Chapter 727  ◆  Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures  3465

Table 727-3 Abbreviations for Specimens in Table 727-5

S Serum (C) Citrate
P Plasma (O) Oxalate
(H) Heparin W Whole blood
(LiH) Lithium heparin (NH4H) Ammonium heparinate
(E) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Table 727-4 Key to Comments Section of Table 727-5

30°C, 37°C Temperature of enzymatic analysis (Celsius) l Fluorometric method
a Values obtained are significantly method m Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
dependent
n Fluorescence polarization
b Values in older males are higher than those in
older females o Gas chromatography

c Values in older females are higher than those in
older males
d Atomic absorption
e Borate affinity chromatography
f Cation-exchange chromatography
g Vitros, a proprietary analytic system of Ortho
Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.
i Electrophoresis
j Enzymatic assay
k Enzyme-amplified immunoassay
p High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
q Indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) assay
r Ion-selective electrode
s Nephelometry
t Optical density
u Radial immunodiffusion (RID)
v Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
w Spectrophotometry

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals*

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
Hematocrit (HCT, Hct) W(E) % of packed red cells Volume fraction (V red
(V red cells/V whole cells/V whole blood)
blood cells × 100)
Calculated from mean 0-30 days 44-70% ×0.01 0.44-0.70
corpuscular volume 1-23 mo 32-42% 0.32-0.42
(MCV) and RBC 2-9 yr 33-43% 0.33-0.43
count (electronic 10-17 yr M 36-47% 0.36-0.47
displacement or laser) F 35-45% 0.35-0.45
>18-99 yr M 42-52% 0.42-0.52
F 37-47% 0.37-0.47
Hemoglobin (Hb) W(E) g/dL mmol/L
0-30 days 15.0-24.0 ×0.155 2.32-3.72 MW Hb =
1-23 mo 10.5-14.0 1.63-2.17 64,500
2-9 yr 11.5-14.5 1.78-2.25
10-17 yr M 12.5-16.1 1.93-2.50
F 12.0-15.0 1.86-2.32
>18-99 yr M 13.5-18.0 2.09-2.79
F 12.5-16.0 1.93-2.48
P(H) See Chemical Elements
Continued
3466  Part XXXV  ◆  Laboratory Medicine

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Erythrocyte indices
(RBC indices)
Mean corpuscular W(E) pg/cell fmol/cell
hemoglobin (MCH) 0-30 days 33-39 ×0.0155 0.51-0.60
1-23 mo 24-30 0.37-0.46
2-9 yr 25-31 0.39-0.48
10-17 yr M 26-32 0.26-0.32
F 26-32 0.26-0.32
>18-99 yr M 27-31 0.27-0.31
F 27-31 0.27-0.31
Mean corpuscular W(E) % Hb/cell or g Hb/dL mmol Hb/L RBC
hemoglobin RBC
concentration (MCHC) 32-36 ×0.155 4.96-5.58
Mean corpuscular W(E) µm 3
fL
volume (MCV) 0-30 days 99-115 ×1 99-115
1-23 mo 72-88 72-88
2-9 yr 76-90 76-90
10-17 yr 78-95 78-95
>18-99 yr 78-100 78-100
Leukocyte count (WBC W(E) ×1,000 cells/mm3 (µL) ×109 cells/L
count)
0-30 days 9.1-34.0 ×1 9.1-34.0
1-23 mo 6.0-14.0 6.0-14.0
2-9 yr 4.0-12.0 45.0-12.0
10-17 yr 4.0-10.5 4.0-10.5
18-99 yr 4.0-10.5 4.0-10.5
Leukocyte differential W(E) % Number fraction
Myelocytes 0% ×0.01 0
Neutrophils (“bands”) 3-5% 0.03-0.05
Neutrophils (“segs”) 54-62% 0.54-0.62
Lymphocytes 25-33% 0.25-0.33
Monocytes 3-7% 0.03-0.07
Eosinophils 1-3% 0.01-0.03
Basophils 0-0.75% 0-0.0075
Cells/mm3 (µL) ×106 cells/L
Myelocytes 0 ×1 0
Neutrophils (“bands”) 150-400 150-400
Neutrophils (“segs”) 3,000-5,800 3,000-5,800
Lymphocytes 1,500-3,000 1,500-3,000
Monocytes 285-500 285-500
Eosinophils 50-250 50-250
Basophils 15-50 15-50
Platelet count W(E) ×103/mm (µL)
3
×109/L
(thrombocyte count) Newborn 84-478 (after 1 wk, same as ×106 84-478 (Buck, 1996)
adult)
Adult 150-400 150-400
Reticulocyte count W(E,H,O) Adults 0.5-1.5% of erythrocytes or ×0.01 0.005-0.015 (number
25,000-75,000/mm3 (µL) ×106 fraction) or 25,000-
75,000 × 106/L
% Number fraction
W(cap) 1 day 0.4-6.0 ×0.01 0.004-0.060
7 days <0.1-1.3 <0.001-0.013
1-4 wk <1.0-1.2 <0.001-0.012
5-6 wk <0.1-2.4 <0.001-0.024
7-8 wk 0.1-2.9 0.001-0.029
9-10 wk <0.1-2.6 <0.001-0.026
11-12 wk 0.1-1.3 0.001-0.013
 Chapter 727  ◆  Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures  3467

