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Mu'tah University Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department
Mu'tah University Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department
Mu'tah University
Faculty of engineering
Civil engineering department
Practical remarks:
The additives should be added as percentage of cement not more than 2% usually use
additives between (1 - 2) %.
In addition, note that more percentage of additives will be decrease the strength of the
concrete.
4- Modulus of rapture
Gives the maximum moment that the concrete can resist without fracture and it is
measured from the empirical formula fr =7.5√ f 'c where f 'c (Psi)
5-Creep of concrete
For creep Ct = (t0.6 x Cu) ÷ (10 + t0.6)
Where Ct is the creep stress and Cu = 2.35 and t (days)
6-shrinkage of concrete
For shrinkage Єsh = (t x Єshu) ÷ (35 x t)
Where Єsh is the shrinkage strain and Єshu = 425 x 10-6 and t (days)
1.3 Reinforced steel
The reinforced steel is found in several types according to the percentage of carbon as:
1-mild steel (Fyeild ≈ (240 – 280) MPa)
2-medium steel (Fyeild ≈ (280 – 350) MPa)
3-high strength steel (Fyeild ≈ (350 – 600) MPa)
As the percentage of carbon is increase, the strength will increase.
Identification of reinforced steel
Jordan (12Ø20) means 12 bar 20mm diameter
ACI (12#6) means 12 bar (6/8) in diameter
British 12R20 or 12T20 where (R regular steel) and (T high strength steel)
Practical remarks:
1-The reinforced steel must be free of the dust, rust, or oil because the oil is
organic material and it will kill the strength of reinforced concrete.
2-We do not use the high strength steel in the steel of the stirrups because it is soft
and cannot resist the bent so the first type of steel is the best type for stirrups.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Reinforced concrete design methods
Type of loads:
Dead load, live load, horizontal pressure, wind load and earthquake.
Reduction factor
1-for moment Ø = 0.9
2-for shear Ø = 0.85
3-for axial load Ø = 0.7 or Ø = 0.75
4-for plane concrete Ø = 0.65
We notice that the reduction factor for the shear is lesser than that for the moment
because the shear works suddenly on the concrete and make the failure quickly.
Chapter 3
Analysis and design of rectangular concrete section
Based on U.S.D method
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Practical remarks:
1-As main reinforced bar size increase the concrete cover should increase because the
concrete interact to the steel and makes failure on the section.
2-The concrete resist the compression and the steel resist the tension.
3-The effective depth d is the distance use in the design of the section not the all over
depth h.
4-From the practical we can use concrete cover depend on the type of structure as
follows:
a) Beam subject to moderate conditions, take cover 40 mm or 1.5 in.
b) Foundation exposed to earth permanently, take cover 75 mm or 3 in.
c) Slab exposed to earth permanently, take cover 20 mm or 0.75 in.
C = k1 k3 f'c x b
T = As Fy
C=T
k1 k3 f'c x b = As Fy
Figure 4
The nominal moment on the section is Mn = T or C x the arm between the C and T
Mn = T x (d – k2x)
From the experimental work it was found that the constant value of k2 ÷ (k1 k3) =0.59
Example 3.1
a) Compute the maximum moment capacity that section can carry? if the section has
the following properties h =20 in., b =12 in., f'c =3000 Psi, Fy =28000 Psi,
As =2.37 in2.
Solution
d = 20 – 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=17.6in.
Mn = 2.37x28000x[17.6-(0.59x2.37x28000) ÷ (12x3000)]
= 1095765.1 Ib.in
= 1095765.1 ÷ 12000
= 91.31kip.ft
b) Assume we need to keep the geometry of the section as it is and to increase the
moment to 100-kip.ft compute area of steel need for that.
Solution
As(new) = As(old)x[Mnew / Mold]
= 2.37x[100/91.3]
= 2.6 in2
2-whitney stress block method
This is the method that we will use it in the analysis and the design of the singly
reinforced sections so we will start to explain it.
As shown in figure 5 the stress in concrete is represented as rectangular block
has average value of 0.85 f'c.
The compression on the concrete is compute as the area under the stress strain
curve where C = 0.85f'c a b
T = As Fy
C=T
0.85f'c a b = As Fy
The nominal moment on the section is Mn = T or C x the arm between the C and T
Mn = T x (d – (a/2))
a=βx
Where
β = 0.85 for f'c ≤ 4000 Psi
β is reduced by 0.05 for extra 1000 Psi
β > 0.65
Figure 5
Example 3.2(repeated)
a) Compute the maximum moment capacity that the section can carry? if the section
has the following properties h =20 in., b =12 in., f'c =3000 Psi, Fy =280000 Psi,
As =2.37 in2.
