Welcome to EE 380

Electromagnetic Theory
Department of Electrical Engineering
UET- Lahore Session: Fall-2021
Instructor – Muhammad Khalid Butt
Electric Field Intensity

𝒒𝒕 𝑭𝒕 𝑬

𝑸𝟏 𝑭𝒕 Q 1 ∙ 𝒒𝒕 1 𝑵
𝒓 𝑹 𝑬= = ∙𝒓∙
𝒒𝒕 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑹𝟐 𝒒𝒕 𝑪

𝑭𝒕 Q1 𝑽
𝑬= = ∙𝒓
𝒒𝒕 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑹𝟐 𝒎
𝒒𝒕 - Positive test charge
𝑸𝟏 - Source charge 𝑬 - Electric field due to charge 𝑸𝟏

Units of 𝑬 are Newton's/Coulomb 𝑭𝒕

(also Volts/meter) 𝑬 = lim (4.2)
𝒒𝒕 →𝟎 𝒒𝒕
Electric Field Intensity

Q − Source point
P −𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 point
Primed Quantities (e.g. 𝒓′ ) always
refer to source charge distribution

𝒓 Unprimed Quantities (e.g. 𝒓) always

𝑶 refer to field/observation point
𝑹 𝑶 (0,0,0)
𝒓′ − Source point position vector
𝒓 − Observation point position vector
𝒓′ = (𝟐 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑥 + (𝟎 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑦 + (𝟐 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑧
𝒓 ′ = 𝟐𝑥 + 𝟐𝑧
𝒓 = (𝟑 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑥 + (𝟏 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑦 + (𝟎 − 𝟎) ∙ 𝑧
𝒓 = 𝟑𝑥 + 𝑦
Electric Field Intensity

𝑟−𝑟 ′ 3−2 ∙𝑥+ 1−0 ∙𝑦+ 0−2 ∙𝑧 𝑥+𝑦−2𝑧

𝑟= = =
𝑟−𝑟 ′ 3−2 2 + 1−0 2 + 0−2 2 𝟔

𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′
𝑄 1 𝑉
𝒓
𝐸𝑃 = 2 ∙ 𝑟 ∙
𝑅 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑚
𝑶

𝑹 80 × 10−9 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑉
𝐸𝑃 = 𝟐 ∙ ∙ 9 × 109
𝟔 𝟔 𝑚

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑉
𝐸𝑃 = 120 ∙
𝟔 𝑚
𝑉
𝐸𝑃 ≅ 49 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧
𝑚
 Electric Field Intensity

𝑭𝒕𝟐
𝒒𝒕
𝑭𝒕𝟏
𝑸𝟏 𝑹𝟏
Superposition:
𝑹𝟐 𝑭𝒕𝟑 𝑭𝒕 = 𝑭𝒕𝟏 + 𝑭𝒕𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑭𝒕𝑵
𝑹𝟑 = 𝑵𝒏=𝟏 𝑭𝒕𝒏
𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑

𝑸𝑵
𝑵
𝑭𝒕 𝒏=𝟏 𝑭𝒕𝒏 𝑵 𝑭𝒕𝒏 𝑵
𝑬= = = 𝒏=𝟏 𝒒 = 𝒏=𝟏 𝑬𝒏
𝒒𝒕 𝒒𝒕 𝒕

𝑬𝒏 − Electric field produced by charge 𝑸𝐧 in the

absence of all the other charges
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟏 , Source 𝑸𝟏

𝑟 = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟=0
𝑟1′ = (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟1′ = 𝑥
𝑟−𝑟1′ 0−1 ∙𝑥+ 0−0 ∙𝑦+ 0−0 ∙𝑧
𝑟= = = −𝑥
𝒓′𝟐 𝑟−𝑟1′ 0−1 2 + 0−0 2 + 0−0 2
𝑶
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟1′ = 1
𝒓′𝟏
5 × 10−9 −𝑥 9
𝑉
𝐸1 = ∙ ∙ 9 × 10
1 2 1 𝑚
𝑉
𝐸1 = −45 𝑥
𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟏 , Source 𝑸𝟐