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Alanine S 0-7 days 6-40 U/L ×1 6-40 U/L 37°C, bgw
aminotransferase 8-30 days M 10-40 10-40 (Soldin,
(ALT, SGPT) F 8-32 8-32 Savwoir, Guo,
1-12 mo 12-45 12-45 1997)
1-19 yr 5-45 5-45 (Lockitch,
Halstead,
Albumin (BCG) P Premature 1 1.8-3.0 g/dL ×10 18-30 g/dL Albersheim,
day 1988)
Full term <6 2.5-3.4 25-34 g (Meites,
days 1989) (Soldin
8 days-1 yr 1.9-4.9 19-49 Morse, 1998)
1-3 yr 3.4-4.2 34-42 (Lockitch,
4-19 yr 3.5-5.6 35-56 Halstead,
Albersheim,
1988)

Ammonia P 11-35 µmol/L ×1 11-35 µmol/L g

Amylase S,P 1-19 yr 30-100 U/L ×1 30-100 U/L (Lockitch,
% pancreatic fraction % pancreatic fraction Halstead,
Albersheim
et al, 1988;
Gillard,
Simbala,
Goodglick,
1983)
Amylase isoenzymes S,P(H) Cord-8 mo 0-34% ×0.01 0-0.34%
9 mo-4 yr 5-56% 0.05-0.56%
5-19 yr 23-59% 0.23-0.59%
Anion gap (sodium P(H) 7-16 mEq/L ×1 7-16 mEq/L
− [chloride +
bicarbonate])
Antideoxyribonuclease S Age Upper limit of normal Upper limit of normal
B titer (anti-DNase B 4-6 yr 240-480 U ×1 240-480 U (Kaplan,
titer) 7-12 yr 480-800 U 480-800 U Rothermel,
Johnson,
1998)
Antidiuretic hormone P(E) Plasma Plasma ADH (pg/mL) Plasma ADH ng/L
(hADH, vasopressin) osmolarity
(mOsm/kg)
270-280 <1.5 ×1 <1.5
280-285 <2.5 <2.5
285-290 1-5 1-5
290-295 2-7 2-7
295-300 4-12 4-12
Antistreptolysin-O titer S Age Upper limit of normal Upper limit of normal
(ASO titer) 2-5 yr 120-160 Todd units ×1 120-160 Todd units (Kaplan et al,
6-9 yr 240 Todd units 240 Todd units 1998)
10-12 yr 320 Todd units 320 Todd units
Aspartate S U/L U/L
aminotransferase 0-7 days M 30-100 ×1 35-100 37°C, g (Soldin,
(AST, SGOT) F 24-95 24-95 Savwoir, Guo,
8-30 days 22-71 22-71 1997)
1-12 mo 22-63 22-63 (Lockitch,
1-3 yr 20-60 20-60 Halstead,
3-9 yr 15-50 15-50 Albersheim,
10-15 yr 10-40 10-40 1988)
16-19 yr M 15-45 15-45
F 5-30 5-30
Base excess W(H) mmol/L mmol/L
Newborn (−10)-(−2) ×1 (−10)-(−2)
Infant (−7)-(−1) (−7)-(−1)
Child (−4)-(+2) (−4)-(+2)
Thereafter (−3)-(+3) (−3)-(−3)
Bicarbonate S,P mmol/L mmol/L
Arterial 21-28 ×1 21-28
Venous 22-29 22-29
Continued
3468  Part XXXV  ◆  Laboratory Medicine