Solution
d = 20 – 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=17.6in.
= (2.37x28000) ÷ (0.85x3000x12)
= 66360 ÷ 30600
= 2.2 in.
Mn = As Fy x [d – (a/2)]
Mn = 2.37x28000x[17.6-(2.2 ÷2)]
= 1095765.1 Ib.in
= 1095765.1 ÷ 12000
= 91.31kip.ft
b) Assume we need to keep the geometry of the section as it is and to increase the
moment to 100-kip.ft compute area of steel need for that.
Solution
As(new) = As(old)x[Mnew / Mold]
= 2.37x[100/91.3]
= 2.6 in2
3.3 Limits of reinforcement ratio
1- Balanced condition (ρb)
Ideal condition as when the stress in the steel reaches Fy and stress in concrete
reaches max strength at the same time which called balance condition
Since C = T
0.85f'c a b = As Fy
Figure 6
As Fy = 0.85f'c b β xb
εy = fy / Es = fy /29000000
εc = 0.003
ρb = 0.85 β [f'c/ Fy] [87000 ÷ (87000 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in Psi
ρb = 0.85 β [f'c/ Fy] [600 ÷ (600 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in MPa
2- Maximum reinforcement ratio (ρmax)
To make sure that the actual reinforcement ratio (ρact) ≤ ρb then the codes limit
the reinforcement ratio by maximum ratio of reinforcement (ρmax) = 0.75 ρb.
If the ρact > ρmax it leads to sudden failure and the section is called over reinforced
section.
3- Minimum reinforcement ratio (ρmin)
To make sure that the cracks will not appear on the building you must take the
reinforcement ratio not less than the minimum value that is:
Practical remarks:
In the huge foundation with irregular thickness, if we calculate the ρact and it was
less than ρmin then it is ok to use the ρact and add 30% to it i.e. ρ = ρact + 0.3x ρact
Solution
d = 30 – 1.5-(3/8)-(1/2)=27.6in.
= (3.95x60000) ÷ (0.85x4000x14)
= 237000 ÷ 47600
= 4.98 in.
Mn = As Fy x [d – (a/2)]
Mn = 3.95x60000x[27.6-(4.98 / 2)]x[1/12000]
= 495.9kip.ft
Mu = 0.9x495.9
= 446.3>120 so it is ok.
3.4 Design of singly reinforced rectangular section
1- Design using the quick design method
Steps of design:
1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy
2- Find the minimum thickness h as followed:
Simply supported One end cont. Two end cont. Cantilever
Solid one way slab l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10
Beams or ribbed one way slabs l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8
Table 3.1(The minimum thickness)
3- Find d where d = h – cover – stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter
or d = h – 2.5in.
4- Find b where d / b ≈1.5 to 2
5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
6- Find Mu as followed:
Case Positive moment
At end span with discontinuous unrestrained end Wu l2/11
At end span with discontinuous integral with support end Wu l2/14
At interior span Wu l2/16
Case Negative moment
At exterior face of first interior support for two spans Wu l2/9
At exterior face of first interior support for more than two spans Wu l2/10
At other faces of interior support Wu l2/11
Table 3.2
7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9
8- Calculate the required reinforcement steel As = MnL÷ (Fy x0.9xd)
9- Choose bar size from the table of reinforcing steel bars and find As.
10- Check the moment capacity of the section MnR.
a) Find a = (As Fy) ÷ (0.85f'c b)
b) Find MnR = As Fy x [d – (a/2)]
11- If MnR ≥ MnL so it is ok.
12- Check ρmax, ρmin .
13- If MnR < MnL so As(new) = As(old)x [MnL / MnR]
14- Find MnR = As(new) Fy x [d – (a/2)]
15- If MnR ≥ MnL so it is ok.
16- If MnR < MnL so repeat step 13.
2-Design using the exact design method
At the beginning we must derive a relationship between Mn and bd2 to simplified
the method of design so consider the section in the figure 7
Mn = As Fy x [d – (a/2)]
Mn = As Fy x [d – ((Asm) ÷ (2b))]
Mn = As Fy x [d – ((As/bd) x (md/2))]
Mn = ρ Fy x [1 - (m ρ/2)] x (bd2)
Rn = Mn / bd2 # Ok. #
Design using the exact design method (cont.)