𝑟 = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟=0
𝑟2′ = (−1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟2′ = −𝑥
𝑟−𝑟2′ 0+1 ∙𝑥+ 0−0 ∙𝑦+ 0−0 ∙𝑧
𝑟= = =𝑥
𝒓′𝟐 𝑟−𝑟2′ 0+1 2 + 0−0 2 + 0−0 2
𝑶
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟2′ = 1
𝒓′𝟏
−5 × 10−9 𝑥 9
𝑉
𝐸2 = ∙ ∙ 9 × 10
1 2 1 𝑚
𝑉
𝐸2 = −45 𝑥
𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟏 , 𝑬𝑷𝟏

𝐸𝑃1 = 𝐸1 +𝐸2 = −45 𝑥 − 45 𝑥
𝑉
𝐸𝑃1 = −90 𝑥 𝑚

𝑶 𝒓′𝟐

𝒓′𝟏
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟐 , Source 𝑸𝟏

𝑟 = (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟 =𝑥+𝑦
𝑟1′ = (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟1′ = 𝑥
𝑟−𝑟1′ 1−1 ∙𝑥+ 1−0 ∙𝑦+ 0−0 ∙𝑧
𝑟= = =𝑦
𝒓′𝟐 𝑟−𝑟1′ 1−1 2 + 1−0 2 + 0−0 2
𝑶
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟1′ = 1
𝒓′𝟏
5 × 10−9 𝑦 9
𝑉
𝐸1 = ∙ ∙ 9 × 10
1 2 1 𝑚
𝑉
𝐸1 = 45 𝑦
𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟐 , Source 𝑸𝟐

𝑟 = (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟 =𝑥+𝑦
𝑟2′ = (−1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧

𝑟2′ = −𝑥
𝑟−𝑟2′ 1+1 ∙𝑥+ 1−0 ∙𝑦+ 0−0 ∙𝑧
𝒓′𝟐
𝑟= =
𝑶 𝑟−𝑟2′ 1+1 2 + 1−0 2 + 0−0 2

𝒓′𝟏 2𝑥+𝑦
𝑟=
5

𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′ = 5
−5 × 10−9 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑉
𝐸2 = 2 ∙ ∙ 9 × 109
5 5 𝑚

9 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑉
𝐸2 = −
5 𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑬𝑷𝟐

𝐸𝑃2 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2
9 2𝑥+𝑦
𝐸𝑃2 = 45 𝑦 −
5
18 9 5 5+1 𝑉
𝐸𝑃2 = − 𝑥 + 𝑦
5 5 𝑚

𝑶 𝒓′𝟐

𝒓′𝟏
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟑 , Source 𝑸𝟏

𝑟 = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟=𝑧
𝑟1′ = (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧

𝑟1′ = 𝑥
𝑟−𝑟1′ 0−1 ∙𝑥+ 0−0 ∙𝑦+ 1−0 ∙𝑧 −𝑥+𝑧
𝑟= = =
𝑶 𝒓′𝟐 𝑟−𝑟1′ 0−1 2 + 0−0 2 + 1−0 2 2

𝒓′𝟏 𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟1′ = 2
5 × 10−9 −𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑉
𝐸1 = 2 ∙ ∙ 9 × 109
2 2 𝑚

45 −𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑉
𝐸1 =
2 2 𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟑 , Source 𝑸𝟐

𝑟 = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (1 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟=𝑧
𝑟2′ = (−1 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑟2′ = −𝑥
𝑟−𝑟2′ 0+1 ∙𝑥+ 0−0 ∙𝑦+ 1−0 ∙𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
𝑟= = =
𝒓′𝟐 𝑟−𝑟2′ 0+1 2 + 0−0 2 + 1−0 2 2
𝑶

𝒓′𝟏
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′ = 2
−5 × 10−9 𝑥 + 𝑧 9
𝑉
𝐸2 = 2 ∙ ∙ 9 × 10
2 2 𝑚

−45 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑉
𝐸2 =
2 2 𝑚
Electric Field Intensity

For observation point 𝑷𝟑 , 𝑬𝑷𝟏

𝐸𝑃3 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2
45 −𝑥+𝑧 45 𝑥+𝑧
𝐸𝑃3 = −
2 2 2 2
45 𝑉
𝐸𝑃3 = − 𝑥
2 𝑚