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Bilirubin, total S mg/dL µmol/L
Newborn See Bhutani ×17.1 (Bhutani,
nomogram (Fig. Johnson,
727-3) Sivieri, 1999)
1 mo-adult <1.0 <17
C-reactive protein (high S (Soldin, et al,
sensitivity) M (mg/dL) F (mg/dL) M (mg/L) F (mg/L) 2004)
0-90 days 0.08-1.58 0.09-1.58 ×10 0.8-15.8 0.9-15.8
91 days-12 mo 0.08-1.12 0.05-0.79 0.8-11.2 0.5-7.9
13 mo-3 yr 0.08-1.12 0.08-0.79 0.8-11.2 0.8-7.9
4-10 yr 0.06-0.79 0.5-1.0 0.6-7.9 0.5-10.0
11-14 yr 0.08-0.76 0.06-0.81 0.8-7.6 0.6-8.1
15-18 yr 0.04-0.79 0.06-0.79 0.4-7.9 0.6-7.9
Calcium, ionized (Ca) S,P(H),W(H) mg/dL mmol/L
Cord blood 5.0-6.0 ×0.25 1.25-1.50
Newborn, 4.3-5.1 1.07-1.27
3-24 hr
24-48 hr 4.0-4.7 1.00-1.17
Thereafter 4.8-4.92 1.12-1.23
or 2.24-2.46 Eq/L ×0.5 1.12-1.23
Calcium, total S mg/dL mmol/L
Cord blood 9.0-11.5 ×0.25 2.25-2.88
Newborn, 9.0-10.6 2.3-2.65
3-24 hr
24-48 hr 7.0-12.0 1.75-3.00
4-7 days 9.0-10.9 2.25-2.73
Child 8.8-10.8 2.20-2.70
Thereafter 8.4-10.2 2.10-2.55
Carbon dioxide, partial W(H) mm Hg kPa
pressure (pCO2) Newborn 27-40 ×0.1333 3.6-5.3
Infant 27-41 3.6-5.5
Thereafter M 35-48 4.7-6.4
F 32-45 4.3-6.0
Carbon monoxide W(E) Nonsmoker <2% HbCO ×0.01 HbCO fraction <0.02
(carboxyhemoglobin) Smoker <10% <0.10
Lethal >50% >0.5
Chloride S,P(H) Cord blood 96-104 mmol/L ×1 96-104 mmol/L
Newborn 97-110 97-110
Thereafter 98-106 98-106
Chloride, sweat Sweat mmol/L (Farrell, et al,
0-5 mo ≤29 CF unlikely 2008)
30-59 intermediate
≥60 indicative of CF
≥6 mo ≤39 CF unlikely
40-60 intermediate
≥60 indicative of CF
Cortisol S,P(H) µg/dL nmol/L
Newborn 1-24 ×27.59 28-662
Adults, 8:00 5-23 138-635
AM
4:00 PM 3-15 82-413
8:00 PM <50% of 8:00 AM ×0.01 Fraction of 8:00 AM
≤0.50
Creatine kinase S Cord blood 70-380 U/L ×1 70-380 U/L 30°C, b
5-8 hr 214-1,175 214-1,175 (Jedeikin,
24-33 hr 130-1,200 130-1,200 et al, 1982)
72-100 hr 87-725 87-725
Adult 5-130 5-130
Creatine kinase S % MB % BB
isoenzymes
Cord blood 0.3-3.1 0.3-10.5
5-8 hr 1.7-7.9 3.6-13.4
24-33 hr 1.8-5.0 2.3-8.6
72-100 hr 1.4-5.4 5.1-13.3
Adult 0-2 0
 Chapter 727  ◆  Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures  3469