Step of design:
1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy
2- Find h from table 3.1
3- Find d where d = h – cover – stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter
or d = h – 2.5in.
4- Find b where d / b ≈1.5 to 2
5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
6- Find Mu from table 3.2
7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9
8- Find Rn = MnL / bd2
9- Find m = Fy / (0.85 f'c)
10- Find ρact = (1 / m) x [1 - √ [1-(2m Rn /Fy)]]
11- Find As = ρact x bd and choose bar size from the reinforcing steel table
13- Check ρmax, ρmin .
14- Check the moment capacity of the section MnR = As Fy x [d – (a/2)]
15- If MnR ≥ MnL so it is Ok.
Example 3.4
Beam has simply support span length of 8m and a rectangular cross section Design a
suitable section with singly reinforcement to resist the following load Wu = 10 KN/m.
not include the section self weight? Use f'c = 25 MPa and Fy = 350 MPa.
Note a) Use quick design.
b) Use exact design.
Solution
For simply support and to control deflection use h = L /16 = 8/16 = 0.5m
d = h – 6 = 50 – 6 = 44 cm.
As = MnL÷ (Fy x0.9xd) = (133.69 x 106) ÷ (350 x 0.9 x 440) = 964.57 mm2
= 0.032
= 0.00696
= 0.032
ρact < ρmin = 0.00696 < 0.007 so it is not Ok. So use ρmin
Figure 8 Figure 9
Example 3.5(example 3.10.1 textbook)
Determine the nominal moment strength Mn of rectangular section shown in figure,
given f'c = 5000 psi, Fy = 60000, b = 14 in., d = 26 in. d' = 3 in., As = 8 # 10 and
A's = 2 # 8 bars.
Solution
xb = [εc ÷ (εc + εy(T.S))] x d = [3 ÷ (3 + (60/29))] x 26 = 15.39 in.
xmax = 0.75 x 15.39 = 11.54 in. amax = 0.8 x 11.54 = 9.23 in.
= 1147.85 ft-kips.
*practical remarks
1- The maximum reinforcement ratio for doubly reinforced section is taken as
ρmax = 0.75 ρ + [ρ' x (fs ÷ fy)] where ρ' = A's / (bwd)
2- we shouldn’t use compression steel until the maximum reinforcement ratio of
tension steel is used in the case of using the compression steel for strength, not for
unaccepted negative moment.
2- Design of doubly reinforced concrete section
Step of design of doubly reinforced concrete section:
1- The given information will be D.L, L.L, span length, f'c and Fy
2- Find h from table 3.1
3- Find d where d = h – cover – stirrup diameter -0.5 main reinforcement diameter
or d = h – 2.5in.
4- Find b where d / b ≈1.5 to 2 and d' = cover + stirrup diameter +0.5xdiam .of C.S
5- Find Wu where Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
6- Find Mu from table 3.2
7- Fine MnL = Mu / 0.9
8- Find ρb = 0.85 β [f'c/ Fy] [87000 ÷ (87000 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in Psi
ρb = 0.85 β [f'c/ Fy] [600 ÷ (600 + Fy)] Where f'c and Fy are in MPa
9- Find xb = [εc ÷ (εc + εy(T.S))] x d where εy(T.S) = fy/Es, xmax= 0.75xb and amax = β*xmax
10- Use ρ = ρmax = 0.75 ρb and fine As = ρxbd
11-Compute the moment capacity of section without compression steel
MnR= As x Fy x [d – (amax/2)]
12- If MnR<MnL so we need compression steel.
13- Compute M'nR = MnL - MnR
14- A's = M'nR ÷ [f'sx(d – d')] where f's = fy if εs > εy
Or f'c = εs x Es if εs < εy where εs = [(xmax – d') ÷ xmax] x εc
15- choose bar size from the table.
16- Check the moment capacity of the section Mn = Cc(d – (amax/2)) + Cs(d – d')
Example 3.6(example 3.11.2 textbook)
Determine the As and A's required to carry a service live load moment of 390ft-kips
and service dead load moment of 200ft-kips,using b = 14 in., d = 26 in., d' = 3 in.
f'c = 5000 psi, Fy = 60000 psi, and the ACI code?
Solution
Mu = 1.4 x 200 + 1.7 x 390 = 943ft-kips.
