Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistics: Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy

Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistics
(1)
NGUYỄN THỊ THU THỦY
SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS,

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HANOI – 2019
(1)
Email: thuy.nguyenthithu2@hust.edu.vn
Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 1 / 17
5.1 Introduction to Statistics
Content
1 5.1 Introduction to Statistics

5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 The Science of Statistics
5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications
5.1.4 Fundamental Elements of Statistics
5.1.5 Types of Data
5.1.6 Types of Variables
2 5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data

5.2.1 Measures of Variability
5.2.2 Calculating Mean and Standard Deviation

5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Many problems arising in real-world situation are closely related to statistics which we
call statistical problems.
Examples
A pharmaceutical company wants to know if a new drug is superior (better) to
already existing drugs, or possible side effects.
How fuel efficient a certain car model is?
Is there any relationship between your GPA (Grade Point Average) and
employment opportunities?
If you answer all questions on a (T, F) or multiple choice examination completely
randomly, what are your chances of passing?
What is the effect of package designs on sales?

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Examples

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Examples

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Examples

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Examples

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Examples

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
So we can see that statistics is the science originated from the real-world problems and
it plays important role in many disciplines of economy, natural and social problems.
Questions
1 What is statistics?
2 Why we study statistics?

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Questions

5.1.1 Introduction
Introduction
Questions

5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.2 The Science of Statistics
Definition 5.1 (Statistics)

Statistics is the science of data.
Note
This involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing, and
interpreting numerical information.
Professional statisticians are trained in statistical science. That is, they are trained
in collecting numerical information in the form of data, evaluating the information,
and drawing conclusion form it. Furthermore, statisticians determine what
information is relevance in a given problem and whether the conclusion drawn from
a study to be trusted.


Note


Note

5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications
Statistics
"Statistics" means "numerical descriptions" to most people.
Note
Notice that statistics involves two different processes:
1 Describing sets of data and
2 Drawing conclusions (making estimations, decisions, predictions,. . . ) about the
sets of data on the base of sampling.
So the applications of statistics can be divided into two broad areas: descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics.

Statistics
Note

Statistics
Note

Statistics
Note

Statistics
Note

Definition 5.2 (Descriptive statistics)

Descriptive statistics deals with procedures used to summarize the information
contained in a set of data.
Definition 5.3 (Inferential statistics)

Inferential statistics deals with procedures used to make inferences (predictions) about
a population parameter from information contained in a sample.
Note
Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions,
predictions, or other generalizations about larger set of data.
Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for
patterns in a data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set, and to
present that information in a convenient form.



Note



Note



Note

5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.4 Fundamental Elements of Statistics
Definition 5.4 (Experimental Unit)

An experimental unit is an object (e.g. person, thing, transaction, or event) about
which we collect data.
Definition 5.5 (Measurement)

A measurement is a measured value of a variable on an experimental unit. A set of
measurements is called data.
Definition 5.6 (Variable)

A variable is a characteristic or property of an individual population unit.









Definition 5.7 (Population)

A population is a set of experimental units that we are interested in studying.
Definition 5.8 (Sample)

A sample is a subset of the unit of a population.
Definition 5.9 (Measure of Reliability)

A measure of reliability is a statement (usually quantitative) about the degree of
uncertainty associated with the statistical inference.









5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.5 Types of Data
5.1.5 Types of Data
Definition 5.10 (Quantitative data)

Quantitative data are data that are measured on a naturally occurring numerical scale.
Definition 5.11 (Qualitative data)

In contrast, qualitative data cannot be measured on a naturally numerical scale. They
can only be classified into categories.


5.1.5 Types of Data




5.1.5 Types of Data




5.1 Introduction to Statistics 5.1.6 Types of Variables
Definition 5.13 (Qualitative. Quantitative)

Qualitative variables measure a quality or characteristic on each experimental
unit.
Quantitative variables measure a numerical quantity or amount on each
experimental unit.
Note
Qualitative variables produce data that can be categorized according to
similarities or differences in kind; hence, they are often called categorical data.
Quantitative variables, often represented by the letter x, produce numerical data.
We define two types of quantitative variables: discrete and continuous.


unit.
experimental unit.
Note


unit.
experimental unit.
Note


unit.
experimental unit.
Note


unit.
experimental unit.
Note

5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data
Content
1 5.1 Introduction to Statistics

5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.5 Types of Data
2 5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data


5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data 5.2.1 Measures of Variability
Definition 5.14 (Variance of a population)

The variance of a population of N measurements is the average of the squares of the
deviations of the measurements about their mean µ. The population variance is denoted
by σ 2 and is given by the formula
(xi − µ)2
P
σ2 = . (5.1)
N
Definition 5.15 (Variance of a sample)

The variance of a sample of n measurements is the sum of the squared deviations of
the measurements about their mean x̄ divided by (n − 1). The sample variance is
denoted by s2 and is given by the formula
(xi − µ)2
P
2
s = . (5.2)
n−1

Definition 5.14 (Variance of a population)

The variance of a population of N measurements is the average of the squares of the
deviations of the measurements about their mean µ. The population variance is denoted
by σ 2 and is given by the formula
(xi − µ)2
P
σ2 = . (5.1)
N
Definition 5.15 (Variance of a sample)

