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Engineering Drawing / Unit 1 / Introduction to Engineering

graphics

Problem Set
1. Write your Name using single stroke vertical and inclined letter.

2. Write the name of your University.

3. Draw the following figure(fig 3.1 and fig 3.2) on your drawing sheet with their Dimensions.

a. Find the length of side of squares in fig 3.1 and show it in the figure as per standard
dimensional practice.

b. Draw the following figure with dimensions mentioned below.

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4. Draw a pentagon with all the sides 6cm.

Examples
1. <No Examples>

Notes
MODULE 1
Introduction to
Engineering Drawing and
graphics

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What is Engineering Drawing?

Universal language for engineers - graphical means of Expression of technical details without the
barrier of a language.

Engineering Drawing is a communication between “DESIGNER And MANUFRACTURER”.

A designer is a person who designs the engineering drawing. A manufacturer is a person who
understands the engineering drawing. In both context, engineering drawing is considered as an
important aspect.

Scientists vs Engineers
Scientists study the world as it is. Whereas engineers create a new world.

Engineering drawing is considered to be the first license to become an engineer.

300 Indian and foreign companies and

labs participated in the design and
fabrication of Chandrayan 1. Without
proper universal technical language
(drawing), it would not have been possible
to share the information of hundreds of
industries and labs and thus to go for the
fabrication and launch of Chandrayan.

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What will you learn in this course?

1. Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual information.
2. Graphics theory – geometry and projection techniques.
3. Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are made and technical drawings are
represented (BIS, ISO).
4. Conventions – commonly accepted practices and methods used for technical drawings (BIS,
ISO).
5. Tools – devices used to create technical drawings and models.
6. Applications – the various uses for technical drawings.

After reading this course

In learning the techniques of engineering drawing, you will find that
something very
important has happened - it has changed the very way that you
think about technical images.

Why ?

The main purpose of

engineering drawings
is to communicate to
other engineers,
machinists, etc.
Drawings do the
communication best
merely because a
picture is worth a
thousand words.
Giving all of the
information needed to
make the product and

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being accurate in that

information is the main
goal.

Types of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing can be categorized in to two types which is as shown below:

Items required for drawing

1. Drawing board
2. Drawing sheet
3. Mini-drafter/drafting machine
4. Instrument box containing compass, divider, etc.
5. Scales
6. Protractor
7. French curves
8. Drawing pencils
9. Eraser
10.Drawing clip/pin/adhesive tape
11.Sharpener
12.Duster

1.Drawing Board

Drawing board is rectangular in shape and is

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made of strips of well seasoned soft

wood about 25mm thick. It must be
placed on the table with working edge
always to be at the left side. Drawing
board is available in various sizes which
are specified by Bureau of Indian
Standards. In general, drawing board of
500 mmx700 mm size is used(B2)

2.Know your Drawing Sheets(BIS Standard)

The standard sizes of drawing sheets recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards(B.I.S) are
given in the following table. According to the requirement, different drawing sheets are to be
chosen.

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Surface area of A0 size is one square metre. Successive format sizes(A0 to A5) are obtained by
halving along the length or doubling along the width. The areas of the two sizes are in the ratio
1:2.

Drawing Sheet

The above figure represents a drawing sheet of size A1.

Clear working space is obtained by drawing border lines as shown in the above figure. Borders of
20mm width is recommended for A0 and A1 sheet sizes and 10mm for A2,A3,A4 and A5 sizes.

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Title Block

Space for
the title
block
must be
provided
in the
bottom

right-hand corner of the drawing sheet as shown in the above fig. The size of the title block as
recommended by the B.I.S is 185mm X 65mm for all designations of the drawing sheets.[Top]

3.Mini Drafter
It can be used to draw parallel lines,
perpendiculars, inclined lines of any degree
with unmatched speed.
Mini drafter has three degree of freedom, two
of them at along X & Y axis and another is in
XY-plane.

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The uses and advantages of set squares, scales and the protractor are combined in the drafting
machine. Its one end is clamped by means of a clamping knob to the upper longer edge of the
drawing board. At its other end, an adjusting knob having a protractor mark is fitted. An L-shaped

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transparent scale accurately making right angles is attached to the adjusting knob. The mini
drafter has a mechanism which keeps the scale always parallel to the original position, whatever
it may be slide over the board. Thus, a mini drafter is used to draw horizontal, vertical and inclined
parallel lines of desired lengths anywhere on the drawing sheet with considerable case.

Procedure for clamping the mini-drafter

1. Set the protractor head with

reference mark indexing zero
degree
2. Then fix the clamp of the
mini-drafter at the top left
corner either along the top
horizontal edge of the board.
3. With the drawing sheet placed
underneath the scales of the
mini-drafter, fix the drawing sheet
to the d rawing board with the
scales of the mini-drafter aligned
either with the vertical or the
horizontal borderlines of the
drawing sheet.

4. Compass and Divider

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A compass is an instrument which is used to draw arcs, circles etc

A divider may be used to:
1. Divide curved or straight lines into desired number of equal parts.
2. To transfer dimensions from one part of the drawing to another part
3. To set-off given distances from the scale to the drawing.