As = ρxbd = 0.0251 x 14 x 26 = 9.15 in2.(note this is the max. As for singly reinforced)
A's = M'nR ÷ [f'sx(d – d')] = 70 ÷ [60000 x(26 – 3)] x 12000 = 0.61 in2
3.6 Applications on the singly reinforced concrete section
An application on design of singly reinforced section is the design of the one-
way solid slab and it is the best application on the design of the singly reinforced
section. We consider the slab as one-way solid slab with width (b) equal to l unit
length if the ratio of the long span to the short span > 2 if it is not greater than
two it is considered as two-way solid slab.
Example 3.7
Consider the figure below check if the slab (S1) is one-way solid slab and design it to
resist live load L.L = 4 KN/m as one end continue slab given f'c = 25 MPa,
Fy = 350 MPa.
Solution
According to code and to control deflection
Use h = 130 mm
As = MnL÷ (Fy x0.9xd) = (13.96 x 106) ÷ (350 x 0.9 x 100) = 443.17 mm2
= 0.032
ρact < ρmin so it is not Ok. Use ρ = ρmin → As = 0.007 x 1000 x 100 = 700 mm2
Choose Ø12 → No. of bars = 700 / 100 = 7
*Practical remarks
1- The maximum reinforcement ratio for T-section is taken as
ρmax = 0.75 x (ρb + ρf) where ρf = Asf ÷ (bwd) and ρb = Asb ÷ (bwd)
4.4 Applications on design of T-section (design of one-way ribbed slab)
As application on the design of T-section, the design of the one-way hollow
ribbed slab is the same as that of T-section but there are some construction
considerations that must be taken in mind:
1- The thickness of the slab over the hollow block must be ts ≥ 2 in ≥ 50 mm
2- The width of the web or stem must be bw ≥ 4 in ≥ 100 mm.
3- The width of the flange must be bf ≤ 30 in + bw ≤ 75 cm + bw
4- The effective depth must be d ≤ 3.5 x bw
5- Choose the over all depth h such that to control deflection according to code.
6- The load for one rib is taken as:
Wfor one rib = [(block width + bw) ÷ unit length] x Wu
Then we can start the steps of design of one-way hollow ribbed slab:
1- Determine the direction of the ribs (short direction or to the continuity as in
figure 10 but not always depends on the continuity
2- Determine the over all thickness from table 3.1 and compute d
3- Choose the web width bw
4- Choose the hollow block thickness = h – ts
5- Compute the D.L (loads / m2) and the self-weight of the section like:
Weight of block, weight of slab, weight of sand fill, weight of mortar…etc.
7- Find the L.L
8- Compute ultimate loads Wu =1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
9- Compute the ultimate load for one rib
Wfor one rib = [(block width + bw) ÷ unit length] x Wu
10- Compute the ultimate moment Mu from table 3.2 for example (Wfor one rib xL2 / 8)
11- Compute MnL = Mu / 0.9
12- Use quick design of T-section and fine As = MnL ÷ (Fy x 0.95 xd)
13- Choose bar size and fine actual As
14- Make analysis for the T-section as explained in the previous section.
15- Check for max. and min reinforcement ratio.
*Practical remarks
1- We must wash the block before the placing of the concrete because the block
will take the water from the concrete if we did not wash it with water.
2- We must use a cross ribs if the slab is so long nearly > 6m.
3- The importance of using the hollow block ribbed is that it is not heavy and it
is non-conductivity for heat.
Figure 10
Section x - x
Example 4.1(example 9.4.1 textbook)
Determine the nominal strength Mn within the span of floor beam whose
projection below a 4.5 in slab is 13 x 24 in. (effective depth is 25 in. for two layer
of steel). Tension reinforcement is 8#8 bars. The span length of beam is 26 ft and
the beams are centered 13 ft apart. Use f'c = 3000 psi and Fy = 50000 psi.
Solution
b) bf = bw + 16 ts = 13 + 16x4.5 = 85 in
So the bf = 78 in.
