Alochanalu Nammakalu

e{ eT*sTH
#q\T ` qeT\T
+<T$T |#TsD\T
c<q>sY, s+>s&
\+>D
|#T sD \+ : nsY, 2016

|\T 500
y\ s.60
1
#q\T ` qeT\T
eTTK+
+, <jT uqT
&{|
mdt.eTkH 9553207802
|T \ :
e{ #+<XK sY
+.H+. 18`394/,
eT*sTq \
|]s&, c<q>sY
s+>s& `509216
bH : 87908 51577
93945 88100
@; shekharavuti@yahoo.in
eT]jTT dV#s, qy<jT,
s |eTTK |d +<\T, V<su<
|#T sDs e
Hb*jTH uq b eT+ >T]+ e n+{&T. Religion is excelent
stuff for keeping common people quit. Religion is what qeeps
the poor murdering the rich. B { eT+ nq~ d+|qesZ\ |j HH
b&TTq< ns+ neT+~. eTw | n+f @$T{? | H$T{?
q#T sDyTq eqe deC\T, d++<\\, y{ eTs$T{ nq $wj \T
*jTe+& N{ +#& eT+ < +#&+~. C eTqTw* N{ +#e\dq
neds+ b\ d+|q esZ\ m+<T=+<+f eTqTw\+<] <|& #jT&.
eTqTw\ d++~+q deTd d+|<qT eT Vd>+ #dTe&. { < $$<
T\ j sT#d eqe J$+ n s+>\MT< e~sT. y mesH B
~ ]d b|\T>q, <X <VQ\T >q + uj
|> |{sT . uj
T + eT\+>H
y eT+ eqe yT< |~\+> wyd+~. eTw q& eTT+<] +<+ yd+~.
us<X d+<s+ eT+ L& \T|= eT]+ $yTq s|+ neT\e
edTq~. q <] n&+ eq y HH s\ |&T |#s\T #d #+|dTq~.
#+|& ke y< L& sf |jT+ #dTq~. <X+ yTC |q
\ yT<+& eTT eT+<T q~>q y<eT \_dTq~. C yTC
|\ eT+ s|+ *d #qe+T deTd +&~ <T. y] eTeTH,
eT+ <e&H $|yTq X+{ ujTeTTq~. us<X++{ |sVesZ+, <
|jH* b+<TTq esZ+ bNq >+< <e&T #|q |<T\T, $\Te\, #s\T,
bb\, |D\T HjT, y{ MTsT y~+# | <, y y~+#b b|\T,
<VQ\T nes, qs ys uj |<|< q]bdTHsT. y bNq
>+< @eTTq< |\T \TdT+f @eTeT+~. \eT, < \eTT eTeT qksTT.
|\T N{+ y\TTsT eksT. eTqT <|& #dTq X* L*yksT. deTde+
$w eTeT+~. d]>Z $wj eT*sTH ns+ #dT HsT. usrjT |sD, Vk*
eT>+ #~$, y{ *, +* #~+ |\ eTT+<T VsZ+ #dq n+u<sY
e eT*sTH n<jTq+ #X&T. n$ L& s+ |C n+<TuT nH
>+<\qT XdjT+> #~y&T. b<jTT&T { HsTq CH ks+X+> eTq
n+~dTH&T. jTq sdq \yTq $wj\+{ eT<s\T #|dTH&T. qT e\+

q n_bj #|qf #|P |sD Vk ysT< uy* VsZ+ #dTH&T.
eTqL *jT nH $wj* dsyTq |< $e]dTH&T.
||+ #y|+ > ]q bs{\ nqTue + esY, m+>, H, ey, n+u< sY\T
k+d $|e b<qqT >T]+#sT. ||+# es& e\+ sjT $|y\T
d]| |<|< yU+#sT. y[ d+<s+ y] e\qT eTq+ |d]> ns+
#dT y*. d+| , d+|T + ueC* es+& bs{\T $jTe++ e >T]+#*.
d]>Z eT*sTH < |TH&T. d+|T+ nH neTs, s>eTq <sDT\qT m+&>{
qq k+d $\Te <sT\T ydTH&T. y{ eTq+ ne>Vq #dTy*. #]+#*.
b+~q CH | |#s+ #j *. seT+ $jTe++ #jT & |d
MTeTT+<T dTH+. n_e~ eTT\T>, b<jTT\T>, $<] <eTsT\T>, d\T>,
<[T\T>, yTH \T>, ;d\T>, ~yd\T> n+<]+f eTTK+> <X u$ wTq T q&|+ #ujT
jTTes+> |d eTqeT+<s+ | #<y*. k+d $|e+ u>+ y*.$|e
s#s TT> jTq ++ q deTde sD+ d+ sT>TTq sjT bs{ eT< T >
ueC\ s+> sD+ #j \ sTTH+.
` eT* s T H +< T $T T \T
$|
|d #~$ eTq+ >T+&\T u<Tqs<
T .
<eq
T eTq+ +~+#&+ <T . <e&T e\+
eTqTw\ # #jT &, eTqTw\ \Vq\qT
n+>> s\T *+#&y .
<e <T. @ <es TTH n+.
$wjT d
| J
1. eTq$ e\T
2. |y
3. d+d
4. uw
5. uw+
6. y<eTT\T
7. uVD\T
8. sD\T
9. wwT\T
10. <sq+ (Xd+)
11. eT\T`y<\T
12. sej T D+ù s +
13. sej T D+
14. us+
15. |sDeTT\T
16. d+UXd+
17. <e&+f?
18. d |sTw n+>sD \D\T
19. <e+ (<e&T) n+f eTe?
20. #s\T`$X c \T
21. eT+\T` + \T`j T +\T
22. <e\ T kyT\T `b&T| <\T
23. <e\ T kyT\T `b&T| <\T
24. |jTT >+<\T
6`8
9`10
11`12
13
14
15`19
20`22
23`24
25`27
28`29
30`33
34`35
36`40
41`52
53`56
57`59
60`64
65
66`88
89`98
99`117
118`141
142`163
164`167
eTq$ e\T
HqT 2000 &d+sY m*yT+ >& b<jTT&> |<M $seTD b+<qT.
2003e d+es+ H jT y~ k nHs> >TsjqT. jT y~
d+es+ eq|{ y~ |ue+ e\ de y~ k |{ es qqT
jT s>jT+& +{ |]$T+ #d+~. z |<&T>T\T q&y\H jd+ edT+~.
J$+ #se++ u< se&+, HqT +{|TH +&be&+ ]+~. HqT |<
|+&T&qT, &^\T eeT\T #<Te]. n|&|& HqT =q >+<\T <<|
s+&Ty\ es H >+<\jT+ HsTT. H |d\T #<e&eT+f # n_eq+.
y{e\ $Cq+ d+b~+q+<Tq @< sj\H |q jT\T<]+~. < |*yT
#q\T`qeT\T nqT >+<+. >+<+ e\ <e+f @+{ *dbsTT+~.
, <j\T e+ n+<] ]_] #dTHsTT. <j\T mes <T. eT|<\T,
|s~|T\T, |PCsT\T, eT++y<T\T, Cwuu\T. Ms H <w <j\T.
M] m<Tsy\H Cd >+<+ |dT+~. <j\+f sjT HjT\T,
|T&<sT\T, eT|> <j\qT eT >T|{ +#T= <X <#T+Tq
|< <j\T. eTq <X k++ \_+ 60 @ <{+~. 60 @ eTq<X+
Xd k+ s+> m+ n_e~ k~++~. nsTT, n_e~ |\T n+<]
# s & + < T . ;< y & T ;< y & T >H +& b T H& T . < q e+ T & + < q e+ T & >
e]bTH&T. s>& sD+ eTq <X b\\ s+. ks|P] sj\T
#T #dT+THsTT. | <T d+es\ m\T ]q|&T sjT HjT\T
|\ b X\T *+ m >*q s q VMT\qT neT\T|s#&+
<T. <X Hu |&T 120 #]+~. Hu >ZT |]XeT\T se&+
<T. sT<>T\T> #eT+~ $T*bTHsT. dsq $< ;<y] #s&+ <T.
;<ysT L& \\T y+~ #<Tee& M\T *> |]d eTq $<eed js+~.
~ysT sj\ e\ k] bsyT+T n~ duT\T eT b
#+~q >\Tb+<&+ e\ usrjT qb n~s+ e+~. $T> n sjT
b\T #\ |&bjsTT. ~ # <Ts<wsyTq |]DeT+.
|&T ;C| n~s+ e# b sVd nC+&\qT <X |\|
sT<& js+~. bsyT+T ;C| b duT\T =+<sT y<T\| $sT#T|&sT.
ss\ yUH\T #XsT. <X+ n&& uy<T\| <&T\T #d eT |TsD\T
dw+ V\< #\sbjsT. yT yTq <Xu\eT+ sT\qT <X<VQ\T>
+#sT. eTT #| qT $qb <X+ +&+<T nqsT\, <X $&by\
7
q~+#sT. nsTTH y<T\T, uy<T\T eT uy\ $sT<+> dsq de<H*d

