Date: 2020-02-19

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Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Related Literature Various studies and literatures are reviewed by the researcher to
obtain understanding about a particular area of research. This study was systematically carried out for the purpose of determining the
students’ level of knowledge and behavioral practices towards the plastic usage in Agusan del Sur National High School. In an article
written by North & Halden (2013), plastics continue to benefit society in innumerous ways, may it be at home most specially in the market.
Plastics are versatile, savvy, require less vitality to create than elective materials like metal or glass, and can be made to have a wide range
of properties. Hence, Verma et al., (2016) states that incineration of plastic waste in an open field is a major source of air pollution. Most of
the times, the Municipal Solid Waste containing about 12% of plastics is burnt, releasing toxic gases like Dioxins, Furans, Mercury and
Polychlorinated Biphenyls into the atmosphere which will therefore result to air pollution . According to Thompson et al., (2009), plastics
have transformed everyday life. It is clear mean that plastics can have many societal benefits in near future of technology and medical
advances. However, the concerns about usage and disposal are diverse and the increasing of waste in landfills and in natural habitats,
physical problem resulting from leak of chemical form plastic products and the potential of plastics to transfer those to environment and
human. One early work by Villa (2018) states that the Philippines is that the world’s third-largest ocean polluter despite a waste
management act coming into effect 18 years ago. Debasement, absence of political will and a dependence on single utilize plastic sachets.
Masses of plastic trash swirling in waterways, garbage clogging drainage canals and large stinking dumpsites are among the foremost
visible manifestations of the waste crisis within the Philippines. A 2015 report on plastic contamination, by the Ocean Conservancy Charity
and also the McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, positioned the Philippines as the third-biggest wellspring of disposed of
plastic that finally would end up within the sea, behind two other Asian countries: China and Indonesia. The Philippines generates 2.7
million tons of plastic waste annually and 20% or half a million tons of that lakes into the ocean, the report stated. In 2000, a solution was
presented in the form of the Republic Act 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Act of 2000, but local governments in the
Philippines have struggled to implements its directives, Grate says. The law, considered milestone enactment on natural administration,
ordered city and metropolitan governments to compose and reasonably deal with the assortment and removal of strong waste. It also
directed the closure of open dumpsites and created the National Solid Waste Management Commission to oversee the law’s
implementation. Plastics are a wide-known most used man-made material and have been utilized for thousands of years already. Most
plastics are based on the carbon atom, where the carbon atoms link to other with up to four chemical bonds. 2.2 Related Study Presently,
plastic products generated changes worldwide from what is referred as the most abundant ingredient and widely-used single manufactured
items across nations. Carmicheal (2006) emphasizes that for instance, single-use plastic bags dominated the shopping culture of people for
over 30 years after the cloth bags had been phased out after 3,400 years of mankind usage. Based on the study conducted by Wood
(2010), California alone uses 19 billion plastic bags annually. Carmichael (2006) said that the whole population uses an estimated 500
billion plastic bags per year which equates to a rate of 1 million per minute. Based from the study of Miller (2011), from the other
perspective, humans are facing overabundance of issues that relates from their modern lifestyles that consists of the integrity of the
environments in which people do their day-to-day activities. These concerns link to the excessive usage of plastic in daily basis that has
brought the widespread reduction into action. It could be a powerful tool for bringing more sustainable consumption practices to the forefront
of the people’s consciousness. Cherrier, Lam & Chen (2006) states that in the last decade, the concept of waste reduction by using
reusable bags rather than single-use plastic bags had provoked the marketing platforms and the behavioral practices of the increased
population. Despite links between plastic bags, plastic use in general, industrial progress, resource consumption, and improved living
conditions for Americans and much of the rest of the world, new attitudes toward the environment and resources are emerging. Harper
(2004) describes a social paradigm as a set of beliefs that implicitly shapes and organize perceptions of peoples’ functioning within the
world. Experts today believe a minimum of 8 million metric loads of plastic finishes up within the world’s oceans once a year. The Planet
Economic Forum says that’s the identical as dumping the contents of 1 dustcart into the ocean every minute. And by 2050, it’s expected to
extend to four garbage trucks per minute. That’s why companies like SC Johnson are working hard to search out ways to reduce the
number of plastic waste round the globe. From a product perspective, we've got taken many steps, like developing our products to
encourage reuse, designing out of excess packaging and increasing the recycled content of our plastic bottles. But we see a chance
beyond products, too. We would like to assist recover plastic waste through innovative recycling and recovery programs. During this way we
are able to reduce environmental impact and, at the identical time, do some good in communities that have excessive plastic pollution.