Then the assumption was true and the section will be treated as rectangular
section with b = bf
Solution
Solution
According to code and to control deflection for simply supported one way hollow
ribbed slab compute h from table 3.1 as h = span / 18.5
= 5000 / 18.5
= 270 mm ≈ 300 mm
Use ts = 60 mm and use block thickness = 300 – 60 = 240 mm
Use bw = 150 mm >100mm
d= 300 – 40 = 260 mm
Tutorial No.1
Consider the following loaded beam with its cross section using f'c = 25 MPa and
Fy = 400 MPa it is required to do the following:
1- Compute the value of the L.L that the section can carry if As = 2000 mm2
2- Compute the maximum L.L that the section can carry with single reinforcements
3- Compute the compression steel A's if the L.L in part 2 will be 1.5 x L.L
Solution
Wu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
= 1.4 x 10 + 1.7 L.L
= 14 + 1.7 L.L
Mu = Wu L2 / 8 = (14 + 1.7 L.L) x 82 / 8 = 112 + 13.6 L.L
MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 124.44 + 15.11 L.L
2- The maximum moment that the section can carry with single reinforcement is Mn
For max. moment with single reinforcement use maximum reinforcement ratio ρmax
ρb = 0.85 β [f'c/ Fy] [600 ÷ (600 + Fy)] = 0.85x0.85[25/400]x[600 ÷ (600 + 400)]
= 0.0271
Solution of Tutorial No.1 (cont.)
Solution
1- Design of slab S1
Assume thickness = 4 in
d = 4 – (3/4) – (1/3) = 3 in
Weight of saturated soil = 6.33 x 1 x 0.125 = 0.79 kip / ft
Self weight of slab = (4/12) x 1 x 0.15 = 0.05 kip / ft
Wu = 1.4 x (0.79 + 0.05) = 1.2 kip / ft
Assume beam width = 14 in
Span of slab = 7.5 (clear spacing) + [14 / 12] (beam width) = 8.7 ft
Mu ≈ (Wu x L2) / 12 ≈ (1.2 x 8.72) / 12 ≈ 7.42 ft-kip
MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 7.42 / 0.9 = 8.2 ft-kip
As = MnL ÷ (Fy x 0.9 x d) = [8.2 ÷ (60000 x0.9 x 3)] x 12000 = 0.61 in2
Choose #5 → No. of bars = 0.61 / 0.31 = 1.96
Spacing = 12 / 1.96 = 6.12 in < 3 x thickness of slab = 3 x 4 = 12 in
a = (As Fy) ÷ (0.85f'c b) = (0.61 x 60) ÷ (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 1.2 in
Mn = As Fy (d – (a / 2)) = 0.61x60000x(3 – (1.2 / 2))x(1/12000) = 7.33 ft-kip < 8.2
So it not ok.
As(new) = [MnL / Mn] x As(old) = [8.2 / 7.33] x 0.61 = 0.7 in2
a = (As Fy) ÷ (0.85f'c b) = (0.7 x 60) ÷ (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 1.4 in
Solution of tutorial No.2 (cont.)
b) Design the section of the beam for the +ve moment where:
Mu = (Wu L2) / 11 = (5.05 x 352) / 11 = 562.4 ft-kip
It is design as T-section scene the flange in the compression zone
MnL = Mu / 0.9 = 562.4 / 0.9 = 624.9 ft-kip
As = MnL ÷ (Fy x 0.95 x d) = [624.9 ÷ (60000 x0.95 x 23)] x 12000 = 5.72 in2
Choose 8#8 As = 6.32 in2
Toturial No.3
Compute the maximum life load L.Lmax which the beam shown in figure can sustain?
Given that f'c = 4000 Psi and Fy = 60000 Psi
Solution
The beam has two sections, the section 1 – 1 is for the –ve
moment and the section 2 – 2 is for the +ve moment
so for design the section 1 – 1 for –ve moment we must
put the D.L over all the beam and the L.L over the part 8ft only
to get the maximum –ve moment
and for design the section 2 – 2 for +ve moment we must put the D.L over all the
beam and the L.L over the part of length 20ft only to get the maximum +ve moment
1- design section 1 – 1
This section is consider as rectangular
section because the flange will be in tension side
compute ρb = 0.85 x 0.85 x (4000 ÷ 60000) x [87000 ÷ (87000 + 60000)] = 0.0285
compute ρmax = 0.75 x ρb = 0.75 x 0.0285
= 0.0213
Compute As(max)
As(max) = ρmax x b x d
= 0.0213x12x24
= 6.13in2
Compute amax
amax = [As(max)xFy]÷[0.85xf'cxb]
= [6.13x60000]÷[0.85x4000x12]
= 9.015in
Compute Mn
Mn = As(max) x Fy x [d – (amax ÷ 2)]
= 6.13 x 60000 x [24 – (9.015 ÷ 2)]
= 597.5 Kip-ft
Mu = 1.7 x ML.L + 1.4 x MD.L
= 1.7 x 32 x L.L + 1.4 x 64
= 54.4 x L.L + 89.6
MnL = Mu ÷ 0.9
= [54.4 x L.L + 89.6] ÷ 0.9
= 60.4 x L.L + 99.6
Since MnL ≤ Mn
→ 60.4 x L.L + 99.6 ≤ 597.5 get L.L →L.L ≤ 8.24 Kip/ft
Solution of tutorial No.4 (cont.)
