204 T ECHNICAL DATA T E C H N I CA L DATA 205

VITRIFIED TILES G L A ZCERAMIC

GLAZED E D C TILES
ERAMIC FLOOR TILES
REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY-PRESSED CERAMIC TILES STANDARD EN14411: 2003 GROUP BIb, E ≤ 3% REQUIREMENTS FOR DRY-PRESSED CERAMIC TILES STANDARD EN14411: 2003 GROUP BII , < E ≤ 6%
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TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
STANDARD SURFACE OF THE PRODUCT (cm²) TEST STANDARD SURFACE OF THE PRODUCT (cm²) TEST
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS

S < 90 90 < S ≤ 190 190 < S ≤ 410 S > 410 S < 90 90 < S ≤ 190 190 < S ≤ 410 S > 410

Length and Width ± 1.2% ± 1.0% ± 0.75% ± 0.6% ISO 10545-2 Length and Width ± 1.2% ± 1.0% ± 0.75% ± 0.6% ISO 10545-2

Thickness ± 10% ± 10% ± 5% ± 5% ISO 10545-2 Thickness ± 10% ± 10% ± 5% ± 5% ISO 10545-2

Straightness of Sides ± 0.75% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2 Straightness of Sides ± 0.75% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2

DATA
Rectangularity ± 1.0% ± 0.6% ± 0.6% ± 0.6% ISO 10545-2 Rectangularity ± 1.0% ± 0.6% ± 0.6% ± 0.6% ISO 10545-2

Surface Flatness: Surface Flatness:

• Centre curvature ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2 • Centre curvature ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2
•Edge curvature ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2 •Edge curvature ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2
•Warpage ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2 •Warpage ± 1.0% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ± 0.5% ISO 10545-2

Surface Quality A minimum of 95% of the tiles shall be free from visible defects ISO 10545-2 Surface Quality A minimum of 95% of the tiles shall be free from visible defects ISO 10545-2
that would impair the appearance of a major area of tiles. that would impair the appearance of a major area of tiles.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STANDARD TEST PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STANDARD TEST

Water Absorption % by mass < 0.5% < E < 3% ISO 10545-3 Water Absorption % by mass 3% < E < 6% ISO 10545-3

T E C H N I CA L
Individual maximum 3.3% Individual maximum 6.5%

Breaking Strength N Breaking Strength N

•Thickness > 7.5mm Not less than 1100 ISO 10545-4 •Thickness > 7.5mm Not less than 1100 ISO 10545-4
•Thickness < 7.5mm Not less than 700 ISO 10545-4 •Thickness < 7.5mm Not less than 600 ISO 10545-4

Modulus of Rupture in N/mm2 Minimum 30 ISO 10545-4 Modulus of Rupture in N/mm2 Minimum 22 ISO 10545-4
Individual minimum 27 Individual minimum 20

Abrasion Resistance Abrasion Resistance

•Resistance to deep abrasion of Maximum 175 ISO 10545-6 •Resistance to deep abrasion of Maximum 345 ISO 10545-6
unglazed tiles (mm³) unglazed tiles (mm³)
•Resistance to surface abrasion of Conform •Resistance to surface abrasion of Conform
glazed tiles ISO 10545-7 glazed tiles ISO 10545-7

Coefficient of linear thermal Conform ISO 10545-8 Coefficient of linear thermal Conform ISO 10545-8
expansion expansion

Thermal shock resistance Conform ISO 10545-9 Thermal shock resistance Conform ISO 10545-9

Crazing resistance: Conform ISO 10545-11 Crazing resistance: Conform ISO 10545-11
glazed tiles glazed tiles

Frost resistance Conform ISO 10545-12 Frost resistance Conform ISO 10545-12

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES STANDARD TEST CHEMICAL PROPERTIES STANDARD TEST

Resistance to staining Minimum Class 3 ISO 10545-14 Resistance to staining Minimum Class 3 ISO 10545-14
•Glazed tiles Test method available ISO 10545-14 •Glazed tiles Test method available ISO 10545-14
•Unglazed tiles •Unglazed tiles

Resistance to chemicals: Resistance to chemicals:

Resistance to low concentration of Resistance to low concentration of

acids and alkalis: acids and alkalis:
•Glazed tiles Manufacture to state classification ISO 10545-13 •Glazed tiles Manufacture to state classification ISO 10545-13
•Unglazed tiles Manufacture to state classification ISO 10545-13 •Unglazed tiles Manufacture to state classification ISO 10545-13

Resistance to household chemicals Resistance to household chemicals

and swimming pool salts: and swimming pool salts:
•Glazed tiles Minimum GB ISO 10545-13 •Glazed tiles Minimum GB ISO 10545-13
•Unglazed tiles Minimum UB ISO 10545-13 •Unglazed tiles Minimum UB ISO 10545-13
216 FIXING METHODS C L E A N I N G A N D M A I N T E NA N C E 217

Table 6: Bedding Selector Table

REFERENCE
CODE BEDDING METHOD
B1 Adhesive Bedding: Notched
Trowel (Walls). (Also known as
“thin bed” or “ribbed method”)
Use a 5mm square toothed and
notched trowel for general wall
tiling to achieve at least 50%
contact with back of tile.
Adhesive Bedding: Solid-Bed
TILING
CONDITIONS
Dry interior situations.
Flat backgrounds.
Not suitable for deeply keyed
or large format tiles.
FLOOR TILES
TYPICAL BED
THICKNESS Adherence to the following cleaning procedures will enable you to take maximum advantage of the properties of Pilkington’s floor tiles.
The materials and methods recommended at the outcome of many year’s experience and, when used in association with a regular cleaning
routine, will enable the floor to be maintained to a high standard of cleanliness, slip resistance, hygiene and appearance.
1-3mm
On newly laid floors there may be residual cement on the tile surface. All traces of this must be removed by application of a mildly acid
de-cementing solution (e.g. Hagesan extra), followed by thorough rinsing, then proceed as follows:
A) Regular cleaning with warm (warm or hot, particularly if oil or grease is present), and a neutral or mildly alkaline (pH to 8) detergent,
mixed in the proportions recommended by the manufacturer, will remove all but the most stubborn dirt. The water/detergent mixture must
be allowed to remain on the floor for sufficient time (5 to 15 minutes) to allow it to penetrate and emulsify the dirt, after which it should be
rinsed thoroughly with clean water to remove all traces of the mixture.
B) Large areas of plain of textured surface tiles are most readily cleaned with rotary, cylindrical or reversing mechanical scrubbing machines.
These should rotate at slow to medium speed. Such machines are frequently provided with a suction drying facility.

B2 (Walls) floating and buttering Wet interior situations. 2-6mm If so equipped the machine should first be used with the suction facility switched off to permit the water detergent mix used in the scrubbing
technique. Flat backgrounds. process to remain on the floor to penetrate the dirt layer. Allow at least 5 to 15 minutes to elapse, then repeat the scrubbing operation, but
with clean water only, and with the suction drying facility switched on. It is the rinsing process which removes the dirt.

Cement: Sand Bedding (Walls).
See BS 5385: Part 1: 1995:
Clause 4.2.3.
Interior or exterior use.
Rendering may not be
necessary.
DATA
C) Spillages of oil, fat or material likely to stain or cause a slipping hazard, should be removed immediately by using detergents and hot
6-12mm water, followed by rinsing with clean water.
D) Periodically, clean the floor by the methods recommended in B) and C) above, but with the addition of an abrasive powder. This will
scour the tiles, remove impacted or built up dirt, and generally ‘refresh’ the floor. It will not damage unglazed tiles. Remove the residue
with clean water rinsing before it has been allowed to dry out.

