Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Final Exam (Theory)/ Spring 2020 (Paper Duration 48 hours)
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: ………IT-302……Course Title:….Introduction to Information Technology……..

Total Marks:………12…………………Date of Exam:… ………10-08-2020………………...........
Degree: ………BSc (Hons)-Agriculture……….Semester:……2nd……… Section:…………F……………
Marks
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Obtained/
Total Marks
Marks
Obtaine
d

Total Marks in Words:

Name of the teacher: Muhammad Usman Karim
Who taught the course: Signature of teacher / Examiner:

To be filled by Student

Registration No.: 19-arid-5052 Name: Muhammad Nasir

Note: Attempt all questions and make assumptions where necessary. Write to-the-point
answers. Unnecessary details or explanation may lead to negative marking.
Understanding question paper is also part of exam. Fill the cover page first. (The
solutions received after 48 hours will not be marked). (Copied solution(s) of the
Question(s) may lead to cancel the Question(s) or both the persons will be marked 0 for
the copied solution).( Name your solutions directed, the Name of your file should start
with your Arid number).( Submit ONLY on LMS Portal otherwise will not be
accepted). If pictures of hand written papers are to be uploaded, take special care of the
writing to be readable in the pictures.
Answer the following questions.

Q.No.1. what is Data communication and Protocols? What are forms and Modes of Data
Transmission also explain the Types of Data Transmission?
(Marks 6)
Answer:.

Data communication:
Data communication is a process of transferring data electronically from one place to another. Basie
elements of data communication are
1.sender
2.receiver
3.medium

Communication protocol:
The procedure of data transformation in the form of software is called protocol.The protocol is a set
of rules for exchanging data among computer.

Forms of data transmission:

There are two forms of data transmission.

a). digital data transmission

b). analog data transmission

Digital data transmission:

Digital data transmission digital signal is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form, these
signals are in the form of electrical pulses of ON and OFF. All data communication between the
computers is in digital form. In digital signals high voltage represented by 1 and low voltage by 0.

Analog data transmission:

Analog data transmission analog signal is continuous electrical signal in the form of waves, which is
known as carrier waves. Telephone line is most commonly used media for analog data.

Modes of data transmission:

Transmission modes means transferring of data between two devices. It is also called modes. These
modes direct the direction of flow of information.

Simplex mode
Data is transmitted from the sender to receiver only.

Half duplex mode

Data can travel in both directions but not at same time.

Full duplex mode

Data can travel in both directions at simultaneously.
Types of data transmission:
a). Asynchronous transmission:
In asynchronous dta transmission of data is generally without the use of external clock signals,
where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream. Any timing required to
recover data from communication symbols is encoded in symbols. The data transmitter and receiver
clock generator do not to have be exactly synchronized all the time.

Applications:
These activities take place outside of real time system.
Does not require a constant bit rat.
For example email, file transfer and the world wide web.

Drawback:
Over head start and stop bits.
This transmission is relatively slow due to increased rate of bits and gaps.

b). synchronous transmission:

In this transmission the transmission of data is sent in continuous stream at a constant rate.This
communication requires the clocks in transmitting and receiving devices are synchronized running at
the same rate. For this reason synchronous communication permits more information to be passes
over a circuit per unit time. Over time transmitting and receiving will tend at drift apart require
resynchronization. Like telephone conversation and instant massaging.

Applications:
Most common use in the ACS|| terminals.
High speeds communication links established using synchronous modeums.

Drawback:
The clocks should be frequently same at both the sending and receiving ends.
No tolerance in clock frequently is alloweded.

Q.No.2. a. Why internet is so important in the current Era. Explain the advantages and
disadvantages? (Marks 6)
Answer:

Importance of internet:
The modern era has been now extremely advanced and well-developed and the basic reason for this
development is actually the launch of the internet and its applications which have provided the
individuals with the easiest routine in their daily lives. The modern era of the internet has made even
the most tiring and physically demanding works on the finger tips. For example the shopping which
is indeed a very complicated affair, can be easily done on the internet in the modern times, via e-
commerce. This technology has emerged as one of the breakthrough uses of the internet. Internet
has opened a new world for many people around the world. Many opportunities are available here.
It is a manifestation of never-ending innovation and creativity. It knows no boundary but brings huge
economic chances for people in every country. Internet allows people to improve the quality of their
life. It opens access to the previously inaccessible things. With almost three millions of users,
internet has been emerging as one of the most important tools of communication. Given internet’s
increasingly important role as a communication tool, the United Nations even recently proposed
that access to internet services should be a part of human right. Internet has influenced almost
every aspect of human life, not only private life but also public services. Right now, nobody can
prevent other individuals from exposing their private life to the public. More couples and families
even post the images or videos of their family vacation in remote areas.

For students:
Internet is a familiar phenomenon to students. Every student in college talks about the importance
of the internet for students. However, most of them have no clue about the depth of the internet
places like how useful it is and when to use tithe internet has brought about many advancements in
communication, technology, communication as well as education. The internet could serve as a tutor
to the students. Students can use the internet for quick purposes to avail information and the
knowledge they need for the projects and assignments. In spite of the debates and criticisms against
internet use for students, it still contributes to the growth in their lives and academic world.