5. A pair of set squares: 45°-45°, 30°-60°

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A pair right triangles is called set squares. Set squares are usually made of transparent plastic to
see the work underneath. Two forms of set squares, the 30-60o set-square and 45o set-square
are triangles with corner in each, a right angle. They are used to draw lines inclined at 30o, 45o
and 60o with the horizontal. By using two set squares, lines inclined at 15o and 75o can also be
drawn.

6. Grades of pencil

Pencils are graded according to the

relative hardness of graphite lead. A
pencil that is considered medium grade
is designated by the letter HB. The
increase in the hardness is shown by the
value of the figure put in front of the
letter H, viz. 2H, 3H etc. Similarly, the
grade becomes softer according to the
figure placed in front of the letter B, viz.
2B, 3B etc. H, 2H and HB pencils are
used for engineering drawing.

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Lettering
Writing of titles, subtitles, dimensions, scales and other details on a drawing is called lettering.
BIS Standard has specified IS: 9609- 1983(code) for lettering(technical drawing).

General rules for lettering

• For uniformity All letters should be
the same height, proportion and
inclination.
• Guidelines ensure consistency in the size of the letter characters.
• The waist line indicates the upper limit of the lowercase letters. The drop line indicates the
lower limit of the lowercase letters.If your lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and
base line. If lowercase letters are included as well, draw the waist line and drop line

• Always Guide lines: 2H pencil

Lettering : HB pencil

• Spacing between two letter : 1/5th Height of letter

• Spacing between two words: 3/5th height of letter

The categorization of lettering is as shown below.

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Single stroke letters

The word single stroke means that the thickness of the line of letter should be such as is obtained
in one stroke of the pencil. The horizontal lines of letters should be drawn from left to right and
vertical or inclined lines, from top to bottom.
Single stroke letters are classified into two types:
1) Vertical letter
2) Inclined letter
Inclined letters lean to the right, the slope being 75o with the horizontal. The size of a letter is
described by its height.

Single Stroke Upper case letter

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Single Stroke Lower case letter

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Inclined single stroke letter

Inclined single stroke letter

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Gothic letters
Gothic style lettering is characterized by letters made with consistent line weight (all the
components of the letter are the same thickness) and without serifs.
Gothic letters are again categorized into 2 types:
a) Inclined gothic letter
b) Vertical gothic letter

Vertical gothic letter

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Inclined gothic letter

[Top]

Lettering with Fractions

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Dimensioning
Besides giving sizes the expression of details in terms of numerical values regarding distance from
surfaces etc. can be shown by use of lines symbols and units is known as dimensioning.

Arrows (In the dimension line)

Arrows are 3 mm wide and should be 1/3rd as wide as they are long. They are the symbols placed
at the end of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension. They are uniform in size and
style, regardless of the size of the drawing.

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Lines

Dimension line
It is a thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of the dimension. Dimension lines are
broken for the insertion of dimension numbers.
Extension line
It is thin, solid line drawn perpendicular to dimension line, indicating which feature is associated
with the dimension.

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Dimensioning arcs

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Clarity in dimensioning

Follow one of the following methods for dimensioning

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Examples for good and poor techniques for lines and arcs

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Sketching Techniques

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Points to remember
Use construction lines while drawing the objects and do not erase these lines
Dimensioning of object is most important.
Follow the dimensioning as per standards; Carries good proportion of marks
Complete title box with all relevant information
Use correct pencil for drawing various lines/objects
Present the drawings by maintaining cleanliness
Use both sides of the drawing sheet, if necessary

Important geometrical construction

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Drawing a perpendicular bisector

Division of an angle

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Drawing of a polygon

• Draw a line AB equal to the given length.

• At B, draw a line BP perpendicular and equal to AB.
• Draw a line joining A with P.
• With centre B and radius AB, draw a quadrant AP.
• Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB to intersect the straight line AP in 4 and the arc AP in 6.
• A square of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with centre 4 and radius
A4.
• A regular hexagon of a side equal to AB can be drawn with centre 6 and radius A6.
• The mid point 5 of the line 4-6 is the centre of the circle of the radius A5 in which a regular
pentagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed.
• To locate centre 7 for the regular heptagon of side AB, step-off a division 6-7 equal to the
division 5-6.
I. With centre 7 and radius equal to A7, draw a circle.
II.Starting from B, cut it in the seven equal divisions with the radius equal to AB.
III.Draw lines BC, CD etc. and complete the heptagon.

Scales

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A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of elements of the object as represented in
a drawing to the actual dimension of the same element of the object itself.

Full size scale: If actual length of an object is shown on a drawing it is called full size scale.
Reducing scale: If we reduce the actual length of an object so as to accommodate on drawing
sheet , it is called reducing scale

If you want to draw charminar in your drawing sheet, you have to take suitable reducing scale so
as to accomodate whole figure in your drawing sheet.

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Enlarging scale: If drawing is made larger than real size.

If you want to draw all the parts of a watch, you must take enlarging scale so as to distinguish all
the parts.

Use the following formulae for the calculations in this topic:

For Full scale: R.F=1.

For Reducing scale: R.F<1. If 1 cm in drawing represents 1m length of an object.

For Enlarging scale: R.F > 1. when 1 mm length of an object is shown by a length of 1cm on
drawing

See the figure ………….

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[REF]

Perspective projection

Tools

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[REF]

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RGUKT 2010

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