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210 210 Bahan ajar ini dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bacaan bagi para
mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Andalas yang berdasarkan
kepada pengalaman penulis serta merujuk kepada beberapa buku standar
seperti tercantum berikut ini:

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
/1/. Beer, F.P.; Johnston, E.R.
DYNAMICS Mechanics for Engineer: Dynamics, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008
/2/. Meriam, J.L.; Kraige, L.G.
7 7 Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 6th. Ed., John Wiley, 2008.
/3/. Hibbeler, R.C.
Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 12 Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
Mulyadi Bur
2010.

Bahan ajar ini dipakai di lingkungan sendiri dan disediakan secara gratis bagi
Structural Dynamics Laboratory
peserta kuliah Dinamika Partikel TMS-210 yang dapat diunduh dari portal
ANDALAS UNIVERSITY akademik.
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210 210 Sample Problem 13.4
Contents
SOLUTION:
Sample Problem 13.4
• Apply principle of work and
Sample Problem 13.5 energy to determine velocity at
Potential Energy point 2.
7 Conservative Forces 7 • Apply Newton’s second law to
Conservation of Energy A 2000 lb car starts from rest at point 1 find normal force by the track at
Motion Under a Conservative Central Force and moves without friction down the point 2.
Sample Problem 13.6 track shown.
• Apply principle of work and
Sample Problem 13.7 energy to determine velocity at
Determine:
Sample Problem 13.9 point 3.
a) the force exerted by the track on • Apply Newton’s second law to
the car at point 2, and find minimum radius of curvature
b) the minimum safe value of the at point 3 such that a positive
radius of curvature at point 3. normal force is exerted by the
track.
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210 Sample Problem 13.4 210 Sample Problem 13.4
SOLUTION: • Apply principle of work and energy to determine
• Apply principle of work and energy to velocity at point 3.
determine velocity at point 2. 1W 2
T1 + U1→3 = T3 0 + W (25 ft ) = v3
1W 2 2g
T1 = 0 T2 = 1 mv 2
2 2 = v2
2g v32 = 2(25 ft )g = 2(25 ft )(32.2 ft s ) v3 = 40.1ft s
U1→ 2 = +W (40 ft )
7 1W 2 7
T1 + U1→ 2 = T2 : 0 + W (40 ft ) = v2 • Apply Newton’s second law to find minimum
2g radius of curvature at point 3 such that a positive
(
v22 = 2(40 ft )g = 2(40 ft ) 32.2 ft s 2 ) v2 = 50.8 ft s normal force is exerted by the track.

• Apply Newton’s second law to find normal force

by the track at point 2. + ↓ ∑ Fn = m an :
+ ↑ ∑ Fn = m an : W = m an
W v22 W 2(40 ft )g W v32 W 2(25 ft )g
− W + N = m an = = = = ρ3 = 50 ft
g ρ 2 g 20 ft g ρ3 g ρ3
N = 5W N = 10000 lb
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210 Sample Problem 13.5 210 Sample Problem 13.5

SOLUTION: • In the first case, bodies are in uniform motion.

7 7
The dumbwaiter D and its load have a
combined weight of 600 lb, while the
counterweight C weighs 800 lb.
Determine the power delivered by the
electric motor M when the
dumbwaiter (a) is moving up at a
constant speed of
8 ft/s and (b) has an instantaneous
velocity of 8 ft/s and an acceleration
of 2.5 ft/s2, both directed upwards.
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Force exerted by the motor Determine force exerted by motor cable from
cable has same direction as conditions for static equilibrium.
the dumbwaiter velocity. Free-body C:
Power delivered by motor is
equal to FvD, vD = 8 ft/s. + ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 : 2T − 800 lb = 0 T = 400 lb
Free-body D:
• In the first case, bodies are in
uniform motion. Determine force + ↑ ∑ Fy = 0 :
exerted by motor cable from F + T − 600 lb = 0
conditions for static equilibrium. F = 600 lb − T = 600 lb − 400 lb = 200 lb
• In the second case, both bodies are Power = Fv D = (200 lb )(8 ft s )
accelerating. Apply Newton’s
= 1600 ft ⋅ lb s
second law to each body to
1 hp
Power = (1600 ft ⋅ lb s )
determine the required motor cable
= 2.91 hp
force. 550 ft ⋅ lb s
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210 Sample Problem 13.5 210 Potential Energy
• In the second case, both bodies are accelerating. Apply

• Work of the force of gravity W,
Newton’s second law to each body to determine the required
U1→2 = Wy1 − Wy 2
motor cable force.
a D = 2.5 ft s 2 ↑ aC = − 12 a D = 1.25 ft s 2 ↓ • Work is independent of path followed;
depends only on the initial and final values
7 Free-body C: + ↓ ∑ Fy = mC aC : 7 of Wy.
800 Vg = Wy
800 − 2T = (1.25) T = 384.5 lb
32.2 = potential energy of the body with
Free-body D: + ↑ ∑ Fy = m D a D : respect to force of gravity.