eTy<T\qT m<Ts=HsT. ;C|ysT <X+ seT, eT\r+>
eeV]+#\, sC+>+ |s+ me] uy\T ysT d#> |{+#TH V+<q
$wjT + eT]bjsT. eTq~ eT s+ <T. s +. eTq <X+ qeT\, $Xk\
m+ $\Te +< |X\ L& n+ $\Teq~. usrjT Xk\T, Xd+ |+#&
m+ $\Te#sTT. dsT&T, +, >*, n M+{ >T]+ eTq |X \T, #s \T
bNq >+< |ksTT. ||+# eT\yT$T{?, e?, nDTy? nq $wjT+
CdqT nHeT+~ nHsb e |]#sT. nH yT< deTd\ >] |<
|]cs+ qT>=H |jT\T |wT\T, <sH eTq+ #k+.
u, uey<\ >T]+ q #sqT L& nH d+<s eTq |P\T #XsT.
|<seTH~ +& \eTH~ <, #\q+ nH~ +& XSqeTH~ <, y{ |sds
d++<\THjTq #s ]+~. sTEe d ]d]+#e#TqqT n_bj\T L&
ee TjsTT. d\ +> #b\+f |+# +& <HH n+^]+#&+ ue<k, ud
<sqeT nHeT+~ y\T n_bjT|&sT. eTq<X+ uy<T\qT #s\T,
VTy<T\T, Hd\T, usdT\T nqT |s |\Te&sT. 14e X+ $jTq>s+
(V+|) ke+ e+q kjTDe<y #sT\T ds<sq d+>V+ nH <sq
Xk s+#sT. n+<T yTTyTT< #s <sH $e]d ( >+< \T>T
|\ lseT#+<T&T >sT nqTe~+#sT) kY VQD+ bDHeqT >Vs+ #s
eT+ XjTDjT+ sTT seTDjT+.
nq> bDT\qT, qT\qT nqT>V +#&+ =s #s eT XsTT+#*. $<+ >
n+ seTDjT +> q~.
eTq<X+ 16e X+ es #s eT+ n$q+> =qk+~. s
eT+ \+> qT = XdH\ <s \TdT+~. <Ts<weXT #s\ eT >+<\T
\_+#&+ <T. <sqsT\T y] eT j d+<s |s=q&+ e\ eyT =+
#s\ #] \TdTq~.
eTw #q\ e\ ||+#+ nH esT\T #T#dTHsTT. == d<+\T
jT\T<] y{ <s+ H&T +|PsY jTT>+ es |jDd e#+. eTT+<TeTT+<T
nH = $wj\ $wsD\T sT>T dH (Xd+) &&TT+~.
eTq<X+ #eT+~ +#&+ e mes #| q y{ eT q$T eT $Xk\
LsTbjsT. n+<Te\ yT<$ <X+ q{ 90X+ eT+~ eTsT\T n
ybjsT. $Xd+ ysT dH ysT. s+&+{ bT <s< >V+#*. $Xk
8
sTEe\T+&e. dH sTEe\T+{sTT. H&T eTq<X+ eT $Xk\qT qyTysT $Xk\qT

sTEe |sT#Ty*q nedsyTT+~. +f ys+ nH c\b eT J$\qT
<+d+ #dT+& ks X. y sejTD+ nj<+&dsZ 30`X+ 33
+~. *, +&, >TsTe n+<TuT qysT n{y ] < eTq n+<TuT
<y s~+#T mT dKeT>TqT n seTT&+{sT. n+f seTT&T <y sd ]+#&
ns+. seTT& <e& |P+#&+ m+ <s>+. seTu\T $wj >T]+
+#*. n+<Te\ eTq *< + &T\T eTq y] nqTuy \qT |+#T eksT . eTw
|]|Ps $<qud+#T >TsTe>] n|ksT. eTq\qT q|{ qT+ r]~< >TsTe\T
eT&T s\T+{sT. ysT
1. #<\T, 2. u<\T, 3. y#\T.. eTq y# >TsTe\T \_+#&+ #
nsT<T. y#\T nq> c\ qT+ $eTT *+#ysT.
1. #<\T : s+&\qT |<+# >TsTe\T #<\T. n+f >T, >|s\T,
#T`|\ #T yTT s+&\qT |]|+#y. eT yTS, XTe\ S
*ks qyTT u~dT+{sT. se\ |&+, #e&+ sT>TT+~ qT s eTTKeTq&+
y]jTT eTsu<q. su< #<\T <s s<\T.
2. u< \T : Vd +`>T $T< n+, JeV\ |s+ > u~+#ysT
u<\T. MsT s+& >ysT. q s\qT }&u] | s\qT \| y|sT. u<
>TsTe\T VQ u<sT\T.
3. y#\T : qT e \TdT= ]w+> J$+#&yT eTTKeTH ysT y# >TsTe\T.
MsT eT& >y sT. Xs <y\jT+> eT\T#T= q J$ q+<eTjT+>
r] ~<T = J$+#eT #TT+{sT.
H&T bsX\ , X\, $<\j eTT>TZsT >TsTe\T sd|&sT. M]
y# >TsTe\qT >T]+#&+ eT+~. HqT ydy \T #b\H <X + #q\T`qeT\T
nqT >+<+ sjT&+ ]+~. >+<+ me> +#|]# uy\THsTT. $ |keT+
qT+ eq uy\T. H$ e. n+<s >+<+ #~$q s eT T+u n_e~
|<+ q&|ks y] y&T+THqT. d\e.
T
e{ eT*sTH ,
20`4`2016
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
|y
eTd|& bd bsTT+< kyT. bdbsTTq es\qT rd bsj*+<.
b bdbsTTq +| eTq +~> esTT+~.
me] +| y] +| n>& n+{sT.
+|\T, +|\T, k+|\T m +{j \TdT+<+. eTq<X+ |sp
<jT+ <T >+\ +#T$T+#T n {M #q <eu se\ bs+ueTesTT.
$qk+|q d+^ ysTT< |]s\ eT< X\, sq \, b\, bsq \, H{\
bs+uyT <eqT yT\T|sTT. = {M #q 24 >+\ u se\qT |ks+
#ksTT. |D\ eTV\qT, |sD #]\qT $e]d nH s+>Ts+>T\ <X\
m+ dT+<s+> #|&sTT. =+<sT eT<TsyTq s>|q\ d+^ ysTT<\ VAsT
H+ #d b&T +f dyX bZqysT }>T, >T +{sT. {M\qT
#d |\T L& qjT+ eTTbsT. = {M\ j> |sT dH\T yd
dyX\qT #|&T y{e\ *> |jH\qT $e]dT+{sT. C\ >T]+, sX\T,
q\ >V|\ >T]+, y{e\ ]> eT+`#&T\qT >T]+ |ks+ #ksT. eC\T,
s+>TsqT qe>V\ b\Td y{ usD\ <s <]d mTe+{ |*\T \_kj
#TT+{sT. jTT\T, e#\T eT+X * +{jT, y{ <]d @ +<T\
+& dTK+> J$+ <e |qT b+<e#Tq, y\ sbjT\T> y{ <sqT ssTTd
ybs |q\ <s qT\qT eTu|&TT+{sT. <e+ |sT sbjT\ ybs+
]bT+~. |+&T> sE | se\ <s <X+ m&& rsd\,
<y\j\ m \\eT+~ eksT. n& |P\T @ $<+> sVksT. n& sTH
m sT>TsTT. y] #s eeVs\T m +{sTT. n& <e mTe+{ eTV\qT
* +{sT. <eqT <]+#T+f mTe+{ |*\T \_ksTT yTT<\>T $wj\qT
d$es+> |ks+ #ksTT. {M\ |\T e+ b&sTT. Te+{ |#s\ <s
\~ qT\T dT\, s, $eH\ <s n& #sT= nwc\T |& LqT {
<e<sq+ #dT= eTqT eTT |T\T> u$+#T= jT|&sT.
yTT\ <s <y\j\ \=~ +>s+, y+&, {~ sbjT\ <jT+
deTLsTT+~. |+&T> sE\T, |ws\T, >VD kH\T, +uyT\T yTT<\>Ty{
bZ eT eT $Xk\qT, u #T+{sT.
<T k+ |]Cq+, de#s eed n_e~ #+<&+ u |sTq b&T&q
<y\j\T L& =s|qT d+]+#T+THsTT.
10
sE\ keTT s b \T nqT s bj T \ = = < y \j \T