2- Design section 2 – 2
This section is considered as flange section because the will be in compression side
Compute ρf where:
0.85 x f'c x (bf – bw) x ts = Asf x Fy
0.85 x 4000 x (40 – 12) x 5 = Asf x 60000
2
Asf = 7.93in
ρf = Asf ÷ (b x d)
= 7.93 ÷ (12 x 24)
= 0.0275
Compute ρmax = 0.75 x (ρb + ρf)
= 0.75 x (0.0285 + 0.0275)
= 0.042
Compute As(max) = ρmax x b x d
= 0.042 x 12 x 24
= 12.1in2
Compute amax where T = C in the web
(As(max) – Asf) x Fy = 0.85 x f'c x bw x amax
(21.1 – 7.93) x 60000 = 0.85 x 4000 x 12 x amax get amax
amax = 6.13 in > ts = 5 in
because amax > ts we will divide the section into two part
1- The over hanging part (flange part) Asf = 7.93 in2
2- The web part: we will compute the steel needed for this part where:
Asw = As(max) – Asf = 12.1 – 7.93 = 4.17 in2
Compute Mn = (bf – bw) x 0.85 x f'c x ts x [d – (ts÷2)] + Asw x Fy x [d – (amax÷2)]
= (40 – 12) x0.85x4000x5x[24-(5÷2)] + 4.17x60000x[24-(6.13÷2)]
= 1289.32 kip-ft
Compute Mu = 1.7 x 50 x L.L + 1.4 x 68
= 85 x L.L + 95.2
MnL = Mu ÷ 0.9 = [85 x L.L + 95.2] ÷ 0.9
= 94.4 x L.L + 105.8
Since MnL ≤ Mn
94.4 x L.L + 105.8 ≤ 1289.32 get L.L
L.L ≤ 12.53 kip/ft
The design L.L that the beam can carry is the smallest of L.L = 12.53kip/ft
and L.L = 8.24 kip/ft so the design L.L is L.L = 8.24kip/ft bcause the two section
can carry this L.L.
Chapter 5
Analysis and Design of shear reinforcement
based on U.S.D method
5.1 introductions
The concrete itself resists the shear stress as Vc by means of not more than 2√f'c bw d
And the excessive part of shear stress on the section will be resisted by one of the
following ways of reinforcement or by both of them:
1- By stirrup (vertical or with angle)
2- By bent bars
And we can use the steps of design below if √f'c ≤ 10 Psi ≤ 0.7 MPa.
And must use Vs = VnL - Vc ≤ 8 √f'c bw d
Note: The pervious code limits are for the f’c in Psi
Chapter 6
Analysis and design of reinforced columns
based on U.S.D method
6.1 Introduction
Columns are define as an reinforced elements subjected to axial compression force this
force could be coincide with the column axis and called centric loaded columns or this
axial force may has some eccentricity a way from the axis of the column and hence
called eccentric columns.
Solution
Pu = 1.4 x D.L + 1.7 x L.L = 1.4 x 10 + 1.7 x 4 = 20.8 KN / m2
Load on column1 per floor = 7 x 6 x 20.8 = 873.6 KN
Load on column1 for 6 floor = 6 x 873.6 = 5241.6 KN
For tie column Pu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag [0.85 f'c (1 - ρ) + ρ Fy]
Choose ρ = 0.04
5241.6 = 0.56 x Ag [0.85 x 25 x (1-0.04) + 0.04 x 400] get Ag
Ag = 257.140 x1000 = 257140 mm2
Choose circular column with diameter = 575 mm
Or choose square column b x h = 510 x 510 → Ag = 260100 mm2
As = 0.04 x 260100 = 10404 mm2
Choose Ø25 → No. of bar = As ÷ (As for one bar) = 10404 / 500 = 20.81
Spacing between bars = (circumference of column – 8 x cover) ÷ No. of bars
= (510x4 – 8 x 40) / 20.81 = 82.7 mm
Because 150mm > 82.7 mm > 70 mm so it is Ok
Choose ties Ø8
Spacing is the smallest of a) S = 48 x 8 = 384 mm ←
b) S = 16 x 25 = 400 mm
c) S = 510 mm
So choose longitudinal bar 21Ø25@82 mm
And ties Ø8@380 mm
6.5 Design of eccentricity columns using the standard tables
The axial force may has some eccentricity a way from the axis of the column this
eccentricity may makes the column is subjected to moment in addition to axial force
Where the moment is M = P x e where e is the distance that the axial force is eccentric
a way from the axis of the column.