𝑶 𝒓′𝟐

𝒓′𝟏
Electric Field Intensity

(b) When Q 2 changes sign, all of the electric field

vectors 𝑬𝟐 at observation points 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃3 ,
𝐄𝟐 due to charge Q 2 will flip 180-degrees in direction.
As a result we have

𝐄𝟐

𝐄𝟐
 Volumetric Charge Density

𝒛 𝒗′ − 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝒅𝒗′ − 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒗′ dQ − 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒗′
𝒗′ 𝒓′ − 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒗′
𝒓′ dQ
𝝆𝒗 (𝒓′ ) − 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑶 𝒚 Q
𝝆𝒗 = 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒗
𝒙
𝝆𝒗 𝑪
𝝆𝒗
𝒎𝟑
Electric Field Due to Volumetric Charge Density

𝑶
𝑑𝑄

𝜌𝑣 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑣 ′ ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑣 ′ ∙ 𝑟 𝑟, 𝑟
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅 2 𝑟,𝑟 ′
𝑑𝑄
𝜌𝑣 =
𝑑𝑣′
 Surface Charge Density

𝑺′ − 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝒛 𝒅𝑺′ − 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
dQ − 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒔′
𝒓′ − 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒔′
𝝆𝒔 (𝒓′ ) − 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒓′ 𝑺′ Q
𝒅𝑺′ 𝒚 𝝆𝒔 = 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
dQ 𝑶 𝝆𝒔 𝒔
𝑪
𝝆𝒔
𝒙 𝒎𝟐
 Electric Field Due to Surface Charge Density
𝒅𝑬𝑷
𝒅𝑬𝑷
𝒛
𝑷
𝑺𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 − 𝟏 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟)
𝑹 𝑑𝑄
𝒓

𝒅𝑺′ 𝒓′ 𝑺′ 𝒚 𝜌𝑠 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑠 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑠′ ∙ 𝑟 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
dQ 𝝆𝒔 𝑶
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅 2 𝑟,𝑟 ′
𝒙 𝑑𝑄
𝑺𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 − 𝟐 𝜌𝑠 =
𝑑𝑠′
Line Charge Density

𝒍′ − 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝒅𝒍′ − 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
dQ − 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒍′
𝒓′ − 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒗′
𝝆𝒍 (𝒓′ ) − 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑶 Q
𝝆𝒍 = 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒍
𝑪
𝝆𝒍
𝒎
Line Charge Density

𝑑𝑄

𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙 ′ 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2 𝑟,𝑟 ′
∙ 𝑟 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
𝑶
𝑑𝑄
𝜌𝑙 =
𝑑𝑙′
Line Charge Density
𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙′
∙ 𝑟 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2 𝑟,𝑟 ′
𝑃 = (𝑥, 0,0)
𝒙 𝑟 = (𝑥 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝒙=𝒓
𝒙
𝑶 𝑷
𝑷(𝒓, 𝝋, 𝟎) 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥
↕ 𝑟 ′ = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (𝑧′ − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝑷(𝒓, 𝟎, 𝟎)
↕ 𝑟 ′ = 𝑧′𝑧
𝑷(𝒙, 𝟎, 𝟎)
𝑟 − 𝑟 ′ = 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑧′𝑧

𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′ = 𝑥 − 0 2 + 0 − 0 2 + 0 − 𝑧′ 2

𝑅= 𝑥 2 + 𝑧′ 2

𝑟−𝑟 ′ 𝑥𝑥−𝑧 ′ 𝑧
𝑟= =
𝑟−𝑟 ′ 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2

𝟏 𝒂 𝜌𝑙 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑥𝑥−𝑧 ′ 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = ∙
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −𝒂 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 ′ 2 𝑥2+ 𝑧′ 2
Line Charge Density
𝜌 𝒂 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝒂 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙 𝑥𝑥 −𝒂 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 ′ 2 3/2
−𝑧 −𝒂 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 ′ 2 3/2
4𝜋𝜖𝑜

𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑧′
=
𝒙 𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2 3/2
𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2
𝒙
𝑶 𝒙=𝒓 𝑷 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 1
𝑷(𝒓, 𝝋, 𝟎) =−
𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2 3/2
𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2
↕ 𝟎
𝑷(𝒓, 𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂 𝒂
𝜌 𝑧′ 1
𝒚 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙 𝑥 +𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2
−𝒂 −𝒂

𝜌𝑙 𝑎
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑥
𝒓 2𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋

𝝋
𝒙 𝜌𝑙 𝑎
𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑟
2𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 𝑟 2 +𝑎2

𝑟 = 𝑥 cos 𝜑+ 𝑦 sin 𝜑
𝜑=0
𝑟=𝑥
Infinite Line Charge Density
𝜌 ∞ 𝑑𝑧 ′ ∞ 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′
∞
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙 𝑥𝑥 −∞ 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 ′ 2 3/2
−𝑧 −∞ 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 ′ 2 3/2
4𝜋𝜖𝑜

𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑧′
=
𝒙 𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2 3/2
𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2
𝒙
𝑶 𝒙=𝒓 𝑷 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 1
𝑷(𝒓, 𝝋, 𝒛) =−
𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2 3/2
𝑥2 + 𝑧′ 2
↕ 𝟎
𝑷(𝒓, 𝟎, 𝟎) ∞ ∞
−∞
𝜌𝑙 𝑧′ 1
𝒚 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑥 +𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2
−∞ −∞
∞
𝜌𝑙 𝑧 ′ 𝜌𝑙
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝝆 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥 𝑥2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 2𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥
𝝆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋

𝝋 −∞
𝒙
𝝆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑙
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑟 = 𝜌
2𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 2𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝜌

𝜌 = 𝑥 cos 𝜑+ 𝑦 sin 𝜑
𝜑=0
𝜌=𝑥
 Field of sheet of charge
𝜌𝑠 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑠 ′
𝒛 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑠 ′ 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2 𝑟,𝑟 ′
∙ 𝑟 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
∞ ∞
𝑑𝑠 ′ = 𝑥𝑑𝑦′𝑑𝑧′
−∞ ∞
𝑃 = (𝑥, 0, 0)
𝑶 𝑟 = (𝑥 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑧
𝒚
𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥
𝐏(𝑥, 0,0)
−∞ ∞ 𝑟 ′ = (0 − 0) ∙ 𝑥 + (𝑦′ − 0) ∙ 𝑦 + (𝑧′ − 0) ∙ 𝑧
−∞ −∞ 𝑟 ′ = 𝑦′𝑦 + 𝑧′𝑧
𝒙 𝑟 − 𝑟 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦′𝑦 − 𝑧′𝑧

𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′ = 𝑥−0 2 + 0 − 𝑦′ 2 + 0 − 𝑧′ 2

𝑅= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦′ 2 + 𝑧′ 2

𝑟−𝑟 ′ 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑧 ′ 𝑧

𝑟= =
𝑟−𝑟 ′ 𝑥2 + 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2
𝜌𝑠 ∞ ∞ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑧 ′ 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = ∙
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −∞ −∞ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ′ 2 + 𝑧′ 2 𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2
 Field of sheet of charge
𝒛 𝜌𝑠 ∞ ∞ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑧 ′ 𝑧
∞ ∞ 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = ∙
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −∞ −∞ 𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2
−∞ ∞
𝜌𝑠 ∞ ∞ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ ∙ 𝑥𝑥−𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑧 ′ 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 3
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −∞ −∞
𝑶 𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 2
𝒚
𝜌𝑠 ∞ ∞ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′
𝑬𝒙 (𝑟) = 3
𝐏(𝑥, 0,0) 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −∞ −∞
−∞ ∞ 𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 2

−∞ −∞ 𝑥𝜌𝑠 ∞ ∞ 𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′
𝒙 𝑬𝒙 (𝑟) = 3
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 −∞ −∞
𝑥2+ 𝑦′ 2+ 𝑧 ′ 2 2