]+|&TTHsTT. = <y\j\ +>sT |P |PdTH sT. M~M~H s&q T $T+#T=
|PC eT+~s\T y\TdTHsTT.
<+ eTTdT>T #Tq =+<sT uu\T>, neT\T> nesyT sbjT\qT
<+&T= Xe\T k|+ dT\u+> y+ <s dsZ <] #|keT+ <T
<e> #eTD ne |\qT <#T+THsT. | b+ qT\T nCqT\T>
=T$T{&T >eT <e\ |sT eT&$Xk\qT, #s\qT b{d |{ <e\
+T \T\qT =qkdTHsT. #, +Te\ |[ #dTHsT. eT++\ |sT
V\T L& =qk>TTHsTT. C eed L& + n&& =qk>TTq~. n&&
u\ $yV\T L& sT>TTHsTT. \ d+|\T> b{b{> \|&TTHsTT. qT\T
eT }_ LsTbTHsT. <X+ jTj >\T, |P\ |sT |jT{ qT\ =~
e+#sT, qH, HsTT, >+<| #\T, dT>+< <y\T, n\+sD |P\T, |dT|, +eT,
ss+, >TZ\+, b\T, |sT>T, H yTT<\>Tq$ <T]j>eTeTHsTT. qT\ =~
=]jT\T $j>eTeTHsTT.
<X+ <e+ |sT m T KsT |&TTHs, m edTe\T <T]j>+
neTHj mes ds #jT<T. <eu >\ | eTw q <jT+ m+ KsT
|&TTHs *jT<T. u # Tq <e& \+#* eT bb\qT | q #dT y\qT+THsT.
{~eT+~ <eu eTT \TTHsT. u eT&T |P\T sT jT\T > dTq~.
]><+ < d++?. qT\ ]\T |]>sTT. deTd\T eejsTT. b|;
|]+~. M{qT+ jT|&& u |sT <e y]\TTHsT. n+<T eT+ eT+<T
u+>T eTT+f ujT+s+ nHsT. <X+ yC+>, k++> m+ n_e~ #+~H
y{ |*\T n+<] n+<&+ <T. XdjT $Cq+ me] #s&+ <T. #q\T #
n_e~ bT+~. eT e #q\ |<T qT |{*. 120 Hu *q us< X +
+ <]<+ m+<T+~.? eTq d+d b\T m& HsTT?. <X @<H
| d+d +<?. y b\T+f y{ m d+d]+#Ty*.? + d+d
n+f @$T{.?
11
d+d
d+d n+f >+ ]q H= Jeq $<q+. \+ < d+d]dT+~.
d+d]+#&eT+f >+ ]q |\qT =\+#&+. #&TqT rdyjT&+. qT
eT\T#Te&+. d+dsD\T nq sT>TTHsTT. |& s>*. eTq bNq d+d
n+ $sM>T N{ +&L&<T. >+ CqT\+<s n+eTT+<Tq |<T\qT
< = d<+\qT |b~+q ys. usrjT d+d V+< eT
d++~+q< #eT+~ n_bjT|&TT+{sT. ++f eTsyTq #q eTs={
+&<T.
us<X+ 4964 \THsTT. 325 uw\THsTT. 80y\ s\ d+d T\T,
d+|<j\THjT +TTq~. uVD eT |#s+ eyT. |&Tq us<X+ ||+#+
|d~ #+~q nH eT\ deVs+. eTq~ s+. us<X+ eT s+ <T. n
eT\qT deq+> >s$dT+~. $w|sD+`Cq >+<\ |s+ yTT<{ rs+]&>
|sT>+q ]wu<e& esT& usT&T. usT& eTT&q uVQ* q nq usT& q
sC n|+ dHdB rdT= y[b&T. usT&T <X b*+q+<Te\ eTq
<X us<X+ (uses+) nH |sT e+~. (X+\, <Tw+T\ esT&T usT&T
< >eT+#*. use |sT <e] (Ws+>u<) Cq eT+~s+ qT
\TdTq ~.
s us< X + d+< q~ bso\T V+< n |*H n~ d+< q~ b+
d++~++<. yTT+ us<X nqsTT+#<T. bysT dqT V> |\TsT. eTq+
db n+f Vb n+{sT. db n+f @&T. s uw Vb nH |<+ #]bsTT+~. b
uw V+< nH |< eTsT&T n ns+ edT+~. eTq usrjT kV+ m+
y~H V+< nH |<+ |+#<T. V+< nH |<+ eTV yTsT++ nH +
>+<+ e+ |s=q~. V+< n+f q+f VqT\qT < VqCT\qT <w+#&yT.
V+<Te <s eT X eTV yTsT++ dw ] ++~. eq H&T V+<Te\H&ysT
k] +#Ty*. ~ V+<<X+ <T. & V+<Te\T <T. ~ V+< eTeT
<T. eTeT+f n_bjTeT ns+. us<X+ nH n_bj\T \ysTHsT. ys+
V+<Te\T sT usrjTT\T.
12
de eT k|+qy&T dT. k+ eT k|+qy&T eTV<. u< eT

k|++~ >eTT<T&T. Cq eT k|+q y&T eTseq eTVMsT&T. n> d
eT k|+q y&T >TsTHq. n eT\ y]y] |$ >+<\THsTT. nsTT
V+< eT k|+q eTs mesT. V+<Te\ |$>+<+ @$T{. |X\ eTq
m& yT <=s<T.
V+<Te\eT+ |#s+ #dys+ L& <X+ |Ps+ qT+ H{es
esZ #+~q uVDT\ eTyT . ||+ #+ n eT\T eqe& deq+> r]~<
\V\T dw+ eqeC n+< s+ eTT+#sTT. n eT\ysT eT< >=| eTeT+
] sT <w+#T+ \+ yBdTHsT.
yT<$ nH&T. |e\T #| >=| $wj\T bbT\T> ysT d+b~+q
CH |r\T (m]VA|sY). ue ueC eT<s+ |<s+. ue+ |<s
|]Cq+ e\ |&TT+~. bs+, esbZ s+, Xdj
T | nH eT&T s\ s#sD
qT+& uy\T eksTT. ke ds| duy\ |H~ j esZ\ ] |j q+.
< |]\ sDyT d+d . > *q CT\ $<qeT d+d > ds | & T T+~. > *q
esZ\ ] $<H ||T{+# |&esZ+ | <Xq $eTTd+ bs&T k+
ueC d+]+#T+T+~. b T usyT q |&T = T =s eqsT\T y<T sT.
13
uw
ue |q uw # eTTK+. .|P 3,4y\ @ H& <D us+ <$&
uw\THsTT. $T+, \T>T, eT\j+, q&+ H\T>T yssT *|\ e >sy
d+]+#THsTT. <Xe T+<* | e\, yesD+ e\ *> eqd |]De |s|yT .
uw, uwe\H e{eT+, Be\ H>]\T, q& b|ksTT. @ uw nsTTH ns\
e\H |&TT+~. ~ |seTTqT+& neds { nH ns\ L& e\ |<\esTT.
|< y |+<\esTT. uw\T eTq<X+ = <euw\sTT, = <X
uw\jsTT. us K+& K+&K+&\T> ] + =+{ <eu eTT\T >q, =+{
|X# u eTT\T>q $u +#sT. s ~ u u>eT+ <e u $T>q, <D ~ u>
|X ueTT\T>q +#sT. @~ @yTH <X $u> { eqy <X uw\q&+
dw+ . dsd r<$ u\+ eNs e\|&T |*q~ beT, b& nsTTq s
|*q~ d+d eT+{sT. n dsdr<$ qT+ e#jT #|H dsd H dqT
|\T\T e#jT nq&+ n|#s+ <.!
euwqT neTu w> #j \ d+*+#sT. eT++ \ eTqT>& k+#T
#dTH sT. es ysD +, bDjT ysD <T \# d+d]+|&q uw d+d eTsTT+<
uc |B|+ nH >+<+ y\Te]++~. uw L& mes X|Hs\T |{H eTq
|PsT\ XdH\T me u>+ b uwqT+&&+ $+. k+d XdH\ +f
b uw XdH\T eTT+<T> q&TTHsTT. eTq us<X uw ns\T nH
T\T>qT+&&+ e\ XyVq sE\ \+ uV *|, |\e sE\ \+ b
*|, s~ uw\ H>s *| mHH nessTT. n+<T d+d y<T\T eT
Kq |<T H>s *| #|{sT. nsTT, H>s *| n nq <eH>] *| n d+d
uw <e n+>{sT. d, XS<<T\T |eT+~ d+d + #<es<, B w<+
$~+#&+ #, H\ eC y] b uwqT |&+ # keq |\
d+d + <seTsTT+~. n+<T d+d uwqT eTuw nHsy..? @~ @yTH d+d
uw m+ bNqyTH uw yTT< *| < >V+#*. *| q+<Te\ y<\T
+sbs+ > d qT+#T= e ydysT. { y<\T #\+ q+# +& eTq>*>sTT.
14
uw+
eT\ d\ s#q+ #|< uw+ n n+{sT. |PsT\ e\qT seTsT>T
=yd k+ $<qyT uw |<. uw |< nq> ns\qT es+& ns\qT
e] eTeT n_eT bNq d+|<jT+ |s #eTD #d k<q $Xw+ . ns
ds y<\ ks deT>+> nd+~>+ > eT&>\eT X|< + |Pq< ds |+. ns \qT
b{+#jT >, nd+~> q T qy\T L& k~+# b jsTT. dyT s +&T> >> \ <T.
$_q ns\qT e>\<T. n+<T uwsT\T eT eT n_eT nqT>TD+> d\
ns\T sd eTq ns+>+& #XsT. n+<Te\ uwsT\T &T d n+f +=&T d
n+{&T nqT uwsT\ uc\T+{sTT.
{| DeTT\T #d #| e\
#|#T+<] d T\T XT\T
$|#|s\ y<+ ks+uT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
(yeTq)
15
y<e TT\T
y<eTT\T nq+eTT\HsT =+<sT.
y<eTT\T H\T>T e. sT><+ f. B $u+ jTj>~ jT\qT
jTEs<+>q, d+^ jTTeTT\>T <e dTT\ keTy<+>q, VAe~ jT
ye#s u<+>q $u+#&< n<sD y<+> #Xs eT+ seT*+>s&
$e]+#sT.
+ eTT+< n#\ sTw yeTq j^+<T\ ysT sT>dT s +& y<\HsT. H| T +{\
dseTD n>T neTs\T&T y<djTdsT y< jTeTTq sT n |sT \<H&T. B
{ |<H eT\T jT <s eTT b|+T s |DeT+#T H\ s eTT n +s>
nH&ysT. y<\qT H\T>T u>\T> $u+q+<Tq yd eTV] >] y<ydT& |sT
e+< n+{sT.
H\T>T y<\ #eT+~ uc\T sXsT. eTV<sT&T, |T&T, jTqT&T, u
udsT&T, d+< k$T, BZ#sT&T, kjTDT&T {e\ <j q+< dsd yTT<\>T 25eT+~
uwsT\TqT \TdTq~.
y<\| mesesT m{ d+~+#s #<+..
y<$ <\ yX \e+{$
eTT\|{ |&> e
>T| $<jTTf \+e+{~
$X<_se $qTsye T
y< Xd+T\T y~ #d
|+&q &#T H seTT <T
XsDTT H X+ @$T
seTs <Xs< sqj
(seTs X s)
y<\T s\T rdq beTT\e+{$. *jTT>+ + Xk #| &q eT+\
o|T+> d~+ |\+ksTT. n+<T# | jTC<T\ ny |XdyTq$. X eT+\T
$wVq ds\ e syTq$. jTT>+ |\$Tq n$ eTeTT\ e nsTTbjsTT.
16
>&MT< # q n ueT\ n +~j\T H n$ @ | #jT C\e. y<\T L&

