Coulomb’s law:

𝑄1 𝑄2 1 1
F=k (k= , 𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10−12 = 10−9 𝐹/𝑚)
𝑅2 4𝜋𝜀0 36𝜋
𝑄1 𝑄2
-> F =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2

𝑄1 𝑄𝑤
𝐅2 = 2 𝒂12
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅12
𝑹12 = 𝒓2 − 𝒓1
𝑹12 𝑹12 𝒓2 − 𝒓1
𝒂12 = = =
|𝑹12 | 𝑅12 |𝒓2 − 𝒓1 |
- Electric Field Intensity (EFI): due to a single point charge Q in a vacuum:
𝑄
𝑬= 𝒂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅2 𝑅
+ R: from Q to the point of E
+ 𝒂𝑅 : unit vector of R
+ If Q is at the center of a spherical coordinate system:
𝑄
𝑬= 𝒂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 𝑟
+ If Q is at the center of a rectangular coordinate system:
𝑄 𝑥 𝑦
𝑬= ( 𝒂 𝑥 + 𝒂𝑦
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑧
+ 𝒂𝑧 )
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

+ If Q is not at the origin:

 𝑄
E(r) = 𝒂𝑅
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2

𝑅 = |𝒓 − 𝒓′|
R = r - r’ -> { 𝒓−𝒓′
𝒂𝑟 = |𝒓−𝒓′|

Volume charge:
 Volume charge density (C/m3)
∆𝑄
𝜌𝑣 = lim
∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣

𝑄 = ∫ 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