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Creatinine (IDMS)
Enzymatic S,P mg/dL µmol/L g
0-4 yr 0.03-0.50 ×88.4 2.65-44.2
4-7 yr 0.03-0.59 2.65-52.2
7-10 yr 0.22-0.59 19.4-52.2
10-14 yr 0.31-0.88 27.4-77.8
>14 yr 0.50-1.06 44.2-93.7
Creatinine clearance S,P,U Newborn 40-65 mL/min/1.73 m2
(endogenous) <40 yr, M 97-137
F 88-128
Decreases <6.5 mL/min/decade
Ferritin S ng/mL µg/L
0-6 wk 0-400 ×1 0-400
7 wk-365 days 10-95 10-95
1-9 yr 10-60 10-60
10-18 yr M 10-300 10-300
F 10-70 10-70
Folate S Newborn 7.0-32 ng/mL ×2.265 15.9-72.4 nmol/L
Thereafter 1.8-9.0 4.1-20.4
W(E) 150-450 ng/mL RBCs 340-1,020 nmol/L cells
Glucose S mg/dL mmol/L
Cord blood 45-96 ×0.0555 2.5-5.3
Premature 20-60 1.1-3.3
Neonate 30-60 1.7-3.3
Newborn
1 day 40-60 2.2-3.3
>1 day 50-90 2.8-5.0
Child 60-100 3.3-5.5
Adult 70-105 3.9-5.8
W(H) Adult 65-95 3.6-5.3
Glucose, 2 hr post S <120 <6.7
Glucose tolerance test S mg/dL mmol/L
(GTT) (see Chapter
589)
  Oral dose
   Adult: 75 g Normal Diabetic Normal Diabetic
   Child: 1.75 g/kg of Fasting 70-105 ≥126 ×0.0555 3.9-5.8 ≥7.0 (Diabetes Care,
ideal weight, up 120 min 70-120 ≥200 3.9-6.7 ≥11 2010)
to a maximum of
75 g
Glucose-6-phosphate W(E,H,C)
dehydrogenase
(G6PD) in erythrocytes
Bishop, modified Adult Adult
3.4-8.0 U/g Hb ×0.0645 0.22-0.52 mU/mol Hb
98.6-232 U/1012 RBC ×10−3 0.10-0.23 nU/106 RBC
1.16-2.72 U/mL RBC ×1 1.16-2.72 kU/L RBC
Newborn: 50% higher Newborn: 50% higher
γ-Glutamyl S U/L U/L
transpeptidase (GGT, Cord blood 37-193 ×1 37-193 37°C, b (Knight
GGTP) 0-1 mo 13-147 13-147 and
1-2 mo 12-123 12-123 Haymond,
2-4 mo 8-90 8-90 1981)
4 mo-10 yr 5-32 5-32
10-15 yr 5-24 5-24
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) S mg/dL mg/L
Cord blood 1.4-3.6 ×10 14-36 s (Meites, 1989)
1-3 mo 1.3-53 13-530
4-6 mo 4.4-84 44-840
7 mo-1 yr 11-106 110-1,060
2-5 yr 14-159 140-1,590
6-10 yr 33-236 330-2,360
Adult 70-312 700-3,120
Continued
3470  Part XXXV  ◆  Laboratory Medicine