n+{y.
(eTV sVD ++ 2`14`16)
y<\T m+ Vkd<yTq$. esyTq$. |e*q$. n{ y< >\ CqeTT
$HXsyTq~. sT m&]e+{~. qT >\, *$>\ eTw me& y<\ #+
b&T. n$ q =]\qT Hsys>\eH X |T&T.
(TyqT&T)
|se y<\ n+<&T. uVD |+&T\T y<\ |qydT= |&#ksT.
C y<\T nd usT#=\T.
(;sY<dt)
y<\T eT&T >TD\ sb\qT>] #TsTT. qT e y{ <s+> +&
|sjTDT&e eTT.
(u>eBZ`2n`45e X+)
|< { =\qT +&> qu$ neds+ @$<+> +&< n<$<+> VCq+
b+~q y y<\T nqeds+ .
(u>eBZ`2n`46e X+)
z nsTH ! y<\ ejT<] u<q \ e\ >s|&q T~ ds + >q, #*+# +&
+&*. n|&T e CH b+<>\ e.
(u>eBZ`2n`53e X+)
Cq+ s+&T s\T. 1. #yTq~. 2. eTyTq~. H\T>T y<\ Cq+ #yTq~
(eTT+&|wT )
+> y<\T nH>]| d eqe\T keq ]\qT y\& + q |T +Te\
#|e#T. n+<Te\ y<\qT #<e&+ e\>, $qT e\>, <, <] $#sD
@MT \_+#<T .
(k$T seTrs)
y<\T <=+>H, p<, V+dqT, >T&TqT uV+> deT]dTHsTT. Te+{
n|$yT q y<\T V+<Te\q& ys+<s eTdT= |$+> m+#TTHs #eT+~
|+&T\T, beTsT\T nqT+THsT. , V+<Te\q& y] y<\T n|$yTq$.
#<eL&$, $qL&$ n u$+#ysT #eT+~ HsT. Hd\T, VTy&T\T, CqT\T,
u<T\T, +\T, MsXe\T, os Xe\T, $TH&T +>HjTT\T, eTVsw
eTVqTue\T, u+> dV j\T, s<keTT\T, |+Cu d \T, s+\T, s |<X
17
HeT<\T, <edeJ\T, ;sT eZjTT\T yTT<\>TysT y<\qT sd]ksT.

(&s Y dTs +< n+)
y<\T n+<] n+<TuT b e&+ eTq @< qw+ ]bsTT+< =+<sT
u< |&T T+{sT. , n~ yde + <T. y<\ eTq J$\ d++~+q n+X\T @M
e. J$ d++~+q n+X\T #DT&T sdq nsXd+ HsTT. $wXs sdq
|+#++ <\ HsTT. n+<TH |Ps\+ sE\T eT |\\ $ H]+#sT
> #Ts<\T u~+#<T. $X$TT&T sejTD+ seT\DT\ \ n\ nH
$<\T (jTT< d++~+q$) y<+ H]+#&T > eTTesZ+ Hs<T.
(mHy |+*)
y<\T >TsTeTTK+> Hs e\dq $<. y<+ HsT y\+f 12 d+es\T |&T T+~.
H\T>T y<\T HsTy\+f 48 d+es\T |&TT+~. sT>< 31XK\T, jTEs<
101 XK\T, keTy< ysTT XK\T, n<s y< 9XK\THsTT. $<sT\ T e+XqTeT+>
@ XKqT n<jTq+ #d e#s n< XKqT $<sT\T m+#T+{sT.
y<\T nud+ eq s jTj><T\T, |P\ |sT {~ sbjT\ KsT
| u]+#T #d y] b X\T sd |\T dTKX+T\T * +{s
q$T+ yd+ #dTHsT. |{ es jTj><T\ e\ <X+ dTK+> +< eTq
sTEe\T <=s<T. y<\ e\ u|&+~ e+ uVD y< |+&T\T. <|{q $Cq+
sT|j>+ e&yT |\qT |&+#& k<qeTeT+< |<\+{sT.
y<\ $wjT+ < ]+~. y<\T uVDT\T >T rdT= y<<jTH
w<\T *+ n+<TuT @eTTq~ me] *jT+& #XsT. |]d <s+>
#dT= =+<sT eTT+<T be&+ n+f ujT+, ndV+ >\ y y<\ ~ <
|\qT q$T+|pXqT. eTq y< @eTTq~ nH $wj >] *jTC|q y
bXT\T. y d+d + #<Te= y<\T |]+ n+<T @eTTq~ eTq *jT]q
<Td *+~. sT><+ = $wj\T eyT & |k$+#&q$. +<T&T sTCX
L& w&T nqT sdT, >]DTq n us\qT e~+#&T (sT><+ 1`101`1). e~eT
q|+d us, nqT\T yT sDVdT&T nqT |T& |k~+HsT (sT><+
1`116`13). dsT& @# s<eTT. < @&T >Ts\T |P+#&q$. nX+ @&T |s
>TqT (sT.1`164`2) (sT><+ 2`34`2) | |<eTTq | |~jTT dqeTT\T>
$\H |s=H&T. u$T MT< msTTq |<X\T |s\T e#TqT nH&T. XjTqT&T
><qT |s=H&T. |sqT eCjT+ u$T nH&T. u$T |&T > s|eTT <*q~.
sT<T&T ewus| nsTTH&T. y] d+>eTeTTq eTsTT\T <$+HsT (sT><+ 3`4`5)
18
$>V e jT<s_eH <e+ n XjTDT&T jTeTT $>V s|eTTq H\=\&q