F + T − 600 =
600
(2.5) ( )1 − (Vg )2
U1→2 = V g
32.2
• Choice of datum from which the elevation y
F + 384.5 − 600 = 46.6 F = 262.1 lb
is measured is arbitrary.
Power = Fv D = (262.1 lb )(8 ft s ) = 2097 ft ⋅ lb s
1 hp • Units of work and potential energy are the
Power = (2097 ft ⋅ lb s ) = 3.81 hp same: V g = Wy = N ⋅ m = J
550 ft ⋅ lb s
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210 Potential Energy 210 Potential Energy
• Previous expression for potential energy of a body • Work of the force exerted by a spring depends
with respect to gravity is only valid when the only on the initial and final deflections of the
weight of the body can be assumed constant. spring,
U1→2 = 12 kx12 − 12 kx22
• For a space vehicle, the variation of the force of
gravity with distance from the center of the earth
7 should be considered.
7 • The potential energy of the body with respect
to the elastic force,
• Work of a gravitational force, Ve = 12 kx 2
U1→2 =
GMm GMm
− U1→2 = (Ve )1 − (Ve )2
r2 r1
• Note that the preceding expression for Ve is
• Potential energy Vg when the variation in the valid only if the deflection of the spring is
force of gravity can not be neglected, measured from its undeformed position.
GMm WR 2
Vg = − =−
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210 Conservative Forces 210 Conservation of Energy
• Concept of potential energy can be applied if the • Work of a conservative force,
work of the force is independent of the path U1→ 2 = V1 − V2
followed by its point of application.
U1→2 = V ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) − V ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )
• Concept of work and energy,
U1→ 2 = T2 − T1
Such forces are described as conservative forces.
• Follows that
7 • For any conservative force applied on a closed 7


T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
path,
∫ F • dr = 0 E = T + V = constant
• Elementary work corresponding to displacement T1 = 0 V1 = Wℓ • When a particle moves under the action of
between two neighboring points, conservative forces, the total mechanical
T1 + V1 = Wℓ
dU = V ( x, y, z ) − V ( x + dx, y + dy, z + dz ) energy is constant.
= −dV ( x, y, z )
1W • Friction forces are not conservative. Total
 ∂V
Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz = − dx +
∂V
dy +
∂V 
dz 
T2 = 12 mv 22 = ( 2gℓ ) = Wℓ mechanical energy of a system involving
2 g
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  friction decreases.
V2 = 0 T2 + V2 = Wℓ

 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
F = − + +  = −grad V • Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction
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210 Motion Under a Conservative Central Force 210 Sample Problem 13.6
• When a particle moves under a
conservative central force, both the SOLUTION:
principle of conservation of angular • Apply the principle of conservation
momentum of energy between positions 1 and
r0 mv0 sin φ0 = rmv sin φ 2.