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) S Newborn: none detected None detected
Thereafter: 0-8 mg/dL ×10 0-80 mg/L
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) S M 0-230 IU/mL ×1 0-230 kIU/L
F 0-170 0-170
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) S mg/dL g/L
Cord blood 636-1,606 ×0.01 6.36-16.06 s (Meites, 1989)
1 mo 251-906 2.51-9.06
2-4 mo 176-601 1.76-6.01
5-12 mo 172-1,069 1.72-10.69
1-5 yr 345-1,236 3.45-12.36
6-10 yr 608-1,572 6.08-15.72
Adult 639-1,349 6.39-13.49
Immunoglobulin M S mg/dL mg/L
(IgM) Cord blood 6.3-25 ×10 63-250 s (Meites, 1989)
1-4 mo 17-105 170-1,050
5-9 mo 33-126 330-1,260
10 mo-1 yr 41-173 410-1,730
2-8 yr 43-207 430-2,070
9-10 yr 52-242 520-2,420
Adult 56-352 560-3,520
Iron P All ages 22-184 µg/dL ×0.1791 4-33 µmol/L (Lockitch,
Halstead,
Iron-binding capacity, S Infant 100-400 µg/dL ×0.179 17.90-71.60 µmol/L Wadsworth,
total (TIBC) Thereafter 250-400 44.75-71.60 et al, 1988)

L-lactate (perchloric W mg/dL mmol/L

acid) 1-12 mo 10-21 ×1 1.1-2.3 (Bonnefont,
1-7 yr 7-14 0.8-1.5 et al, 1990)
7-15 yr 5-8 0.6-0.9
D-lactate P(H) j (Rosenthal
6 mo-3 yr 0.0-0.3 ×1 0.0-0.3 and Pesce,
1985)
Lactate dehydrogenase S U/L U/L
<1 yr 170-580 ×1 170-580 37°C, a
(Meites, 1989)
1-9 yr 150-500 150-500
10-19 yr 120-330 120-330
Isoenzymes S % of total activity
1-6 yr 7-19 yr
LD1 20-38 20-35
LD2 27-38 31-38
LD3 16-26 19-28
LD4 5-16 7-13
LD5 3-13 5-12
Lead W(H) µg/dL mmol/L
Child <5 ×0.0483 <0.0024
Toxic ≥70 ≥3.38
Lipase P,S 1-18 yr 145-216 U/L ×1 145-216 U/L (Ghoshal and
Soldin, 2003)
Magnesium P(H) mg/dL mmol/L
0-6 days 1.2-2.6 ×0.411 0.48-1.05 w (Meites,
7 days-2 yr 1.6-2.6 0.65-1.05 1989)
2-14 yr 1.5-2.3 0.60-0.95
0.78 ± 0.37% of total Hb ×0.01 0.0078 ± 0.0037 (mass
fraction)
Osmolality S Child, adult
275-295 mOsm/kg H2O
Phosphatase, alkaline S U/L U/L
1-9 yr 145-420 ×1 145-420 37°C, aw
10-11 yr 140-560 140-560
M F M F
12-13 yr 200-495 105-420 200-495 105-420
14-15 yr 130-525 70-230 130-525 70-230
16-19 yr 65-260 50-130 65-260 50-130
 Chapter 727  ◆  Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures  3471