Solution
1- Deep foundations:
a) Pile foundations
1- Friction pile foundations
2- Bearing type pile foundations
3- Combined pile foundations
2- Shallow foundations:
a) Isolated foundations
1- Square foundations
2- Rectangular foundations
b) Combined foundations
1- Rectangular foundations
2- Trapezoidal foundations
c) Cantilever foundations
e) Strip foundations
f) Raft foundations
Remarks:
Cantilever foundations: is used if the differential settlement is possible
Combined rectangular foundations: is used if heavy load such that no space is left
between foundations
Strip foundations: is used under bearing wall construction
Raft foundations: is used for heavy load and relatively weak soil
7.2 Design of isolated foundations
Steps of design:
1- Obtain the allowable bearing capacity of soil from geotechnical office qa if not
available assume 50 KN / m2 for a very weak soil
And assume qa between (75 – 200) KN / m2 for other soil
2- Compute service load Pservice = D.L + L.L and ultimate load Pu = 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L
on the column
3- Compute the area of the foundation where A = Pservice ÷ qan
Where qan = qa – thickness of foundation x γsoil
Assume thickness of foundation between (1 – 2) ft
And use γsoil = 15 KN / m3 (100 Ib / ft3)
4- Choose the shape and dimensions of the foundation where:
For the square footing B = L = √A
For rectangular footing B = (3 / 4) x L
5- Compute the ultimate stress under the foundation where σu = Pu ÷ Aactual
6- Check the failure modes on the foundation, which are:
a) Check one-way shear:
The one-way shear is occurred distance d from the face of the column but you
must check the two direction of footing if the footing is not square or if the
column is not square
For the long direction of the footing
It should be Ө Vc ≥ Vu where Ө = 0.85
Ө x 2 x √f'c x B x d ≥ σu x B x [(L/2) – (Lc/2) – d], f'c is in Psi
Ө x (2/12) x √f'c x B x d ≥ σu x B x [(L/2) – (Lc/2) – d], f'c is in MPa
h1
3- Compute the active and passive earth pressure coefficients Ka, Kp where:
Ka = (1 - sinө) ÷ (1 + sinө)
Kp = (1 + sinө) ÷ (1 - sinө)
Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.)
4- Compute the effective force on the retaining wall as in the table below:
Force Value X from A Y from A
W1 (hs+h1+h2)x[B2+(tb-tt)]xγsoil {[B2+(tb-tt)]÷2}+tt+B1 -
W2 0.5x(h1+h2)x(tb-tt)x(γcon-γsoil) B÷2 -
W3 tfxBxγconcrete [(tb-tt)÷3]+tt+B1 -
W4 (h1+h2)xttxγconcrete (tt÷2)+B1 -
E1 (h1+h2+tf)xe1 - [h1+h2+tf]÷2
E2 0.5x(h1+h2+tf)xe2 - [h1+h2+tf]÷3
Where e1= Ka x γsoil x hsurcharge
And e2 = Ka x γsoil x (h1+h2+tf)
5- Compute the moment of resistance for the resistance forces(w1, w2, w3, w4) by
multiply the value of the force by the distance from point A (x from A) and
compute the summation of all moment [∑ resistance moments]
6- Compute the moment of overturning for the overturning forces(E1,E2) by
multiply the value of the force by the distance from point A (y from A) and
compute the summation of all moment [∑ overturning moments]
7- Compute the safety factor against overturning which is
F.S = [∑ resistance moments] ÷ [∑ overturning moments] ≥ 2
8- Compute the factor of safety against sliding which is
F.S = [∑ (resistance forces)] ÷ [∑ (driving forces)] ≥ 1.5
F.S = [∑ (w1, w2, w3, w4)] ÷ [∑ (E1, E2)] ≥ 1.5
If F.S against sliding < 1.5 then we need to design a base Kay ☺
Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.)
Note:Make Ø75mm hole every (2.5 – 3)m, two row staggered first row at level 0.5m
Steps of design of retaining wall (cont.)
b) Design of the heel: where the critical section is at distance B2 from the right
side of the figure above (under the right bottom of stem)
c) Design of the toe: where the critical section is at distance B1 from the left side
of the figure above (under the left bottom of the stem).