Advantages:
The Internet is one of the greatest creations and provides people with instant access to an endless
supply of knowledge and entertainment. Below is a complete list of all of the advantages of the
Internet.

Information, knowledge and learning:

As mentioned earlier, the Internet contains an endless supply of knowledge and information that
allows you to learn about almost any topic or question you may have. Using a search engine like
Google, you can ask virtually any question and find a web page with an answer to and information
about that question. There are also millions of videos on sites like YouTube explaining various topics,
and even online courses to help teach you about many different subjects.
Banking, bills and shopping:
The Internet provides access to your bank account to view the balance, make transactions, and send
money. Also, many services enable you to view and pay bills electronically.
Online shopping is another huge advantage of the Internet, giving people the ability to find products
of interest and buy them without having to visit a store. The Internet provides easy access to
compare prices between companies, and even see what others think about a product through online
reviews to help make better purchasing decisions.

Online earning:
you are a business or want to sell products and services, the Internet is a perfect place to sell most
goods. Because anyone in the world with Internet access can find your website, you have access to
more potential customers than you ever could with a local retail store. The Internet is always on and
always available, which means you have the potential of selling goods every day at all times. The
Internet also gives businesses the ability to advertise their product or service to everyone in the
world or specify an exact demographic they want to reach.

Disadvantages:
Although the Internet is one of man's greatest creations, it also has many disadvantages, several of
which are listed in the following sections.

Addiction, time waster:

Surfing and playing games on the Internet can quickly become very addictive. Doing so can lead to
spending a lot of frivolous time on the Internet, instead of doing something productive. On this same
note, the Internet can hamper workplace productivity as well.

Identity theft, hacking virsuse:

With access to billions of computers, computer hackers and malicious users can hack accounts and
steal personal information that could be used for identity theft. The Internet also connects all
computers to each other, so hackers can scan millions of computers and quickly identify what
computers are vulnerable to attack. The Internet also enables students to cheat on their studies, or
find others on the Internet to do their homework.

Spam and advertising:

It's great that the Internet can facilitate reaching a much wider audience than traditional advertising
methods (e.g., newspaper, TV, and radio). However, because digital advertising can be sent on a
massive scale, you might see more spam in your inbox than junk mail in real life.
Depression,loneliness,and social isolation:
Social networking sites can also lead to depression as many people tend to compare their lives with
others. The Internet and online games facilitate communication with others. Although you may find
new connections around the world, you may also find yourself disconnecting from those in your real
life.
Bullying, trolls, stalkers, and crime.
Pornographic and violent images.
Addiction, time waster, and causes distractions.
Never being able to disconnect from work.
Identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating.
Spam and advertising.
Affects focus and patience.
Depression, loneliness, and social isolation.

b. Cookies are used to save user information? How cookies effect on user security? Elaborate the
types of cookies.
Answer:

Cookies:
A cookie is a information stored on your computer when you visit a website. In some browsers
cookie is a small file but in Firefox. All cookies stored in same file,stored in one Firefox profile folder.

Security:
Cookies do not act maliciously on computer systems. They are merely text files that can be deleted
at any time - they are not plug ins nor are they programs. Cookies cannot be used to spread viruses
and they cannot access your hard drive. This does not mean that cookies are not relevant to a user's
privacy and anonymity on the Internet. Cookies cannot read your hard drive to find out information
about you; however, any personal information that you give to a Web site, including credit card
information, will most likely be stored in a cookie unless you have turned off the cookie feature in
your browser. In only this way are cookies a threat to privacy. The cookie will only contain
information that you freely provide to a Web site. As we've mentioned in several areas of this
website, cookies are inherently harmless. Cookies are simple uncompiled text files that help
coordinate the remote website servers and your browser to display the full range of features offered
by most contemporary websites. These features include hassle-free automatic logins and
authentication, shopping cart functionalities, third party ad serving, ad management, preference
setting, language setting, among many others. As cookie technology evolves along with website
publishing and advertisement technology.

Types of cookies:

Session cookies:
Session cookies are temporary cookies that memorize your online activities. Since websites have no
sense of memory, without these cookies, your site browsing history would always be blank. In fact,
with every click you would make, the website would treat you as a completely new
visitor.Ultimately, session cookies help you maneuver through the internet by remembering your
actions, and they expire as soon as you close out of a web page.

Persistent cookies:
Persistent cookies (also known as first-party cookies) work by tracking your online preferences.
When you visit a website for the first time, it is at its default setting.Persistent, permanent, and
stored cookies are terms used interchangeably as these cookies are stored in your hard disk for
(typically) a long period of time. The cookie’s timeline will vary depending on the expiration date.
But, once that date is reached, the cookie will be deleted, along with everything you customized.
Luckily, websites prefer to employ a long-life span so that users can make the most of their personal
preferences.

Third-party cookies:
Third-party cookies, also referred to as tracking cookies, collect data based on your online behavior.
When you visit a website, third-party cookies collect various types of data that are then passed on or
sold to advertisers by the website that created the cookie. Tracking your interests, location, age,
and search trends, these cookies collect information so that marketers can provide you with custom
advertisements. These are the ads that appear on websites you visit and display content relevant to
your interests.