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Phosphorus, inorganic S,P(H) mg/dL mmol/L
0-5 days 4.8-8.2 ×0.3229 1.55-2.65 w (Meites,
1-3 yr 3.8-6.5 1.25-2.10 1989)
4-11 yr 3.7-5.6 1.20-1.80
12-15 yr 2.9-5.4 0.95-1.75
16-19 yr 2.7-4.7 0.90-1.50
Potassium S mmol/L mmol/L
0-1 wk 3.2-5.5 ×1 3.3-5.5 (Greeley, et al,
1 wk-1 mo 3.4-6.0 3.4-6.0 1993)
1-6 mo 3.5-5.6 3.5-5.6 Increased by
6 mo-1 yr 3.5-6.1 3.5-6.1 hemolysis;
>1 yr 3.3-4.6 3.3-4.6 serum values
systematically
higher than
plasma
values
P(H) 3.5-4.5 mmol/L 3.5-4.5 mmol/L
Prealbumin S mg/dL mg/L
(transthyretin) 0-5 days 6.0-21.0 ×10 60-210 s (Lockitch,
1-5 yr 14.0-30.0 140-300 Halstead,
6-9 yr 15.0-30.0 150-300 Quigley,
10-13 yr 20.0-36.0 200-360 et al, 1988)
14-19 22.0-45.0 220-450
Protein, total S g/dL g/L
Premature 4.3-7.6 ×10 43-76 (Meites, 1989)
Newborn 4.6-7.4 46-74
1-7 yr 6.1-7.9 61-79
8-12 yr 6.4-8.1 64-81
13-19 yr 6.6-8.2 66-82
Pyruvate (perchloric W 7-17 yr 0.076 ± 0.026 mmol/L ×1 0.076 ± 0.026 mmol/L (Pianosi,
acid) Seargeant,
Haworth,
1995)
Sodium S,P (LiH, mmol/L mmol/L
NH4H) Newborn 133-146 ×1 133-146 g (Greely,
Infant 134-144 134-144 Snell, Colaco,
Child 134-143 134-143 1993)
Thereafter 135-145 135-145
Thyroid-stimulating S µIU/L µIU/L
hormone 0-3 days 1.00-20.00 ×1 1.0-20.00 g (Dugaw,
3-30 days 0.5-6.5 0.50-6.50 Jack,
1-5 mo 0.5-6.0 0.5-6.0 Rutledge,
6 mo-18 yr 0.5-4.5 0.5-4.5 2001)
Thyroid uptake of Activity 2 hr <6% ×0.01 2 hr <0.06
radioactive iodine over 6 hr 3-20% 6 hr 0.03-0.20
thyroid 24 hr 8-30% 24 hr 0.08-0.30
gland
Thyroid uptake of Activity After 24 hr 0.4-3.0% ×0.01 Fractional uptake
technetium-99m over 0.004-0.030
thyroid
gland
Thyrotropin-releasing P 5-60 pg/mL ×2.759 14-165 pmol/L
hormone (TRH)
Thyroxine-binding S mg/dL mg/L
globulin (TBG) Cord blood 1.4-9.4 ×10 14-94
1-4 wk 1.0-9.0 10-90
1-12 mo 2.0-7.6 20-76
1-5 yr 2.9-5.4 29-54
5-10 yr 2.5-5.0 25-50
10-15 yr 2.1-4.6 21-46
Adult 1.5-3.4 15-34
Continued
3472  Part XXXV  ◆  Laboratory Medicine

Table 727-5 Reference Intervals—cont’d

ANALYTE OR CONVERSION REFERENCE VALUES
PROCEDURE SPECIMEN REFERENCE VALUES (US)† FACTOR (SI)† COMMENTS
Thyroxine, total S µg/dL nmol/L
0-3 days 8.0-20.0 ×12.9 103-258 g (Dugaw,
3-30 days 5.0-15.0 64-193 Jack,
31-365 days 6.0-14.0 77-180 Rutledge,
1-5 yr 4.5-11.0 58-142 2001)
6-18 yr 4.5-10.0 58-129
Thyroxine, free S ng/dL pmol/L
0-3 days 2.00-5.00 ×12.9 25.7-64.3 g (Dugaw,
3-30 days 0.90-2.20 11.6-28.3 Jack,
31 days-18 yr 0.7-2.00 9.0-25.7 Rutledge,
2001)
Thyroxine, total W Newborn ×12.9 80-283 nmol/L
screen (filter
paper)
6.2-22.0 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine, free S pg/dL pmol/L
Cord blood 20-240 ×0.01536 0.3-3.7
1-3 days 200-610 3.1-9.4
6 wk 240-560 3.7-8.6
Adult (20-50 yr) 230-660 3.5-10.0
Triiodothyronine resin S Fractional uptake
uptake test (T3RU) Newborn ×0.01 0.26-0.36
26-36%
Thereafter 26-35% 0.26-0.35
Triiodothyronine, total S ng/dL nmol/L
0-3 days 60-300 ×0.0154 0.9-4.7 g (Dugaw,
4-365 days 90-260 1.4-4.0 Jack,
1-6 yr 90-240 1.4-3.7 Rutledge,
7-11 yr 90-230 1.4-3.6 2001)
12-18 yr 100-210 1.5-3.3
Urea nitrogen S,P mg/dL mmol/L
Cord blood 21-40 ×0.357 7.5-14.3
Premature 3-25 1.1-9.0
(1 wk)
Newborn 3-12 1.1-4.3
infant or child 5-18 1.8-6.4
Thereafter 7-18 2.5-6.4
Uric acid S mg/dL µmol/L
1-3 yr 1.8-5.0 ×59.48 100-300 (Lockitch,
4-6 yr 2.2-4.7 130-280 Halstead,
7-9 yr 2.0-5.0 120-295 Albersheim,
10-11 yr M 2.3-5.4 135-320 et al, 1988)
10-11 yr F 3.0-4.7 180-280
12-13 yr M 2.7-6.7 160-400
14-15 yr M 2.4-7.8 140-465
12-15 yr F 3.0-5.8 180-345
16-19 yr M 4.0-8.6 235-510
16-19 yr F 3.0-5.9 180-350
*In preparing the reference range listings, a number of abbreviations, symbols, and codes were used (see Table 727-2).
†
Reference values are shown in SI units (International System of Units) and US units (Traditional Units).]
 Chapter 727  ◆  Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures  3473

