SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

INTRODUCTION

Figure1: Beam Carrying load

Shear Forces occurs when two parallel forces act out of alignment with each other. For
example, in a large boiler made from sections of sheet metal plate riveted together, there is an
equal and opposite force exerted on the rivets, owing to the expansion and contraction of the
plates. Shear force is the summation of the effect of shear stress over a surface, and often
results in shear strain. Bending moment and shear force calculations are essential while
designing any structural members. The shearing force (SF) at any section of a beam represents
the tendency for the portion of the beam on one side of the section to slide or shear laterally
relative to the other portion.

Figure 2: Loading of Beam in Laboratory Apparatus

From this figure, we have to determine the value of shear force at x-x distance from support Rb or
from support Ra. So, the equation can be:
- Vx – W + Rb = 0, -W + Rb = Vx , Vx = Rb – W
OBJECTIVE

To show that the shear force at a cut section of a beam is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces
acting to the left or right section.
APPARATUS
1. Indicator
2. Shear force apparatus
3. A set of weights
4. Load hanger
5. Ruler

PROCEDURE
1. The load hanger is hung to the beam.
2. The beam is placed on the support.
3. The load hanger is placed at the desired location.
4. The support distance, L is measured.
5. The beam is levelled using the screw attached to the tension spring and the spring
balance rod, with the help of the spirit level on both side of the cut section.
6. The force on gauge reading is adjusted to zero using the adjustment screw at the bottom
of the balance.
7. The load, W1 is placed on the load hanger and beam is levelled again. Begin by
adjusting the nut at the top of the force gauge until the left section is just lifted from the
right section.
8. The spirit level is checked. If the beam is not level adjusting the nut at the tension spring
until the beam is level.
9. The nut section is checked. The nut is adjusted until two sections separated. The nut
was adjusted again so that the two section just rest on each other.
10. The step 8 and 9 is repeated until the beam is levelled.
11. The force on gauge reading is recorded. This represents the shear force at the cut
section.
12. All loads from the load hangers are removed and a different set of loading is applied at
different locations. The results are tabulated.
RESULT

Figure 3: Shear force apparatus free body diagram

Where;
P = Point load; Va = Support reaction at A; Vb = Support reaction at B

Table 1: Shear force value (at cut section) with an increasing point load
CALCULATION
Load P= 1N

Find reaction each support

∑ MA =0 ∑ F A=0
1 (0.3) – VB (0.95) = 0 VA + 0.316 – 1= 0
VB = 0.32 N VA = 0.68 N

Shear force at cutting section x = 0.60 m from support A

∑ V =0
-VX – 1 + VA = 0
-1 + 0.68 = VX
VX = - 0.32 N
ANALYSIS

Graph 1: Theoretical Shear Force vs Experimental Shear Force

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM FOR THEORETICAL

DISCUSSION
Based on the experiment we carried out, the value obtained are assigned increasing by
load. The load we choose started with 1N hanging to two-point load to determine the value of
the experimental force. Once the experiment had been conducted, we will eventually get the
readings of the experimental values. But the experimental value didn’t record in the table as we
just want to see the theoretical value.

To get the theoretical value, firstly we find the vertical reaction at bot support A and B by
using the bending moment equation at point B. After get vertical reaction at point A and B, we
proceed to find the bending moment on cut section for Left Hand Side (LHS) for each load.

Lastly is the graph of bending moment versus load, we can see that if the load
increases, the bending moment will gradually increase too because essentially the load that
acting on the beam is definitely the factor that effecting the bending moment of the beam.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of doing this experiment was to determine the bending moment at any section
through different cases which involve concentrated load. Bending moment is the algebraic sum
of the moment forces taken about the section. Bending moments are considered positive when
the moment on the left portion is clockwise and on the right anticlockwise. This is referred to as
a sagging bending moment and a negative bending moment is termed hogging.
Moment is measured as a force multiplied by the distance. The standard unit of moment is in
(Nm). When a bending moment exists in the structural element it induces tensile stresses and
compressive stresses in the element. Tensile stresses and compressive stresses increase
proportionally with bending moment, but also dependent on the second moment of area of the
cross-section of the structural element.
The bending moment at a section is the graph (curve) representing the variation of bending
moment at a section for various positions of the load on the span of the beam. The sign
convention followed, in general, is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Loading of Beam in Laboratory Apparatus

Recall the equation,
Bending moment at section x-x is:
Where LT is the total of beam span.
OBJECTIVE
To show that the bending moment at the section of a loaded beam is equal to the algebraic sum
of the moment to the left of the section.