<e\ (sT><+ 4`18`13) H JeH<seTT \_+# |>T\T HeTT. <e\
eT< +<T $T+ dTKeTT\T |k~+#T nqjT <e &T. H usqT nee+#T#T+&>
#dHeTT. nq+s+ +<T&T eT<T\eTT\T n+~+H&T. ($X$TT&T e+d+ qT
eTVus+ q~. (sT.5`9`8) +<! e eT&Te+<\ eTVweTT (<TqbT\) e+deTTqT
u+He. eT&T b\qTq keT sdeTT He. n|&T e |T e~+He.
n+ <dT\T k$T V+qT <e\+<s jTT<eTTq >qT keTbq|PsT&>T
+<T V+HsT (sT.7`86`6) esTD! b|eTT eqe <weTTq \T><T. n~ dTs,
ueT, <eTT, nCq+ eTTq>T <e> sDeTT> sT>TqT. qy |<y&T |
|{+ #TqT. d|eT+<TqT <e > b|eTT \T>TqT (sT.7`1`2) |sq T&T zw<T \, >e\,
nXeTT\, d\ >s<sD #jTTqT (sT.7`103`10) ee nsT#T eT+&+ e
<q eTT eeqT. H\ |+\T |+&+#T es\eTTq eT+&eTT\T e nd+U >e\
e jTTeqT |+#eqT (sT><+ 8`32`22) +< e dT >V+#TeTT e. <s
<XeTTqT+ seTT. eTT+<Tq, yqT, |\ $#jTTeTT. |+#qT\T, >+<sT\T, |sT\T,
<e\T, ndTsT\T, sd T \ jdT&T. c<jT Te T>T #T sse TT\ XjTDT&T jTEs<eTT,
keTy<eTT, n<s y<eTT\T, jTj><T\+<T sV+#T $$< jT\qT *jTCksTT.
y<\+ >e+d+ |< q e+kVs+. n<T \ d+ e\T jT&+ |T qyTq n~
ds+> u$+#&~. +<T&T >e+d uD d<VdT&T. nV+k d<++ uVDT\
nq+s+ eq |sjT |yX $Xd+ eT\+> neT\T e#sTT. uH\|&T eT<Te
>ysT. c #d dTs L& >ysT. keT\ nH~ @< H&T eTq *jT<T. <
qT+& rdq keTsk |P\|& |j +#ysT. p<+ +~. n+<T ysT +\T
|j+ &ysT. sd\ |Ps $yV\T e. [uT e. H&T eTqy eT++>
#d |[ q{ 90e+T\T nHs d+|<j\T #ssTT.
\+#\T : \+#+ nH~ \T>T |<+ <T. d#yTq d+d |<+. \+#+
d* +>eTT, q|+d *+>y <T. seTX+ > \+# n ns+| *+>+. ~ <e\ +
|s+. \+#*d eT+#ksT. q \+# neTTUH |+#T+{s > djT+>
|#TsT. H{ n~sT\T L& <e <s b{+ nqTjjTT\ <s >e* #
VQeTT\qT n+<T+{sT. &< & =eBd VAe |$+> |+#q+ #d deT++ >
deT]+H, eTs> dq +&&T keTsk bdH <e\ e\ | +&<T. eTT,
#T\T y] eTTK+. |]X<yTq Vs+ rdT=H >C e+d+, yT* >TD\T >\ \T
yTd yT e+d+ sTs+. sTsyT > \eseT eTq sTw\T >V+#sT. >seT\>T
19
eT |T \ #\|jT\ (b\T $&q e<&) e+d+ |+ >TDe+T\qT, \e+T\qT,

|+#sq~ >V<sTD+.
sT> <+ keTbHq+s+ e<q Tq eT+ T<T\ qT yT+ \TdT+<T+ n H\T>
d+ eTT|~eT& eT+s+. *$& e\ q|&T dyT #Tsq~ Bqe\
\TdTq~. { keTsk \+#+> # <e\qT eX|sT\qT #dTHsT. eTq |P\T
z +<! <| >=q >ee keTeTTqT >TeTT. eTT =s keTeTTqT j sT#jT uTH&T.
H\T> nqTy+ 16e d+ n+T+~. <e\# \+#\T | T Vs+
eTTK+. n++f eTTK+ keTsd+.
keTsk bq+ #dy] dTsJe\, keTjE\ |T q+> |\TksT . uc
<]<+ < \|& deTd\ |< |< |sT |&TTH+. #|\ es{ nH+ f |<e es
b+>D+ nqTe&+ |seT<s+. n> \+#\ VQeTT\T, VQeH\T, qT\T
<T\T> |\T#Te&+ eTqyT~q < >TsT. <e\ eTVsT\T, eTVsT\ eTVsE\T.
eTVsE\ keq eqe\T eTeT j> e \ \+#*dTH sT.
H&T >T yTT&T\qT @eT |\y*.? \+# nH*.
20
uVD\T
H\T>T y<\qT eT+u >eT (d+V) y{ $e]d jTj >\ j eT+\
$j> $e]d y{ yU+# >+<\qT uVD\+{sT.
uVD |< s#q+ : V n Xu d+V u>eT X| < uVD+ #TTq~.
y<\ eT+u> $j> $~d yUq s|+> @s&q >+<+ uVD n
n+{sT. y< |j+|&q |<\ @~ dsq ns+ nH~ ssTT+#&+ # wyTq
|. |jTT|<+ <Te\ e\H |{+< n+^]+ #|&+ <s ns+
ssTT+#\q~ =+<] eTyT eT]=+<sT eT+\T djT+ |\ u$dTHsT. >
|<s ssTT+#& =# |T+Te\T, = |s s#H\T, eT]= # <\T,
+ = d eTq ns+ + jT\T <s+ #dTe&sTT.
sT>< uVD\T : 1. |+ uVD 2. uVQ# uVD+ 3. nXjTq uVD+
4. >\e uVD+
jTEs< uVD\T : 1. #s uVD+ 2. XXs uVD+ 3. s uVD+
4. yT jTD uVD+ 5. Cu\ uVD+ 6.U+& jT uVD+ 7. WUjT uVD+ 8.
V]<* uVD+ 9. +TsT uVD+ 10. Vs uVD+ 11 + uVD+ 12.
#>j
T uVD+
keTy< uVD\T : 1. u\$ uVD+ 2. \* uVD: 3. XsT uVD+ 4.
X{jTD uVD+
n<s y< uVD\T : >|< uVD+
d+s uVD\T : 1. sTDjT uVD+ 2. k\u uVD+ 3. X * uVD+ 4.
|sXs uVD+ 5. eX ws* uVD+ 6. |jT uVD+ 7. sV dejT uVD+
8. sT uVD+ 9. nHUq uVD+ 10. uw\ uVD+ 11. e+&T jT uVD+
12. s uVD+ 13. s& + | uVD+.
uVD\ = $wj \T : q eTVsE d eT Cu* <>sZ w]+ #X&T.
(X.u.14`6`1`0`1`4) e><\T, kT\T, #T\T, nb#T\T, B#T\T, >+<sT\T, <X
u<+ # nH CT\T |T=#sTT. (uVD, jT, yX, XS<T\H H\T>T es\T>
$u+|&sT. (X.u.5`5`4`2) +{ eed <eq (X..14`4`2`23`29`25)
(.u. 1`23) |Xeq, (.u. 6`4``4`12`15) eqdTqT (X.u.1`1`1`4)
uVDT\| jTT\ n~s+ <T. keTT& uVDT\ sE. (.u.1`7`2`4) u$T
n+ jTT\<. uVD, yX, XS<T\T u$T n j+|e\d+<. (.u.7`20)
21
XS<T\T ndTsT\ qT+ |{qT e]+|&q~. (.u. 1`2`6`7) b\qT |& L&
XS<T\T |ssT. (.u. 2`39) us y& jT+ w<+. (X.u. 5`1`6`19)
n+<T# d jTC |Tq u>+> |s=q&+~. (X.u.5`5`1`8) MD ls|+>
e]+#&+~. X.u. 13`1`5`3) e+d+ n+<]# >V +#&~. n~ ds+ >e+d+
> , nC e+d+ > #j\ (X.u.3`4`1`2) |+& sk\ bT keT+, dTs, H,
b\T n|{ bj\T (X.u. 5`1`2) uVD\ \+ $we, sT<T b<q
V+~. dsT&T L& $ws|+> e]+#&&T. X sT<j~ j>\ e\ sT<T
beTTK |]+~. sT<e\ u<+ @s&+~. >T m |{+~?. >e< uVD+
+~?. V eTqdT dw #j\H ] *+~. y+H jTq { dw+
n+<T q Ms +#&T. <qT+# >+ <$++~. sT \_+# ue\T,
#sTe\T, dsdT\T, q<T\T, deTT<\T nH sb\ >#]ksTT. n+<T# M{ kq+
#dH, H |$eT u$+#&+~. #+<T&T n+<]H n+<>&T. n+<T n+<yTq
eTTU #+<T b\TkeTT. w&+X uVD+ (5`3) #+<T >T]+ w, X|\
>T]+ q~. <e\T ke (#+<TD) >+ # #+<\T ]bsTT. w|+
@s&TT+~. eT X|+ #+<T&T zw<T\T, eqdT\T, >e\T yTT<q y{qT+ ]
q \ qT deTLsT+{&T.
s$#T n d+es+ ed+#&T (jT+ 1`1`3) n+T+~. n+<T# ~
|$yT q < #| &+~.
uVD\ 33eT+~ <e\ esq\T HsTT. edTe\T 8eT+~ nu, sT<T\T
11eT+~ qu , ~T\T 12eT+~ eTVs (.u.3`8`18`1`2`3)
edTe\ HjT&T n. sT< HjT&T +<T&T. ~T\ HjT&T esTDT&T. |C|
ew{sT\ *d 33eT+~ <e\T dyT <e\T nd+ eTqTw\ (X.u.1`1`1`4)
#TT+~.
|C| <e\qT dw+#qT. zw<T <e |T\ (X.u.6`4`2`4) |s=+Tq~.
X |+|q <e\T> e]+#&HsT. u$T, n]+, dsZ+ eT&T \T >T]+#&sTT.
u$T jT+ (~) nH dsHeT+q, dsZ+ nk (n\~) nH dsHeT+q
d+|&+~.
jT uVD+ dsZ >T]+ XjT+> #TT+f = uVD\ dsZ+
+<? <? nH d+<V+ (X.u.1`2`2`21) |+,m+.u.(4`6`17) =+{ <T nH
de<q+ L& +~. C$ TjT uVD+ (1`291)me&T *dq <qT+ *jT <
y&T .? |s + n+] e\ +~. n~ q u$ N{ |+#TqT +~. {
22
n& ds+Z +<? <? me] \TdT+ ~. n #| &+~. + +> +H

