorptivity (liter mol-1 cm-1 or M-1 cm-1 ) where M = mol L-1
The molar absorptivity (formerly called the extinction coefficient) of a compound is a constant that is
characteristic of the compound at a particular wavelength Molar absorptivities may be very large for
strongly absorbing compounds (>10,000) and very small if absorption is weak ( = 10 to 100)
No absorption gives ε = 0
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Chromophore
Alkanes: molecules contain single bonds and the only possible transitions are σ to σ* Absorb ultraviolet
energy at very short wavelengths below 200 nm, shorter than the wavelengths that are experimentally
accessible (200-700 nm)
Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, and Sulfur Compounds: In saturated molecules that contain atoms bearing
non-bonding pairs of electrons, possible transitions of the n to σ* They are also high-energy transitions
Alcohols and amines absorb in the range from 175 to 200 nm; Organic thiols and sulfides absorb
between 200 and 220 nm
Most of the absorptions are below the cutoff points for the common solvents, so they are not observed
in solution spectra.
Alkenes and Alkynes: Possible transitions are π to π*. These transitions are of rather high energy (170
nm) as well, but their positions are sensitive to the presence of substitution
Carbonyl Compounds: Unsaturated molecules that contain atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen may also
undergo n to π*transitions (280 to 290 nm). Carbonyl compounds also have a π to π* transition at about
188 nm
1. Detection of Impurities
UV absorption spectroscopy is one of the best methods to determine the impurities in organic
molecules. Additional peaks can be observed due to impurities in the sample, and it can be compared
with that of standard raw material. By also measuring the absorbance at a specific wavelength, the
impurities can be detected.
2. Quantitative analysis
UV absorption spectroscopy can be used for the quantitative determination of compounds that absorb
UV radiation. It is determined by using beer’s law.
3. Qualitative analysis
UV absorption spectroscopy can characterize those types of compounds which absorbs UV radiation.
Identification is made by comparing the absorption spectrum with the spectra of known compounds.
4. Chemical kinetics
Kinetics of reaction can also be studied using UV spectroscopy. The UV radiation is passed through the
reaction cell, and the absorbance changes can be observed.
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5. Detection of functional groups
This technique is used to detect the presence or absence of a functional group in the compound
Absence of a band at a particular wavelength regarded as evidence for the absence of a particular group.
Many drugs are either in the form of raw material or in the form of the formulation. They can be assayed
by making a suitable solution of the drug in a solvent and measuring the absorbance at a specific
wavelength. 0.5% H2SO4 can analyze diazepam tablet in methanol at the wavelength 284 nm.
UV spectroscopy is useful in the structure elucidation of organic molecules, the presence or absence of
unsaturation, the presence of hetero-atoms. From the location of peaks and a combination of peaks, it
can be concluded that whether the compound is saturated or unsaturated, hetero-atoms are present
or not etc.
Advantage
Disadvantage
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Reference
1. Sharma. Y.R. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy. First edition S.Chand Publisher; 2010.
2. Chatwal G.R. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. First edition. Himalaya Publisher; 2010
5. https://www.chem.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ff066c7e-67a0-45aa-a18d-40e3f2aa4b88/UVVis_HS17.pdf
6. https://chrominfo.blogspot.com/2018/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-uv.html
7. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/UV-Vis/uvspec.htm
8. https://microbenotes.com/uv-spectroscopy-principle-instrumentation-
applications/#:~:text=Principle%20of%20UV%20Spectroscopy,-
Basically%2C%20spectroscopy%20is&text=When%20ultraviolet%20radiations%20are%20absorbed,to
wards%20a%20higher%20energy%20state.&text=The%20absorption%20of%20ultraviolet%20light,the
%20identification%20of%20the%20compound.
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