APPARATUS
1. Indicator
2. Ruler
3. Bending moment apparatus
4. A set of loads
5. Load hanger

PROCEDURE
1. The indicator is switched on. For stability of the reading, the indicator must be switch on
for about 10 minutes before the readings is taken.
2. The two simple supports is fixed to the aluminum base at a distance equal to the span of
the beam tested. The support is screwed tightly to the base.
3. The load hanger is hung to the beam.
4. The beam is placed on the supports.
5. The load hanger is placed at the desired location.
6. The indicator reading is noted. If it is not zero, the tare button is press on the indicator.
7. The load is placed on each load hanger.
8. The indicator reading is recorded. This represents the shear force at the cut section.
9. All loads is removed from the load hangers and applied at different set of a loading and
at a different set of locations.
10. Step 6 to 11 is repeated for another set of readings.
RESULT
Beam span, LT = 950 mm / 0.95 m
Distance of the cut section from left support = 600 mm / 0.6 m
Distance of point load, a = 300 mm / 0.3 m

Table 1: Experimental and Theoretical Bending Moment at cut section

ANALYSIS

∑ MA =0 ∑ F y=0
P(a) – Vb(LT) = 0 VA + Vb = P
VB = P(a)/LT
VA = P – (P(a)/LT)

Theoretical bending Moment at cut section:

CALCULATION
Load = 1N

1 ( 0.3 )
∑ M x−x = [( 1−
0.95 ) ]
( 0.6 ) −[ (1 )( 0.6−0.3 ) ] = 0.11Nm

Load = 2N

∑ M x−x = ([ 2− 10.95
( 0.3 )
) ( 0.6) ]−[ ( 2)( 0.6−0.3) ] = 0.22Nm

Load = 3N
∑ M x−x = ([ 3− 10.95
( 0.3 )
) ( 0.6) ]−[ ( 3) ( 0.6−0.3) ] = 0.33Nm

Load = 4N

1 ( 0.3 )
∑ M x−x = [( 4−
0.95 ) ]
( 0.6 ) −[ ( 4 )( 0.6−0.3 ) ] = 0.44Nm

Load = 5N

1 ( 0.3 )
∑ M x−x = [( 5−
0.95 ) ]
( 0.6 ) −[ ( 5 ) ( 0.6−0.3 ) ] = 0.55Nm

GRAPH
 Graph 1: Bending Moment (Nmm) vs Load (N)

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR THEORETICAL

Load = 1 N

Load = 2 N
Load = 3 N

Load = 4 N
Load = 5 N

DISCUSSION
 Values of the bending moment obtained from the experiment are presented in the table
above. We used the incremental load of 1N to determine the value of experimental force before
used the formula that we derived to get the value of bending moment for theoretical part. For the
theoretical part, we had derived the equation to find the bending moment at section x-x
manually. We referred the load as P, the distance of section x-x from the left support as Lx, the
distance of load from the left support as ‘a’ and the beam span as LT.

All the data is presented in the graph. The graph of the experimental and theoretical
bending moment is showing linear relationship with the load means the value of the
experimental and theoretical bending moment increase with the increase in the value of applied
load. For example, the value of theoretical bending moment for load 1N is 0.11 Nm and for load
5N is 0.54 Nm. And for the comparison between the experimental and theoretical bending
moment is the value show a very little difference. This little difference may due to some error
that occur during our experiment.

For the bending moment diagram, it will show the same shape of diagram for different
load. And the highest value of bending moment is located at the distance of 0.3m from the left
support. We had done this by doing the manual calculation as shown in the data analysis.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective of this experiment has been achieved since the calculation of
percentage error shows that the experimental and theoretical value are almost the same. This
experiment is very important before design the beam or any structure to ensure that the
structures are safe, including ability to cater the loading. This experiment and theoretical
calculations are important before we are building a bridge and other structures.
From the result, there are a few of error that can be determine while doing the
experiment. Some error that may occur are systematic errors and human errors. systematic
errors are due to identified causes and can, in principle, be eliminated. Errors of this type result
in measured values that are consistently too high or consistently too low. For example,
percentage error for load 1N is higher than load 5N. Human error may be occurred when the
human careless while doing the experiment. To solve this problem, concentration while doing
the experiment is needed to make sure get the best result.
REFERENCE