+~ ndH nk: (C.u.1`129)
w uVD+ |qsq <T\T |qsTT X+ (25`1) y&+ $Xw+.
y< sD+ u$T =jT #<TqT #ksT. u$T V+d \Z+& =+ >&
e<T\TsT. (u.u.1`2`2`15) u$T s\Te\ V+d \Z+& u$TMT< + #s
|] <| s\TqT + |+& <+#TsT. (X.u.1`1`4`5`6`7) jT+ <e\ d+
|q e\+{~. (.u. 11`11) @~ < yTT< n< < es L& neT+~. |
dqXjT jT+. { jT+ dwsjTq |C| |r+>, n_q+>, |]>D+|&+~.
H{ sT\ J$+ uVD\ >T]+#e#T.
M{ e+<X+ eT& qeT $T>T\TsTT.
23
sD\T
usrjTT\ <] Jeq de+, ueq |{eT |r\T y<\T. y~ yjT
d+V\TùVD\T`nsD\T`|wT\T n H\T>T s\T> $u+|&+~.
jTC\ sVk\qT eTVsT\T nsD\ #]+#sT. y{ ksyT nsDeTT
q&T+~. nsDeTT #<e<+~ f nsD\T nH |sT @s&+~.
y< nqT+<+ > | &T uVD\T m +&y n> uVD\ nqT+<+ >
nsD\T L& | &T +&$. \eq nH nsD\T q+bjsTT. |&T eTq
<=sTTq nsD\T # =~$ eyT.
sT+V : nsD\T : 1. |+>sD+ 2. uV#sD+ 3. nXjTHsD+
4. >\ysD+.
jTEd+V : nsD\T : 1. #ssD+ 2. XXssD+ 3. ssD+ 4.
usD+ 5. U+&jsD+ 6. T+sTsD+ 7. W;jsD+ 8. V]<$sD+
9. VssTD+ 10. #>jsD+ 11. +sD+
keTk+V sD\T : 1. u\ysD+ 2. \ysD+ 3. XsTsD+ 4.
X{jTHsD+
nsD\ |s=q& n+X\T >e n< jTq+ #jT <q$ e. |$yT q nsD
yesD+H n< jTq+ #j *. nsD\ |b~+|& $wj \T n+ sV k\T.
BT\T y] |e<syTq$. n+<Te\H n$ >e\ n<jTq+ #jTs<H w<+
@s&+~. $ jTCqTcq k+ ns\qT $e]d yUH\THsTT.
q|\\T, >seTq d\T, s>sT\T yTT<\>TysT $qL& eT+\T nsD\
n~+ > +{sTT.
>T |sTw |> q~ | (sjsD+ 3.1.6). C$TjT |wY
uVD+ 1.41.7 | <e>, n~> e]+#&+~. bDT\ b+# ueTT\>T
# eT q, JeH || <s|&* e+~. y<+T\T =+<sT | ejT>
u$+ | k+<s+ | $eTTKTHsT. w\T XHds <e\qT |PdT+&ysT. X
q C<e ~ es, ds+dT+~. dsV\ <e Vs\T u$T H> <T
$H\T #* |+\T |+&ksT. keTsd+ jTC\ |<q V$dT> +&~. keTsd+
eTw d|sTdT+~. eq sT\T, jTe keTbq+ #ksT. nsD\ 20
ee TT\T, y{ $wj \T #| &sTT. nXyT< j>+ 340 >eT +Te\T e~+|&sTT.
eTVe+ d+es+ bT sT>TT+~. jTy~ n D\ y| \& |\qT
24
>+<s>+> ysTTd +{sT. es*j jT y~ e< m$T~ eT+~ <d d\T {

&e\ q+ #d +{sT. jTeq |T\T MD yTT<\>T ysTT<\ q+ #d
+{sT. eT|syTq #s\ jTT\T <]+#&+ #syT. jTT <]+#T>s e eT&T
sT\T e\+ |Pe\T e+ Vs+> rdT+ |*#s +MT< VAeT+ #j *. +
nsD\ uc|]eD+, ysD +X\T |ksTT.
25
|wT\T
|wT \ T nq> dMT|+ rdT= be&+ n ns+ . y b+<&
|wT\qT |$+> u$ksT. |wT\T eT&Ty\ |> +{jT |<\+{sT. \T>T
uw eTq| &T 108 |wT \ T \_dT H sTT. |wT \ T H\T>T y<\ d++~+q$.
sT>< 10. jTEs< 51. keTy< 16. n<sD y< 31> nqT+<q+
#XsT. eT M{ Xe d<+ 15. ywe d<+ 14. XjT d<+ 8. dHk
17. j> 20 M{ eyT |se T |eD+ > u$+#sT. eTq+ m+ |se T beD+ >
u$+# l u>eBZ L& |wT n >V+#*. u>eBZ | n<jT+ es ~
|w, |wT V$<qT, j>qT u~dT+< #TT+~. |wT\ |sds
$sT< $wj\qT u~ksTT. eTVsT\T eT eT n_bjqTks+ s+q$ e&+ e\
e. |s+ |\Tes |\T s\T> |+#&+ ns+ |> u$+#&T
ussjTDT&T. (ydT&T) ysTyssTTq y<+ y\H |\T s\T> |P\qT <s+
d+~+#T e\sT> n+{ deTqjT+ #X&T. y<+ y\H eTVy\
n+{sT. $ H\T>T. y<\ s e# eTV y\H y<+ d\HsT. n$
+~ $<+> +{sTT.
1. |Cq+ V (sT><+ sj|wT \D yeTT)
2. nV+ Vd (jTEs<+ V<sD|wT kqTueeTT)
3. eTd (keTy<+ #+<>|wT |<X yeTT)
4. njTeV (n<s y<+ e+&T|wT ks+)
VCH @d >+~+#&+ # M{ Vd\HsT. B s MTe+d,
y<+ <sq+ n |sT. B eT |jT\T, |\TesT d<+s\T dT|d<+> yUH\T
s+#sT. |wT\ ksyT y<++. n eT\ ysT eTeT sj\ Vd\qT
deTqsTT+#sT. +<T @~ d+? @~ nd+?. Je&T, <e&T eTT\T
#\T>e&+ m d+u$dT+~. keqq+ $dTbsTT+~. ~ qT }V+#&+ e\
e# u< <qHsT. Je&T`<e&T ueùsTdT+{eHsT eT]=+<sT. @~ @yTH
+ ejTqT eT&T <T>< nHsT.
m*MT< eT*èT*MT< m* u+qT u+&T <Hy?. y<\+ H{ de+
$u<\ sD+> #H<sD s+&T N\+~. d+|<jT<Tq ysT nu\q\,
nyd$ X \ || & k >sT. =+<sT Cd| s T \T d+ | <q T XsTT+#sT.
eT]=+<sT |, ||+# eTT&yd n+ uyTqHsT. y] <e&T, V+, |sX
26
@M neds+ b jsTT. $+ @$T+f |wT \ qT u |<s+ > e]+q