𝑬𝒙 (𝑟) =
𝑥𝜌𝑠 2𝜋
=
𝜌𝑠 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 !
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑥 2 2𝜖𝑜 𝑭𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Electric Field of Charged Ring
𝒛 𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙 ′ 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2
∙ 𝑅 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
𝑷(0,0,z) 𝑬𝑷 = ? 𝑃 = (0,0, 𝑧)
𝑑𝑄 ′ = 𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝒓 𝑟 ′ = 𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑 ′ + 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑 ′
′
𝑸 𝑑𝑙 ′ = 𝑎 𝑑𝜑′
𝑹
𝑶 𝒚 𝑑𝑞′ = 𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑎 𝑑𝜑′
′
𝒓 ′ 𝑄′
𝝋′ 𝒍′ 𝜌𝑙 𝑟 =
2𝜋𝑎
𝒂 𝒅𝑸′ 𝒅𝒍′ 𝑟=𝑧𝑧
𝒚 𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′
𝑅 = 𝑧 𝑧 − (𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ + 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑 ′ )
𝒙 𝒅𝒍′ 𝑅 = 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑 ′ − 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′
𝒅𝝋′
𝒂 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑟′
𝒙
𝑅= (−𝑎 cos 𝜑 ′ )2 + −𝑎 sin 𝜑 ′ 2 + 𝑧2
𝑅= 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 ′ + 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑′ + 𝑧 2
𝑅= 𝑎2 + 𝑧 2
Electric Field of Charged Ring
𝒛
𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙′
∙ 𝑅 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
𝑷(0,0,z) 𝑬𝑷 = ? 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2
𝑹 𝑟 − 𝑟′
𝑹= =
𝒓 𝑹 𝑟 − 𝑟′
′
𝑸
𝑹 −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ − 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑 ′ + 𝑧 𝑧
𝑶 𝒚 𝑹=
𝒓′ 𝑎2 + 𝑧 2
𝝋′ 𝒍′
𝒂 𝒅𝑸′ 𝒅𝒍′

𝑄′
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑎
𝑎𝑑𝜑′ −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ −𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′ +𝑧 𝑧
𝒙 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝜑′ =0
∙
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 ) 𝑎2 +𝑧 2
2𝜋 𝑄′ 𝑑𝜑′ −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ −𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′ +𝑧 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝜑′ =0 8𝜋2 𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 )
∙
𝑎2 +𝑧 2
𝑄′ 2𝜋 −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ −𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′ +𝑧 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 2 ( ) 𝑑𝜑′
8𝜋 𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 ) 𝜑′ =0 𝑎2 +𝑧 2
 Electric Field of Charged Ring
𝒛
𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙′
∙ 𝑅 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
𝑷(0,0,z) 𝑬𝑷 = ? 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2

𝒓
′
𝑸
𝑹
𝑶 𝒚
′
𝒓
𝝋 ′ 𝒍′
𝒂 𝒅𝑸′ 𝒅𝒍′

𝑄′ 2𝜋 −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ −𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′ +𝑧 𝑧
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 2 ( ) 𝑑𝜑′
𝒙 8𝜋 𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 ) 𝜑′ =0 𝑎2 +𝑧 2
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐𝝅
𝑄′ 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 2 −𝑥 𝑎 cos 𝜑′ 𝑑𝜑′ − 𝑦 𝑎 sin 𝜑′ 𝑑𝜑′ + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝜑′
8𝜋 𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 )3/2 0 0 0

𝑧 𝑄′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 )3/2
Electric Field of Charged Ring
𝒛
𝜌𝑙 𝑟 ′ 𝑑𝑙 ′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑙′
∙ 𝑅 𝑟, 𝑟 ′
𝑷(0,0,z) 𝑬𝑷 = ? 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑅2

𝑧 𝑄′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑧
𝒓 4𝜋𝜖𝑜 (𝑎2 +𝑧 2 )3/2
′
𝑸
𝑹
𝑶 𝒚
′
𝒓
𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒇 𝒛 ≫ 𝒂
𝝋′ 𝒍′
𝒂 𝒅𝑸′ 𝒅𝒍′ 𝑧 𝑄′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 (𝑧 2 )3/2

𝑧 𝑄′
𝒙 𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑧 3

𝑄′
𝑬𝑷 (𝑟) = 𝑧
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑧 2