Remember: if u design based on W.S.D method, you must always check design using
the ultimate strength design method U.S.D ☺
Tutorials
Tutorial No. 1
Use the given data and the drawing shown to design the following:
1- The one way solid slab S1
2- The hollow block one way ribbed slab
3- The column C1
The given data are:
1- f’c = 30 MPa , 2- Fy = 420 MPa , 3- 200 KN/m2,4- angle of repose = 30
5- Coefficient of friction = 0.45, 6- design the building for 4 stories
7- L.L = 4 KN /m2 everywhere except for stair = 6KN/m2
Solution of Tutorial No.1
3- Design of column C1
a) Loads: D.L = 5.25 x 6 x D.L (on ribbed slab) = 5.25 x 6 x 6.3 = 198.45 KN
L.L = 5.25 x 6 x L.L = 5.25 x 6 x 4 = 126 KN
b) Design of longitudinal steel bar
Wu = [1.4 x 198.45 + 1.7 x 126] x 5 = 2460.15 KN
Wu = 0.7 x 0.8 x Ag x [0.85 x f’c x (1 – ρ) + Fy x ρ]
Choose ρ = 0.04 get Ag = 106.46 x 103 mm2
Choose square column √Ag = 326.3 choose column 350 x 350
As = 0.04 x 350 x 350 = 4900 mm2
Choose 17ø 20 @ 75mm
c) Design of stirrup choose ø10 stirrups
Spacing between stirrups is the smallest of
1- 16 x diameter of the longitudinal bar = 16 x 20 = 320 mm
2- 48 x diameter of stirrup = 48 x 10 = 480 mm
3- The smallest dimension = 350 mm
So the spacing is 320 mm → stirrup ø10 @ 320 mm
4- Design of the footing F1
a) Loads: the same loads as on the column C1 Wu = 2460.15 KN
W(service) = [D.L + L.L] x 5 = [198.45 + 126] x 5 = 1172 KN
qn = qa – thickness x γsoil
Choose h = 600 mm, d = 530 mm
qn = 200 – 0.6 x 18 = 189.2 KN/m2
A(of footing) = W(service) ÷ qn = 1172 ÷ 189.2 = 6.2 m2
Choose square footing √A = 2.49 choose footing 2.5 m x 2.5 m → A = 6.25m2
σu = Wu ÷ A = 2460.15 ÷ 6.25 = 394 KN/m2
b) Check failure modes
1) One way shear:
Vu = σu x B x [(L÷2) – (Lc÷2) – d]
= 394 x 2.500 x [(2.500÷2) – (0.350÷2) – 0.530] = 563.83 KN
V(from concrete) = (√f’c ÷ 6) x B x d x 103 if f’c in Psi use (2√f’c x B x d)
= (√30 ÷ 6) x 2.5 x 0.530 x 103 = 1209.56 KN
It must be ө x V(from concrete) ≥ Vu
0.85 x 1209.56 > 536.83
1028.1 > 536.83 so it is Ok….
2- Two way shear
Po = (d + Lc) x 4 = (0.53 + 0.35) x 4 = 3.52 m
Vu = σu x [A(footing) – (d + Lc)2]
= 394 x [6.25 – (0.53 + 0.35)2] = 2157.41 KN
V(from concrete) = (√f’c ÷ 3) x Po x d x 103 if f’c in Psi use (4√f’c x Po x d)
= (√30 ÷ 3) x 3.52 x 0.53 x 103 = 3406.1 KN
It must be ө x V(from concrete) ≥ Vu
0.85 x 3406.1 > 2157.41
2895.2 > 2157.41 so it is Ok….
3- flextural failure
Mu = σu x L x [(L÷2) – (Lc÷2)]2 x 0.5
= 394 x 2.5 x [(2.5÷2) – (0.35÷2)]2 x 0.5 = 569.14 KN.m
Mn = Mu ÷ 0.9 = 569.14 ÷ 0.9 = 632.4 K.m
As = (632.4 x 106) ÷ (420 x 0.9 x 530) = 3156.6 mm2
Choose ø16@150mm
ρ = 3200 ÷ (2500 x 530) = 0.0024 > ρmin = 0.002 so it is Ok…
With my best wishes for my all my friends and I hope that I could write it as well to
be useful for all who read this material
Mohammed Ali Al-dhabiany