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Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys: Standard Terminology Relating To
Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys: Standard Terminology Relating To
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austempering, n— heat treatment involving quenching a
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee steel object from a temperature above the transformation
A01.92 on Terminology. range in a medium maintained at a temperature above the
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally martensite range sufficiently fast to avoid the formation of
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A941-13a. DOI:
10.1520/A0941-13B.
high temperature transformation products, and then holding
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or it at that temperature until transformation is complete.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on austenitizing, n—forming austenite by heating a steel object
the ASTM website. above the transformation range.
carbon steel, n—a steel that conforms to a specification that certifying organization, n—in product specifications, the
prescribes a maximum limit, by heat analysis in mass entity responsible for the conformance and certification of
percent, of not more than: 2.00 for carbon and 1.65 for the product to the specification requirements.
manganese, but does not prescribe a minimum limit for check analysis—Deprecated term. Use the preferred term
chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium product analysis.
(columbium), tungsten (wolfram), vanadium, or zirconium.
DISCUSSION—Except as required above, it is permissible for carbon coarse grain practice, n—a steelmaking practice for other
steel specifications to prescribe limits (minimum or maximum, or both) than stainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steel
for each specified alloying element, subject to the following restrictions in which aluminum, niobium (columbium), titanium, and
for the heat analysis limits in mass percent: vanadium are residual elements.
(a) for wrought carbon steel products, the specified maximum limit is
not to exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 0.60 for silicon, and 0.050 for cold working, n—mechanical deformation of a metal at
titanium; temperatures below its recrystallization temperature.
(b) for carbon steel castings, the specified maximum limit is not to
exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 1.00 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium.
cold treatment, n—exposing a steel object to temperatures
(c) for carbon steels that are required to be rephosphorized, the below room temperature for the purpose of obtaining desired
specified minimum limit for phosphorus is not to be less than 0.040; conditions or properties, such as dimensional or structural
(d) for carbon steels that are required to be resulfurized, the specified stability.
defect, n—an imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrant flame hardening, n—a process in which only the surface layer
rejection based on the specified requirements. of a suitable steel object is heated by flame to above Ac3 or
Accm, and then the object is quenched.
differential heating, n—heating that intentionally produces a
temperature gradient within a steel object such that, after fog quenching, n—quenching in a mist.
cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in proper- full annealing, n—annealing a steel object by austenitizing it
ties is present within the object. and then cooling it slowly through the transformation
diffusion coating, n—any process whereby a base metal is range.
either coated with another metal and heated to a sufficient DISCUSSION—The austenitizing temperature is usually above Ac3 for
hypoeutectoid steels and between Ac1 and Accm for hypereutectoid
temperature in a suitable environment, or exposed to a
steels.
gaseous or liquid medium containing the other metal,
thereby causing diffusion of the coating or other metal into grain growth, n—an increase in the grain size of a steel object,
the base metal, with a resultant change in the composition usually as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures.
and properties of its surface.
grain size, n—the dimensions of the grains or crystals in a
direct quenching, n—in thermochemical processing, quench- polycrystalline metal, exclusive of twinned regions and
ing immediately following the thermochemical treatment. subgrains when present.
DISCUSSION—Grain size is usually estimated or measured on the
direct quenching, n—in thermomechanical processing, cross section of an aggregate of grains, and designated by an ASTM
quenching immediately following the final hot deformation. grain size number. (See Test Methods E112.)
document, n—a written, printed, or electronic record that graphitization annealing, n—annealing a steel object in such
provides information, evidence, or official statements. a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as
graphite.
double aging, n—employment of two different aging
treatments, in sequence, to control the type of precipitate hardenability, n—the property that determines the depth and
formed from a supersaturated alloy matrix in order to obtain distribution of hardness induced by quenching a steel
the desired properties. object.
DISCUSSION—the first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as
intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at a higher tempera- hardening, n—increasing the hardness by suitable treatment,
ture than the second. usually involving heating and cooling.
martempering, n— quenching an austenitized steel object in patenting, n—in wire making, heating a medium-carbon or
a medium at a temperature in the upper part of, or slightly high-carbon steel before wire drawing, or between drafts, to
above, the martensite range, holding it in the medium until a temperature above the transformation range, and then
its temperature is substantially uniform throughout, and then cooling it in air, or a bath of molten lead or salt, to a
cooling it in air through the martensite range. temperature below Ae1.
martensite range, n—the temperature interval between Ms and plate-as-rolled, n—the quantity of plate product rolled at one
M f. time, either from an individual slab or directly from an ingot.
DISCUSSION—This term does not refer to the surface condition or the
microalloyed steel, n—a low-alloy steel that conforms to a heat-treatment state of the material; a plate-as-rolled may be in the
specification that requires the presence of one or more as-rolled condition, or may have received one or more surface
carbide-, nitride-, or carbonitride-forming elements, gener- treatments or heat treatments, or both.
ally in individual concentrations less than 0.15 mass percent, post-weld heat treatment, n—heating weldments immediately
to enhance strength. after welding, to provide tempering , stress relieving, or a
DISCUSSION—The most common microalloying elements are niobium controlled rate of cooling to prevent formation of a hard or
(columbium), titanium, and vanadium.
brittle microstructure.
multiple heat, n—two or more molten primary heats, in precipitation hardening, n—hardening caused by the pre-
whole or in part, combined in a common ladle or in a cipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solu-
common non-oscillating mold. tion.
DISCUSSION—A multiple heat is identified by a single heat number
representative of the multiple heat, or by the individual heat numbers precipitation heat treatment, n—artificial aging in which a
of the primary heats contained in the multiple heat. The heat constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution.
analysis of a multiple heat identified by a single heat number is the
weighted average analysis of the individual primary heats contained in preheating, n—heating before welding, a mechanical
the multiple heat. Two or more molten primary heats sequentially treatment, or some further thermal treatment.
strand cast (poured into an oscillating mold) constitute a series of
individual heats, not a multiple heat. preheating, n—for tool steels, heating to an intermediate
temperature immediately before final austenitizing.
natural aging, n—spontaneous aging of a super-saturated solid
solution at room temperature. primary heat, n—the product of a single cycle of a batch
melting process.
nickel alloy, n—a material that conforms to a specification that
DISCUSSION—In the investment casting industry, the term master heat
requires by mass percent more nickel than any other ele- is used.
ment.
DISCUSSION—In castings, the nickel content requirement is not process annealing, n—in the sheet and wire industries, heating
normally stated in the specification and is not normally determined by a steel object to a temperature close to, but below, Ac1 and
chemical analysis, but is taken to be 100 % minus the sum of the mean then cooling it, in order to soften it for further cold working.
values permitted by the specification for all other elements having a
specified range or a specified maximum. product analysis, n—a chemical analysis of a specimen taken
from the semi-finished product or the finished product.
nitriding, n—introducing nitrogen into a solid steel object by
holding it at a suitable temperature in contact with a progressive aging, n—aging by increasing the temperature in
nitrogenous environment. steps, or continuously, during the aging cycle.
nonferrous material, n—metals and alloys that do not contain quench aging, n— aging associated with quenching after
iron as the principal component. solution heat treatment.
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this terminology since the last issue,
A941–13a, that may impact the use of this terminology. (Approved June 1, 2013)
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