The variance of a sample of n measurements is the sum of the squared deviations of
the measurements about their mean x̄ divided by (n − 1). The sample variance is
denoted by s2 and is given by the formula
(xi − µ)2
P
2
s = . (5.2)
n−1


Definition 5.16 (Standard deviation)
The standard deviation of a set of measurements is equal to the positive square root of
the variance.
Note
(a) Notation
Sample Population
n: number of measurements N : number of measurements
in the sample in the population
x: sample mean µ: population mean
s2 : sample variance σ 2 : population variance
s: sample standard deviation σ: population standard deviation
(b) The computing formula for calculating s2
xi )2
P
(
x2i −
P
s2 = n . (5.3)
n−1

Definition 5.16 (Standard deviation)
The standard deviation of a set of measurements is equal to the positive square root of
the variance.
Note
(a) Notation
Sample Population
n: number of measurements N : number of measurements
in the sample in the population
x: sample mean µ: population mean
s2 : sample variance σ 2 : population variance
s: sample standard deviation σ: population standard deviation
(b) The computing formula for calculating s2
xi )2
P
(
x2i −
P
s2 = n . (5.3)
n−1
5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data 5.2.2 Calculating Mean and Standard Deviation
Calculating Mean and Standard Deviation Using 570 VN Plus Calculator

The following commands show how to calculate the mean and standard deviation by
using the STAT mode on a CASIO FX 570 VN PLUS (similar for other CASIO models).
Steps
1 Enter the data
MODE → 3 → AC
SHIFT → MODE → ⇓ → 4(STAT) → 1(ON)
SHIFT → 1 → 1(TYPE) → 1(1-VAR)
To finish entering the data press the AC button.
2 Calculating numerical summaries
The sample mean x: SHIFT → 1 → 4(VAR) → 2
The sample standard deviation s: SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 4

Calculating Mean and Standard Deviation Using 570 VN Plus Calculator

The following commands show how to calculate the mean and standard deviation by
using the STAT mode on a CASIO FX 570 VN PLUS (similar for other CASIO models).
Steps
1 Enter the data
MODE → 3 → AC
SHIFT → MODE → ⇓ → 4(STAT) → 1(ON)
SHIFT → 1 → 1(TYPE) → 1(1-VAR)
To finish entering the data press the AC button.
The sample mean x: SHIFT → 1 → 4(VAR) → 2
The sample standard deviation s: SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 4


Example
Find the mean and standard deviation of the following distribution
Variable (xi ) 20 21 22 23 24
Frequency (ni ) 5 8 11 10 6
Steps
1 Enter the data
MODE → 3 → AC
SHIFT → MODE → ⇓ → 4 → 1
SHIFT → 1 → 1 → 1
20 = 21 = 22 = 23 = 24 =
5 = 8 = 11 = 10 = 6 = AC
SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 2 The sample mean x = 22.1
SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 4 The sample standard deviation s ' 1.2567

Example
Find the mean and standard deviation of the following distribution
Variable (xi ) 20 21 22 23 24
Frequency (ni ) 5 8 11 10 6
Steps
1 Enter the data
MODE → 3 → AC
SHIFT → MODE → ⇓ → 4 → 1
SHIFT → 1 → 1 → 1
20 = 21 = 22 = 23 = 24 =
5 = 8 = 11 = 10 = 6 = AC
SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 2 The sample mean x = 22.1
SHIFT → 1 → 4 → 4 The sample standard deviation s ' 1.2567

Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistics: Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistics

SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS,

1 5.1 Introduction to Statistics

2 5.2 Numerical Methods for Describing Data

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 2 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 3 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 4 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 5 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 5 / 17

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 5 / 17

5.1.2 The Science of Statistics

Definition 5.1 (Statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 6 / 17

5.1.2 The Science of Statistics

Definition 5.1 (Statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 6 / 17

5.1.2 The Science of Statistics

Definition 5.1 (Statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 6 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 7 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 7 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 7 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 7 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 7 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Definition 5.2 (Descriptive statistics)

Definition 5.3 (Inferential statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 8 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Definition 5.2 (Descriptive statistics)

Definition 5.3 (Inferential statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 8 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Definition 5.2 (Descriptive statistics)

Definition 5.3 (Inferential statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 8 / 17

5.1.3 Types of Statistical Applications

Definition 5.2 (Descriptive statistics)

Definition 5.3 (Inferential statistics)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 8 / 17

5.1.4 Fundamental Elements of Statistics

Definition 5.4 (Experimental Unit)

Definition 5.5 (Measurement)

Definition 5.6 (Variable)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 9 / 17

5.1.4 Fundamental Elements of Statistics

Definition 5.4 (Experimental Unit)

Definition 5.5 (Measurement)

Definition 5.6 (Variable)

Nguyễn Thị Thu Thủy (SAMI-HUST) Introduction to Statistics HANOI – 2019 9 / 17

5.1.4 Fundamental Elements of Statistics

Definition 5.4 (Experimental Unit)

Definition 5.5 (Measurement)