Nomogram
Height For children of S.A. Weight
cm in M2 lb kg
normal height
for weight 180 80
90 160 70
1.30
80 2.0 140
1.20 1.9 130 60
240 70 1.10 1.8 120
90 1.7 110 50
220 85 60 1.00 1.6 100
1.5 90
200 80 1.4 40
50 .90 80
190 75 1.3
180 70 .80 1.2 70
30
170 40 1.1

Surface area in square meters

65 60
160 .70 1.0 25
150 60 50
0.9 45
140 55 30 .60 20
.55 0.8 40

Weight in pounds
130 50 .50 35 15
120 0.7
30
45 20 .45
110 0.6 25
.40
100 40 10
15 .35 0.5 20 9.0
90 35 18 8.0
16 7.0
.30 0.4
80 14
30 10 6.0
12
28 9 .25 5.0
70 10
26 8 0.3
9 4.0
24 7 8
60
22 6 .20 7 3.0
6
50 20 5 0.2 2.5
19 5
18 4 .15 2.0
17 4
40 16
15 3 1.5
3
14
13
.10 1.0
30 12 2 0.1

Alternative (Mosteller’s formula):

Surface area (m2)  Height (cm)  Weight (kg)
3600
Figure 727-1 Nomogram for the estimation of surface area. The surface area is indicated where a straight line that connects the height and
weight levels intersects the surface area column, or if the patient is roughly of average size, from the weight alone (enclosed area). (Nomogram
modified from the data of E. Boyd by C.D. West. See also Briars GL, Bailey BJ: Surface area estimation: pocket calculator v nomogram, Arch Dis
Child 70:246–247, 1994.)

2.0 25
Pounds to square meter (m2)
1.8 105
100 20
Total serum bilirubin (mg/dL)

1.6 94 High-risk zone

95th percentile
88 ne tile
o 75th percen
1.4 82 kz
15 ris
iate- e ntile
76
Percent adult dose

ed zon 40th perce

Surface area m2

1.2 erm -risk

71 h int iate
Hig ed
65 rm
10
w inte
1.0 59 Lo
53
0.8 47 Low-risk zone
5
41
0.6 35
30
0.4 0
24
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168
18 Age (hr)
0.2 12
6 Figure 727-3 Nomogram for risk assessment of hyperbilirubinemia.
(From Bhutani VK, Johnson L, Sivieri EM: Predictive ability of a predis-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 charge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent significant hyper-
bilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns, Pediatrics
Body weight—pounds 103:6−14, 1999, Fig. 2, p. 9.)
Figure 727-2 Relationships among body weight (lb), body surface
area, and adult dosage. The surface area values correspond with those
set forth by Crawford JD, Terry ME, Rourke GM: Simplification of drug
dosage calculation by application of the surface area principle, Pediat-
rics 5:783–790, 1950. Note that the 100% adult dose is for a patient
weighing approximately 140 lb and having a surface area of approxi-
mately 1.7 m2. (From Talbot NB, Richie RH, Crawford JH: Metabolic
homeostasis: a syllabus for those concerned with the care of patients,
Cambridge, MA, 1959, Harvard University Press.)