d+<s\THsTT. V<jT >TV +T+<, V<j \TdT+f qT \TdTqfq
#|&+~. V<jH |C| nHsT. V<jH V+ nHsT. e&++
+T+<HsT. n+>Tw |eDeT eT]=+<sT nHsT. eT]=+<sT XseT+ +T+<HsT.
e+&T|wT n+^sd eTV] Xd n+{&T. Vy\T s+&Ts\ $<\qT
Hs<qe #T&T. 1. b<$T $< (sT><+, Te\T, ysD+, Cw+, #+<dT).
s+&e~ |s$< (n>#syTq, nqdsyTq V \TdTH V $<). |s$<qT
#+<>|wT, s|wT, eT+&|qwT yTT<\>T$ $es+> *jTCksTT.
y<\T e]+# <eeTsT\ T eqe |sb\T. y] #s esZ\THsTT ,
|wT\T e]+# |sV >#s+ <T. V #&eTT. e\, eTqdT,
ueq d+u$+#e TT. n>eT+, n>#s+ , ns|yT q V @eT m e]+#&+ n+T+~.
H|wT = |wT\T d+\T e. n$ ks |jq+ d+ @s&q$.
<_e~ |] nH ndu |jT\qT e]+ bV+#sTT. dHdT\T e|&,
eT+ d$ks _|wT sd+~. j>|wT neTs* jT k<&T q
eT H + d$d, eTT|{\+ jT | +#\ n< eC* $< n
e]++~. |se, , |qsq, |s+, ~, |see~ yTT<q $wj\qT K+&dTq
|keq\T |wY kV+ n&& |dTHsTT. |<qyTq 15 |wT\ ds+
yT<|wT VTy<+ +& +T+~. bNq $Xd\+{ n~ K+&+ yd+ ~. <
|s+ #d |qsq <T. |s$< <T. nd\T |se <T. <e&T &T. eT >+<\
eTsT\T sd |{qy. |s\ T\T ns+$. dsZqs\T e. |, ||+#+, \+
n++ y q$. b|+ <T. |D+ <T. dTK<T:U\T dV+> @s&q$. y{ |qsq
Ks\T, |qsq \T, dsqZ s\T eTT&yj
T qeds+ <T . <y\j\T <+&T>. |PCsT\T n+H
nqeds+ n |T> $eT]++~. @yTH H{ Cd |wT\T |H<T\T yXsTT.
d+ #q, d X<q n$ u\T @s]#sTT. |r~ y<+ q~ nqTe&+
bsbT. y<+ #|qe eTq+ d]+# |<T. jTC\qT eT+&|w K+&++~.
18 s\ jTC\T <+&>. 18 \ jTC\T #dqysT eTsT eTeT ks
eT+&| |wT n+T+~. mesT @$T #| H, @$T sdH eTw #q\qT, uy\qT
mes <>+ #jTsT ><!.
|wT\T eT&Ty\ |> HjT+{sT. =+<sT 1008 |wT\qT |eD+>
u$ksT. m+<T eTq \T>T |+&T\T 108 |wT\qT nqTe~+ eTq yTTUq |&XsT.
27
j>eTT :`
j>eTTCdq $|&T
u+#TqT s+u&! TT&T eTs\H
j>+TCjT <*
u+#T><? jT| DeTTye!
yeTq #| q uy > = ++{ b|sE q s sejTD+ n<jT+ 4 <| +
216 $e]+#&T.
d
q+&T dT &TqT q+TCdq

e! ys$T>e\jTT ?
nq<eTT\T keTjE y\dq
e! ys$T >e\jTT ?
uejT eT]~jT ue s\ >*q
e! ys$T >e\jTT ?
q\T&T eeTeTTq <[e q
e! ys$T >e\jTT ?
y$ esTd\T >Ds TT+| e
e e& e{& eXyT
u\T H\ seT \Te{
u\>=bsTT #+>\bqT #]!!
<s Xd jTT<e TTq #qy&T, j>eTT #dq y&T *d dseZ TTq s+usT d+u>eTT
#jT T<Ts q~. +& =&T\T, nq<eTT\T, ue eTs<\ T ue seTTq * s+uq T>&q
y]jTT y$esTd T+&TqT.?
28
<sq+
#&&+ nH keq nsH <sq+ n+{sT.
bse]+> Xd+ n+{sT.
CH $CH, | eTw >\ d+< *jTCjT&yT XdeT
s#q+.
<sH s+&T $<\T> $u+#sT.
1. d <sH\T 2. Hd <sH\T
d <sH\ y<++, Xe+, ywe+, X+, >D|+, ks <sH\T HsTT.
y<+ <sH\T sT. k+K, j>, HjT, yXw, |PsMTe+d, s MTe+d
M{ w&sH\T n+{sT.
k+K+ : ~ # |sqyTq~. B s#qs |\T&T. +<T 24 \T+{sTT.
+<T <e |d <T. <T. jT+ <T. <q+ <T. |s+ <T. 24 \MT<
|w+#sT. n< $+. k+U |+&T\T eT wyTTqT e] d <sq+>
j sT#XsT.
j>+ : ~ # <TeT #eT+~ #]sT\+{sT. j><sH s+q
y&T |+* eTV].
j>+ n+f Jy $X @+ e&+. n+<T |]+# j> |jT\qT
neT\T |&yT j> \D+ f. <qT+ Je&T u< $eTT e&+.
HjT+ : B s+qy&T >eT eTV]. Hj s$< n>& n+{sT.
HjT+ nq> $wjT $y#q+ n ns+. >TD>TD $XwD+. < s+, VTy<+,
ssD d++<\T neds\>TsTT. n+f sj se&+. eTqdT #d w H
sj
T |< . HjT |+&T \T Hd sd ]+q |q mTby \TdTb jsT.
+<T <e&T &T.
yXw+ : y<++ sTZDX< #qeTT, VeTT $X ~ n ssTTd <
$sT<+> _qyTq d<+ |b~dT+~. dw dV |]DeTyT eT\Ve <q~.
$Xw $wjT |]o\q+ >qT yXw+ nHsT. dw n nDTe\ \sTT e\ @s&qy.
D\T @< w \e&yT dw. B s+qy&T D< eTV]. +<T <e
|d m& <T.
|PsMTe+d : B s+qy&T C$T eTV]. ~ y<\qT deT]dT+~. <H,
jTC deT]dT+~. <e& esdT+~.
29
s MTe+d : B <e d++<+ <T. qT deT]dT+~. s

MTe+dyT Vd\+{sT. B s+qy&T u<sjTDT&T. +<T H\T>T
y\T+{sTT.
1. eTd. n+f n<e
2. jeTV. n+f V
3. ds+ K*<+ V. n+f <+ VyT
4. nV+ Vd. n+fH V
Hd <sH\T eT&T. 1. Cq+. 2. u<+. 3.jT+.
Cq + : Cq+ y<+ |eD s]dT+~. +<T L& <e&T &T. Cq eT
k|+qy&T eTseq eTVMsT&T. Cq+ nH \qT n+^]dT+~. nV+k d<+,
H |esq me beTTK+~. H{ XVsT\+<s Cq+qT+& |u$+ nsTTq
ys. nH ]qyTq #+<d uy\T Cq+ q+<Tq n~ keq qT\qT ]+#<T.
< esZ |]$TyT+~. y<++ q nH uy\qT q eTT&T= y<+
<>Zs nsTT+~.
u<+ : u< <s k|+y&T >eT T<T&T. ~ L& jTj><T\ es+.
<e&T, yTT<q uy\qT sd]dT+~. |r~ ssD d++<+ sT>TT+< #|+~.
~ nV+k d<+ u~+q|{ u<T\ T e+kVsT. u<+ eTw <T:U sD+
]\T |+#Te&yTq #| =+es qT\ X\MT< #*+~. nq+s+ u<
Vqjq+, eTVjq+> N*bsTT |\ <syT eTq<X+ n+]+ bsTT+~. sD\T
nH+ e#T. $<X\ u> y| #+~+~.
jT+ : ~ nqTeq |eD, y<, <e&, qT, neTs qT sd ]++~.
~ H&T \ y|+ q+<Tq jT+ n |sT e+~. B #s+,
usd+ n L& eeV]+#ysT. B d<+\T H{ uy& d<+\ <>Zs>
+{sTT.
30
eT\T`y<\T
eTq sT <sH\THsTT. 1. |PsMTe+d 2. s MTe+d 3. k+K+ 4. j>+
5. HjT+ 6. yXw+
|+> |se (<e&T), Jy e>s\ >T]+ \TdT=qTqT y<+ n+{sT.
y<+ e] u> \TdTe&yT y<++ n+{sT. sT <sq Xk y<+H s
MTe+d n+{sT. s MTe+dH = XK\T @s&sTT. y<+ XK\qT
k+|<j\T n > y<\T n >, eT\T n > n+{sT.
sT <sH |PsMTe+d |+ $T> nsTT<T <sH\T n< y<eTTq
d++~+q$.
< Xu s+&T>\~. u<eTT, d+<VeTT, ueT, nCq+ yTT<q ns\T >\e.
n< Xu s+&e~ ~. @, {, +{]jTq k{~, <e&T yTT<q
ns\T >\e.
y<\T (eT\T) H\T>T. 1. n<y<eTT. 2. $c<y<eTT. 3. <y<eTT, 4.
X<<y<eTT.
1. n<y<eTT : ~ |se (<e) Jy eT< u<eTT <jTT, s+&T
fq #|qT. |se sTZDT&T. ssT&T, n~rjTT&T, dsy| n u~+#< n<
y<eTT. Jy |se s|yT. ejT e\ (nCq+) d >V+#&+ <.
Cq+ <s d >V+q|&T q, |se eT< u<+ < Jy
>V+#>\T>TT+<. Te+{ CH b+~ Jy |se nsTTbsTT+<. n+f Jy
|se qyT bsTT+<.
y< yTT< X+s#sT&T u~+#q =+eT+~ y<+T\T n+{sT.
X+s#sT |PsyT >&b<T&T, >$+<T&T <s y< |H~ ydqysT.
>$+<T&T X+s#sT >TsTe. >$+<T >TsTe >&b<T&T.
2. $c< eTT : y<+ Jy, >T s +& |se ysT > |+q|{
yde+> ysT <, |se, Jy, >T eT& fq, |qT <={
ysT> |+#Tq \T|&+~. dsT, sD mTe+{ d++<+ \< |se
Jy nTe+{ d++<+ \<, dssD+ dsT&+f q<, dsT&T |<y&,
nf |se +f |<< y<+ #| &+~. y<+ |se @+>q, nH+ >q
+&Tq #|&+~. y<+ < n< eT<esZeT. n+f ~ <, n<
\T| |jT++~. y< seqTC#sT\T |{ |#s+ #dq, BH u<,
31
u<y<eTT <, n< y<eT L& n+{sT. Jy e] |se *dbeq.

