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Sheikh Osman Secondary School Gardo: Name: F3 Course: Statistics Facilitator: Abdullahi Ali
Sheikh Osman Secondary School Gardo: Name: F3 Course: Statistics Facilitator: Abdullahi Ali
Course: Statistics
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What is Statistics?
• Collecting
• Organizing
• Presenting
• Analyzing
• And Interpreting
Types of statistics
Data Types
Quantitative
Qualitative
Types of Variable
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Method of Collecting Data
• Questionnaire
• Interview
• Observation
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Frequency Distribution
Arrangement of data
A set of data
28 31 29 27 30 29 29 26 30 28
28 29 27 26 32 28 32 31 25 30
27 30 29 30 28 29 31 27 28 28
25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28
28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29
30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32
Arrangement of data
Table of values
25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28
28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29
30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32
The number of occasions on which any particular value occurs is called the
frequency, denoted by f.
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27 4
28 7
29 6
30 5
31 3
32 2
Arrangement of data
Tally diagram
When dealing with large numbers of readings, instead of writing all the values in
ascending order, it is more convenient to compile a tally diagram, recording the range of
values of the variable and adding a stroke for each occurrence of that reading:
Arrangement of data
Grouped data
If the range of values of the variable is large, it is often helpful to consider these values
arranged in regular groups or classes
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Data Presenting
• Tabulation
• Chart
Types of Chart
• Pictogram
• Bar chart
• Pie chart
• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon
The number of students taken for admission in various faculties of a particular University
in 2007/2008 academic session is given below:
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Faculties Number of Students
Art 150
Agriculture 100
Business study 350
Engineering 100
Law 200
Science 300
Considering the example used for Simple Bar Chart, if the number of students taken for
admission can further be classified by gender then we have:
Arts 100 50
Agric 60 40
Ingineering 80 20
Law 100 50
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Frequency Polygon
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Cumulative Frequency Curve
Example: The following table gives the frequency distribution of the number of
student registered each day during the past 50 days at the office via mail.
Calculate the mean.
Number f
of Students
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
n = 50
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Solution:
Number f x fx
of Students
10 – 12 4 11 44
13 – 15 12 14 168
16 – 18 20 17 340
19 – 21 14 20 280
n = 50 = 832
X is the midpoint of the class. It is adding the class limits and divides by 2
x=
fx = 832 =16.64
n 50
n
2 -F
Median = Lm + i
fm
Where:
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F = the cumulative frequency before class median
Solution:
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1st Step: Construct the cumulative frequency distribution
N 50
= = 25 class median is the 3rd class
2 2
Therefore,
n
- F
Median = Lm 2 i
m f
25 - 22 to school and another 25 students
Thus, 25 students take less=than to travel
.5 minutes
2124 10
take more than 24 minutes to travel to school.
12
Mode – Grouped Data = 24
Mode
• Mode is the value that has the highest frequency in a data set.
• For grouped data, class mode (or, modal class) is the class with the highest
frequency.
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1 is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency of the class
after the class mode.
2 is the difference between the frequency of class mode and the frequency of the class
before the class mode.
Solution:
6
Mode = 10.5 10 17.5
62
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
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• Example
– Set 1: 60 40 30 50 60 40 70 50
– Set 2: 50 49 49 51 48 50 53 50
• The two data sets given above have a mean of 50, but obviously set 1 is more
“spread out” than set 2. How do we express this numerically? The object of
measuring this dispersion is to obtain a single summary figure which adequately
exhibits whether the distribution is compact or spread out.
• Range
• Inter-quartile range
• Variance
• Standard deviation
• Coefficient of variation.
• Range
Range is the easiest way of measuring the spread of a data set is the range of values.
Example
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Range = Largest - Smallest
= 48 - 35 = 13
Quartiles
Using the same method of calculation as in the Median, we can get Q1 and Q3 equation as
follows:
n 3n
4-F 4 -F
Q3 LQ3 + i
Q1 LQ1 + i fQ3
f Q1
Example: Based on the grouped data below, find the Interquartile Range
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Solution:
n 50
Class Q1 12.5
4 4
Class Q1 is the 2nd class n
4 -F
Therefore, Q1 LQ1 i
f
1
Q
12.5 - 8
10.5 10
14
13.7143
3n 3 50
Class Q3 37.5
4 4 n
4 -F
Class Q3 is the 4th class Q3 LQ3 i
fQ3
Therefore,
37.5 - 34
Interquartile Range 30.5 10
9
34.3889
IQR = Q3 – Q1
IQR = Q3 – Q1
Calculate the IQ
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Mean Deviation
• Mean deviation takes into consideration the limitations of range and quartile
deviation; it takes account of all observations.
• In other words, mean deviation is the mean of the absolute values of the deviation
from some measure of central tendency. Mean deviation is average of the absolute
deviations from the mean.
Example:
Find the mean deviation of the following scores: 5, 9, 16, 17, 18.
Population Variance:
fx 2
N
2
N
fx
2
Variance for sample data:
fx 2
n
s2
n 1
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Standard Deviation
Population: 2
2
Sample:
s 2
s 2
Example:
Find the variance and standard deviation for the following data:
No. of Student f
10 – 12 4
13 – 15 12
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14
Total n = 50
Solution:
Variance, fx 2
n
s2
n 1
832
2
Standard Deviation,
14216
50
s s 7.5820 502.75
2
1
7.5820
Thus, the standard deviation of the number of student registered a college during
the past 50 days is 2.75.
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Example 2
Solution
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