B3 Adhesive Bedding: Solid-Bed
(Floors) floating and buttering
technique, 8mm square toothed
and notched trowel for floor
tiling. This traditional technique
may be advantageously replaced
by B4 in most situations.
B4 Adhesive Bedding Solid-Bed
(Floors) (pourable rub bed
Interior or exterior use
Flat base tiles less than
300x300mm.
Note: Bed thickness should
be limited to a practicable
minimum when fixing to
asphalt.
Interior or exterior use.
Particularly suitable for large
E) High velocity water jets are sometimes available for general use and/or for removal of stubborn dirt. These will not damage the tiles, but
may erode the joints if used regularly. If oil or grease is present, use the jet with warm or hot water and with a neutral detergent.
2-6mm
GENERAL HINTS
From time to time foreign matter may cause surface stains which mark the tile, and which normal water/detergent will not remove. Protect
the floor if decorating, construction or overhead work is taking place. If stains have occurred the following treatment will normally remove
or minimise them, though the treatment should be used only on the offending mark. It is advisable to experiment on a small area first,
particularly if the nature of the stain is in doubt.
STAINING AGENT AND TREATMENT
2-6mm Paint Paint remover.
Organic Stains Bleach, one-off treatment with washing soda or “Hagesan remover”.

T E C H N I CA L
technique), format tiles. Rust Masonry cleaner or “Hagesan extra”
Rubber (carbon Abrasive powder or liquid.

Cement Sand Bedding (Floors) Interior or exterior use 15-20mm WET AREAS
See BS 5385: Part 3: 1989: 10-15mm when fixing
Locations which are permanently wet (e.g. swimming pool promenades, showers, changing rooms, etc.) may attract a build up of body fats,
Clauses 24.1 and 24.3 tiles 10mm or less in
oils, soap residues and, in humid conditions, organic growth (algae). To remove these, a more acidic cleaning agent, such as “Hagesan
thickness. green” used regularly, is preferable. If build up has been allowed to occur, a preliminary “deep clean” with “Hagesan extra” (for lime),
20-30mm over a or “Hagesan remover” (for fats, soap residue, organic growth (algae) etc.), should be carried out, followed by regular use of “Hagesan
separating layer. green”.

DO NOT USE SOLVENTS OR WIRE WOOL.

Semi-Dry Cement: Sand Bedding Interior or exterior use. 40-70mm
(Floors) Can be laid over a separating up to 100mm if forming NEUTRAL DETERGENTS

See BS 5385: Part 3: 1989: layer in interior conditions falls in the bedding. The pH of a material is the measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is a logarithmic scale, and pH 7 is the neutral point. Below pH 7 the material
Clauses 24.1 and 24.3 only. is progressively more acidic, and above pH 7 more alkaline (i.e. pH 8 is ten times more alkaline than pH 7). The regular use of detergents
and other cleaning agents which are excessively acidic or alkaline can cause irreversible damage to the tile surface, acidity being less
damaging than alkalinity.

Many degreasing agents which contain wax, sodium silicate or other additives which leave a sticky deposit on the floor and thus retain dirt
USE OF NOTCHED TROWEL on the surface, must also be avoided.

Selected notched trowel will determine final bed thickness with tile thoroughly bedded into ribbed bed. Note
that B2 and B3 bedding methods will add approximately 1mm to the bed thickness as a result of buttering the
back profile of the tile.
WALL TILES
Some glazed wall tiles are supplied having a thin wax coating to the back of the tile in order to prevent scratching of the glazed surface
during packaging and transit. The wax may often be transferred to the tile face and is best removed with warm water and a non-metallic
scouring pad.

With tiles of 150x150mm or similar facial size use 5 x 5mm square toothed and notched trowel to produce a The routine cleaning of glazed ceramic wall tiles should be carried out after the removal of any loose dirt or grit by wiping off with a dry
straight ribbed bed. Final bed thickness with tile fully bedded in will be approximately 2mm. cloth, followed by washing with warm water to which a neutral, low sulphate detergent has been added. After a further rinse with water to
ensure thorough removal of the detergent solution the installation should be given a final wipe down and polish with a clean, dry, soft

With tiles of 200x200mm or larger facial size use 8 x 8mm square toothed and notched trowel to produce a
straight ribbed bed. Final bed thickness with tile fully bedded in will be approximately 3mm.

With large format tiles with B4 bedding method use 8mm or 10mm square toothed and notched trowels to
provide a rubbed bed giving a final bed thickness of 3mm to 4mm. The adhesive bed thickness will also be
regulated by the angle between the notched trowel and the surface being tiled.

Check to see that the required adhesive contact with the back of the tile or solid bedding is being achieved by
occasionally prising off a freshly fixed tile and examining the exposed bedding.