GROUP 4: Chapter 12-14

Abagon, Charlie Mar

Batasinin, Marvin
Cabrera, Irheen
Dimaro, Princess
Megrino, Bella Vera
Orocio, Maesei Dominique
Peig, Frances Louie

CHAPTER 12 - THE HUMAN HEART AND ITS VASCULAR SYSTEM

I.
Answer Box:
1. Thorax 2. Diaphragm

3. Second 4. Aorta

5. Right Atrium 6. Atria

7. Ventricles 8. Endocardium

9. Epicardium 10. Friction

11. Cardiac Muscle

ESSAY: Trace the flow of blood through both the pulmonary and systemic circulations by writing an
essay beginning from the right atrium, depicting the whole flow of blood circulation according to
the image below.

The deoxygenated blood shoots down from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The
heart then pumps it out of the right ventricle and into the pulmonary arteries to begin pulmonary
circulation. The blood moves to the lungs, exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen, and returns to
the left atrium. The oxygenated blood shoots from the left atrium to the left ventricle below, to
begin systemic circulation again wherein the heart pumps oxygenated blood out of the left
ventricle and into the aorta to begin systemic circulation. After the blood has supplied cells
throughout the body with oxygen and nutrients, it returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
of the heart.

II.

1. K. Brain 2. F. Circulation to the brain and tissues of the head

3. J. Aorta 4. B. Circulation to upper limbs

5. L. Pulmonary Arteries 6. I. Pulmonary Trunk

7. M. Pulmonary Vein 8. D. Pulmonary Circulation

9. Heart 10. G. Digestive Tract Circulation

11. C. Renal Circulation 12. E. Circulation to lower limbs

13. A. Liver Circulation 14. H. Kidney

III.

1. Systole 2. Diastole

3. Lub-dub 4. Atrioventricular
5. Semilunar 6. Ventricles

7. Atria  8. Atria 

9. Ventricles  10. Murmurs 

IV.

1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node

2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node

3. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

4. Bundle Branches

5. Purkinje Fibers

6. Pulmonary Valve

7. Aortic Valve

8. Mitral Valve
9. Tricuspid Valve

V. Heart Conduction System

1. Sinoatrial (SA) Node

2. Atrioventricular (AV) Node

3. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

4. Right and Left bundle Branches

5. Purkinje Fibers

Answer box: Conduction pathway of the heart.

1. Action potentials originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node and travel across the wall of the
atrium (arrows) from the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node.

2. Action potentials pass through the AV node and along the atrioventricular (AV) bundle,
which extends from the AV node, through the fibrous skeleton, into the interventricular
septum.

3. The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, and action potentials descend to
the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches

4. Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the
ventricular walls.
V. Fetal Circulation 
A.

Fetal Structure Receives blood Delivers blood Structure after birth

from to

1. Placenta Blood Vessels Heart Detaches from the uterine wall

2. Patent Foramen Right/left atrium Left ventricle to Closes after birth

Ovale aorta

3. Ductus venosus Umbilical vein Inferior vena Closes after birth

cava

4. Ductus Pulmonary Aorta Closes within 2 or 3 days

arteriosus artery

5. Pulmonary Right Ventricle Lungs Lungs expand and pulmonary

artery arterial pressure is reduced

B.
Key Choices Answer

A. Umbilical Vein 10

B. Placenta 1

C. Right Atrium 8

D. Umbilical Arteries 14

E. Ductus Arteriosus 11

F. Superior Vena Cava 4

G. Foramen Ovale 5

H. Inferior Vena Cava 9

I. Left Atrium 13

J. Descending Aorta 7

K. Pulmonary Trunk 6

L. Pulmonary Veins 12

M. Aorta 2

N. Ductus Venosus 3

C.
1. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a recurrent opening between the two main
blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening, known as the ductus
arteriosus, is a natural part of a baby's pre-birth circulatory system that normally
closes shortly after birth. However if it remains unclosed, it's considered a patent
ductus arteriosus. A relatively small patent ductus arteriosus sometimes causes
no complications and may never require care. Nevertheless a large untreated
patent ductus arteriosus can allow poorly oxygenated blood to flow in the wrong
path, deteriorating the heart muscle, resulting in heart failure and other
complications.
 2. A gap in the wall (septum) between the atria occurs in an atrial septal defect. As an
outcome, some oxygenated blood from the left atrium flows through the right atrium
through the opening in the septum, where it combines with oxygen-poor blood and
raises the overall volume of blood flowing to the lungs. A swishing sound, known as a
heart murmur, is created by increased blood flow to the lungs. The murmur, along with
other particular heart rhythms, is also the first doctor's tip-off that a child has an ASD.
ASDs can be found on the atrial septum in various locations and can vary in size.

3. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect that is a complication with the structure of
the heart present at birth. The regular flow of blood through the heart is affected. With
this defect, the aorta, immediately above the VSD, is between the left and right
ventricles. As a byproduct, oxygen-poor blood flows to the lungs straight from the right
ventricle into the aorta rather than into the pulmonary artery.

4. The narrowing, or coarctation, blocks normal blood flow to the body. This can
back up flow into the left ventricle of the heart, making the muscles in this
ventricle work harder to get blood out of the heart. Since the narrowing of the
aorta is usually located after arteries branch to the upper body, coarctation in this
region can lead to normal or high blood pressure and pulsing of blood in the head
and arms and low blood pressure and weak pulses in the legs and lower body. If
the condition is very severe, enough blood may not be able to get through to the
lower body. The extra work on the heart can cause the walls of the heart to
become thicker in order to pump harder. This eventually weakens the heart
muscle. If the aorta is not widened, the heart may weaken enough that it leads to
heart failure.