7 and the principle of conservation of energy 7 • The elastic and gravitational

T0 + V0 = T + V potential energies at 1 and 2 are
evaluated from the given
GMm 1 2 GMm
1 mv 2
2 0 − = 2 mv − A 20 lb collar slides without friction information. The initial kinetic
r0 r energy is zero.
along a vertical rod as shown. The
may be applied. spring attached to the collar has an
• Given r, the equations may be solved for v and ϕ. undeflected length of 4 in. and a • Solve for the kinetic energy and
constant of 3 lb/in. velocity at 2.
• At minimum and maximum r, ϕ = 90o. Given If the collar is released from rest at
the launch conditions, the equations may be position 1, determine its velocity
solved for rmin, rmax, vmin, and vmax. after it has moved 6 in. to position 2.
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210 Sample Problem 13.6 210 Sample Problem 13.7
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of conservation of energy between
positions 1 and 2. • Since the pellet must remain in
contact with the loop, the force
Position 1:Ve = 12 kx12 = 12 (3 lb in.)(8 in. − 4 in.)2 = 24 in. ⋅ lb exerted on the pellet must be
V1 = Ve + Vg = 24 in. ⋅ lb + 0 = 2 ft ⋅ lb greater than or equal to zero.
Setting the force exerted by the
7 T1 = 0 7 loop to zero, solve for the
Position 2:Ve = 12 kx22 = 12 (3 lb in.)(10 in. − 4 in.) = 54 in. ⋅ lb
2
minimum velocity at D.
Vg = Wy = (20 lb )(− 6 in.) = −120 in. ⋅ lb
V2 = Ve + Vg = 54 − 120 = −66 in. ⋅ lb = −5.5 ft ⋅ lb The 0.5 lb pellet is pushed against the • Apply the principle of
spring and released from rest at A. conservation of energy between
1 20 2
T2 = 12 mv22 = v2 = 0.311v22 Neglecting friction, determine the points A and D. Solve for the
2 32.2 smallest deflection of the spring for spring deflection required to
Conservation of which the pellet will travel around the produce the required velocity
Energy: T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 loop and remain in contact with the and kinetic energy at D.
loop at all times.
0 + 2 ft ⋅ lb = 0.311v22 − 5.5 ft ⋅ lb
v2 = 4.91ft s ↓
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210 Sample Problem 13.7 210 Sample Problem 13.9
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
• Setting the force exerted by the loop to zero, solve
• For motion under a conservative
for the minimum velocity at D.
central force, the principles of
+ ↓ ∑ Fn = man :
conservation of energy and
W = man mg = m vD 2
r
conservation of angular momentum
2
vD = rg = (2 ft )(32.2 ft s ) = 64.4 ft 2 s 2 may be applied simultaneously.
7 • Apply the principle of conservation of energy 7
between points A and D. A satellite is launched in a direction • Apply the principles to the points
of minimum and maximum
V1 = Ve + Vg = 1 kx 2
2
+0= 1
2
(36 lb ft )x 2
= 18 x 2 parallel to the surface of the earth with
altitude to determine the maximum
a velocity of 36900 km/h from an
T1 = 0 altitude of 500 km. altitude.
V2 = Ve + Vg = 0 + Wy = (0.5 lb )(4 ft ) = 2 ft ⋅ lb Determine (a) the maximum altitude • Apply the principles to the orbit
reached by the satellite, and (b) the
T2 = 12 mvD
2
=
1 0.5 lb
2 32.2 ft s 2
( )
64.4 ft 2 s 2 = 0.5 ft ⋅ lb maximum allowable error in the
insertion point and the point of
minimum altitude to determine
direction of launching if the satellite is
to come no closer than 200 km to the maximum allowable orbit insertion
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 surface of the earth angle error.
0 + 18 x 2 = 0.5 + 2 x = 0.3727 ft = 4.47 in.
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TMS TMS
210 Sample Problem 13.9 210 Sample Problem 13.9
• Apply the principles of conservation of energy • Apply the principles to the orbit insertion point
and conservation of angular momentum to the and the point of minimum altitude to determine
points of minimum and maximum altitude to maximum allowable orbit insertion angle error.
determine the maximum altitude.
Conservation of energy:
Conservation of energy:
TA + VA = TA′ + VA′ T0 + V0 = TA + VA
GMm 1 GMm GMm 1 GMm
7 2 mv 0 −
1 2
= 2 mv12 − 7 1
2 mv02 − = 2 mv max
2
−
r0 r1 r0 rmin
Conservation of angular momentum: r
r0 mv0 = r1mv1 v1 = v0 0 Conservation of angular momentum:
Combining, r1
 2  r0 mv0 sin ϕ0 = rmin mv max
1 v 2 1 − r0  = GM 1 − r0  r
1+ 0 =
2GM
2 0 2  r  v max = v 0 sin ϕ0
r0
 r1  r0  1 r1 r0v02
rmin
r0 = 6370 km + 500 km = 6870 km
Combining and solving for sin ϕ0,
v 0 = 36900 km h = 10.25 ×106 m s
sin φ0 = 0.9801
GM = gR 2 = ( 9.81m s 2 )( 6.37 ×106 m )
2

ϕ 0 = 90° ± 11.5°
= 398 ×1012 m3 s 2
r1 = 60.4 × 106 m = 60400 km allowable error = ±11.5°
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