5. Transposition of the great arteries changes the way blood circulates through the
body, leaving a shortage of oxygen in blood flowing from the heart to the rest of
the body. Without an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood, the body can't
function properly and your child faces serious complications or death without
treatment.

VI. 
Activity:

1. Answer Box

1. Left Common Carotid Artery

2. Left Subclavian Artery
3. Superior Mesenteric Artery
4. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
5. Left Common Iliac Artery
6. Median Sacral Artery
7. Brachiocephalic Artery
8. Right Subclavian Artery
9. Right Common Carotid Artery

2. Answer Box:

1. Left Coronary Artery

2. Left Atrium

3. Circumflex Branch of Left Coronary Artery (Circumflex Artery)

 4. Left marginal artery

5. Anterior Interventricular Branch of Left Coronary Artery 

6. Right Marginal Artery

7. Posterior Interventricular Artery

8. Right Coronary Artery

3. Answer Box:
1. Facial artery
2. Lingual artery
3. Superior thyroid artery
4. Subclavian artery
5. Brachiocephalic artery
6. Internal thoracic artery
7. Common carotid artery
8.Vertebral artery
9 .Carotid sinus
10. External carotid artery 
11.Internal carotid artery
12.Maxillary artery
13. Occipital artery
14. Posterior auricular artery
15. Superficial temporal artery

4. Answer Box:

1. Celiac trunk 
2. Superior mesenteric artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery
4. Left common iliac artery
5. Median sacral artery 
6. Left internal iliac artery 
7. Left external iliac artery 
8. Lumbar arteries 
9. Gonadal arteries
10. Renal arteries

5. Answer Box:

1. Right subclavian artery

2. Right common carotid artery

3. Brachiocephalic artery

4. Axillary artery

5.  Ulnar artery

6. Digital arteries 
7. Brachial artery

8. Radial artery

6. Answer Box:

1. Common iliac artery

2. Internal iliac artery

3. External iliac artery

4. Femoral artery

5. Popliteal artery

6. Anterior tibial artery

7. Posterior tibial
artery

8. Fibular artery

9. Dorsalis pedis artery

7. Answer Box:

1. Facial Vein

2. Lingual Vein

3. Superior Thyroid Vein

4. Internal Jugular Vein

5. Left Brachiocephalic Vein

6. Superior Vena Cava

7. Inferior Vena Cava

8. Brachial Veins

9. Basilic Vein

10. Azygos Vein

11. Axillary Vein

12. Cephalic Vein

13. Right Brachiocephalic Vein

14. Subclavian Vein

15. External Jugular Vein

16. Retromandibular Vein

17. Superficial Temporal Vein

8.

1. Coronary Sinus

2. Great Cardiac Vein

3. Small Cardiac Vein

4. Middle Cardiac Vein

9. Answer Box:

1. Inferior Vena Cava

2. Gastric Veins

3. Gastroomental Veins

4. Splenic Vein with Pancreatic Branches

5. Splenic Vein

6. Inferior Mesenteric Vein

7. Superior Mesenteric Vein

8. Hepatic Portal Vein

9. Cystic Vein

10. Hepatic Veins

10. Answer Box:

1. Internal jugular vein

2. Brachiocephalic vein

3. Clavicle

4. Axillary Vein

5. Basilic vein

6. Median cubital vein

7. Cephalic vein

8. Brachial vein

9. Cephalic vein

10. Subclavian vein

11.
 1. Inferior Vena Cava

2. Common Iliac Vein

3. External Iliac Vein

4. Femoral Vein

5. Great Saphenous Vein

6. Popliteal Vein

7. Small Saphenous Vein

8. Posterior Tibial Veins

9. Anterior Tibial Veins

10. Fibular Veins 

11. Great Saphenous Veins

12.Dorsal Veins of the Foot

VII. SITES FOR IV INSERTION

1. Radial Vein

2. Internal Jugular Vein

3. Median Cubital Vein

4. Superficial Temporal Vein

5. Dorsal Plexus

6. Great Saphenous Vein

7. Dorsal Metacarpal Veins

8. Cephalic Vein

9. Basilic Vein

VIII. ESSAY

Fetal circulation is what we call the blood circulation of a fetus’ cardiovascular system.
As the embryo develops, a functional cardiovascular system builds up associated with the
mother’s, which is conspicuously different to the circulation that takes place in adults. One
reason why they’re distinct is the fact that a fetus’ main filtration site for plasma nutrients and
wastes is the placenta which is located outside of the body cavity, while in adults, circulation
takes place entirely inside the body.
The major differences that occur in both types of circulation can be found on how certain
parts in their system functions. By its nature, the artery in fetal circulation carries non-
oxygenated blood away from the heart, and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart in
adult circulation. Moreover, veins in fetal circulation carry oxygenated blood while it carries non-
oxygenated blood in adult circulation back to the heart. Another major difference is the site
where gas exchange occurs- in the placenta for fetal circulation and in the lungs for adults. One
more thing is their circulatory circulatory pressure. For fetal circulation, it is increased on the
right side of the heart, and left side for adult circulation.