, |se X e+ b+<C\< y<+ #TT+~.
y<+ s+&T XK\T >\e. 1. Xe $c<eTT 2. ywe $c<eTT. Xe
$c< l+s y#sT\T, ywe $c< seqTC#sT\T u~+#sT. e&
<e& n+{sT. Xe $c<T\T $wy <e& n+{sT. yw $c< y<T\T n+f
<e& n&u{? \Te u{? <e&T |\ET >\y&? HMT<, yqT u>q >T|&T
(>c<eT+) ET>\y& ? <e&T ><Hqy&? m<THqy&? nH< M] >\
u<_bj\ eTTd]> #|e#TqT.
y<eTTqqTd]+# <e&T sT&T (s+ >\y&T). qT <e sb |P+
$eTT b+<e#Tq. seqTC#sT\T uVD \+ |{H jTq u< \qT, n+s
H b{+#ysT <. jTq w\ e\\T, e~>\T, XS<T\T yTT<\>T e
\ ysT+&ysT.
3. <y<eTT : y< eT<#sT\T u~+#sT. |se ysT, Jy ysT.
s+&T mq{ \TeC\e n y<+ #TT+~. <y<T\T $weqT <e&> u$ksT.
<e&T ksT&T, d>TDT&T n #TT+~ y<+. $we bT =+\+ qT+ w
L& (@ w&?) <y<T\T |P+|k>sT. ue\ Jy eTT b+<e#Tq
y<+ #TT+~. <y<T\T s <eq $we, w bT nHs <eq e&,
$HjT&, +HjTT&, dTeTDXsT&, y+fXsT, <TsZqT L& |PksT.
4. X<<y<eTT : lw& <e&T. jTqqT |P+#TysT yeTT b+<TsT.
Je&T <e s|yT qT Je&T ss jTe\qT b{+ qqT V+d+#TL&<T. qqT
V+d+#Te&eT+f <e& V+d+#&y T qT | <eu & T dTKu>\q, $k\q
L&q J$ nqTu$+#e#T. k+|<j k|+qy&T lw #q #+<T&T.
jTqqT #q eTV|uT n+{sT. eTeTT L& ywe eTyT. lw& >=| u
|eT\ s~+#\ k+|<jT+ #TT+~. s< lw& m |$T++< u\T
lw& n |$T+#\ k+|<jT+ u~+#TqT. s<w\ |eT\ eT|+(
eTeTTqT *| <) <T n+{sT. n~ |se \ Jy\ nHq d++<+ *| <
><. .X. 11e X+ s+ q& uw e#q kV+ # |d<eTT. n\eT
|uT nqTe#q sT&T. y<\qT (eT\qT) >] e#q+ nH&T.
n< |* nV+] njqT
V |* $TT&qjqT
XSH |* dTK <T:U\ qjqT eTVXs!
32
eTq \T>T |C$ yeTq |<+ #b&T.

<sq+T\+<T <swDeTT\+<T
esXeTeTTqT e<|&T
~sT>T#Tq y&T <sq nC
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
<T $ ]Xw\T Hs y+fXsse L& |<+ y<\qT >]
n+{&T.
dH+<q{ d\T qy
*jTTqqT#T eTeTT |\T#T+&T
eTeTTejT < e\T es
qejTT>\ u Hs e.
\T>T kyT +~.
n<TdTHsT #+T`|\T C> n+f Vq. n+f n<T\T
#+T`|\T ejT #ks ueq.
eT\ MT d+| |e\T |ssTT. n|&T e |e |ksTT. d+
|+#e. `sYesY. q y< >=&e #d, C|+ mes k|+#T+{s y]
y<q # \VqyTq ~.
X+eT+\T `$X +| eTq $s>T\ (y<+T\) y<+ m +T+< #<+.
X z+ |P]eT<: |Ps$T<+
|PsY |Ps eT<#
|Psd|Ps e<jT
|PsyTy ew
ns+ : |+#q<+ |PsyT. |+#T $X+ |PsyT. |+# nq++
qT+ $X+ VsZ y T q ~. nq+ $X+ qT+ < rdyd q nq++ nq++>H
jTTq~.
X
z+ nde d<eZ TjT
eTke CsZeTjT
eTs neT+>eTjT
z+ X+.. X+.. X+:
ns+ : ndT (~) qT+ dT (q~) q =b&<eTT > . eTdT (N{) qT+
33
C (y\T>T) , eTTe qT+ neT |jD+#<eTT >. ~ eTq $s>T\

$X+. |+#~ |PseT. |+#~ |PsyTq. ~ eTqy] >DXd b+&+.
< qT+& q< by\. uXd d\T |<s+ dw+ #&<T , HXq+
#jT &<T n |T wdT H MsT < qT+ @< rd < y\, |+b\ bsq
#dTHsT. neT+ #+<&+ eTTe <sH k<eT+ < #s& |jT+ =~
H #+|&yT eTdT\ <jT+. M] nCq+.
|<s ] Xs eTH j#q, |<s dyTqeTH Je dV |+q
|*yT #q\T. eTsD+ J$+ n+yTT+~ Xs+ |<s+ *|bT+<
< | @MT < }V+# |* yT ujT+ e+{ #q\T. eTsD
L& | sD b~+#&yT <y<T\ dH.
34
sejTD+ùs+
nj< |s+`sejTD+
VdH|s+ùs+
n><yTq s+&T ><\T s<X+ y] #]> #]T\T. +<T eT\ |sTwq
lseT`w\T s<X+ +f <D<X+H me> |P\q+<T+THsT.
s+& * >+<. yTq #]\T>e.
usrjTT\ #] *jT<T. $ @<H }Vk&T n #DT& e. }V
*\ sdqy >+<\T. y<\T, |wT\T, |sD\T, Cq, u< >+<\T, usrjT
|sq kVeT+ \q\ L&Tqy. M{qT+& #]qT y*rjT&+ nX neT+~.
#eT+~ |]X<\T, |+&T\T B qT+ #]qT jT|& \\T <\T
=T +THsT. +<T M] #] <=sTT+<?. eTqy] \+f \Tk?. eTq<X+
.|P 260 d+es\ es *| < |sedT Xdy &sY V#Y& X+*j |q.
yTTV+C<s`Vsb CT\ *| q~. ysTT es ns\T (\T) \_+#sTT.
y{ #~y es+Z |{ \_+#< T . nd\T dT |T nqTeHd<+> q|&T d| P s+
n, dT s n X\ y&T $+> +~. X\T (X\T) M]|sT MT< X\
y&T bs+uyTq< #TsT. MsT eTq<X e+<|&T?.
.|P
3138 d+es+
jTT~ws (|{_w)
Xs+u+
3102
*, w sD
3102
ydus (jT) s#H
3076
jTT~ws eTT\
3076
d|], \,
550
>eTT<T&T
457
lVs
327
>T| (#+<>T|)
57
$es
78
X*yVq XyVq
n+ \T yjT& eTq H{ 5120 d+es\ H{ yTq +&sY
q<?. m&$ Xe H\T?. eTq<X+ dT X + $|++<| &T?. eTqq d+es\
>TsT\T (|sT) |ue yTT<\T njT es 60 d+esH?. y{ || |&
k<q+ @~?. M{ de<q+ m& <T. nT ^ $KsT\T, T #H j\T |{q
35
_# |T= CsTT+|> n+\qT <V]+#Te&+ | eTq yTq \d,

d+| ddq #] <k\T e. n+<T sejTD, eTVus >+<\T #] >+<\T
e. @ *<+&TH eT _&\ XuXS |sT |{ q+~ksT. eT |\\ <T
<TsY nH |dsZ\ <TssTZ\ |sT |T+{s?. eTq+ keq+> y& e\T
eTq u< *+q|&T <TssTZ&T, <Tw&T, <T:T&T, <T, <TsT~, <TsTZD+, <Tsu+
yTT<\>T |<\qT |j + T +{eTT. < sw& T eT esT\ |sT |T +{&?
>eT+#+&. <Ts<qT&T, <TssT&T, <TssDT&T, <TsTKT&T, <T]>VQ&T, <T]y#qT&T,
<Ts<qT&T, <TXdqT&T, <TdVQ&T, <TX\T&T, <Tw<sqT&T yTT<\>Tq$. es LTsT
|& yT <Td\ n |sT |{&T. ]j uw ds<dT us+ sd qsTeT+~
e\ <T *+ |sT |{&T.
n+UyTq <TsTZD\qT |Psd++ 100 (qsT) ~ nXueT =+<] qeT+
$yucH+ ue $b XeTTK: $y w qsT $<\T> +T+< ns+.
n+<T eTq+ Xs\ qsT d+KqT |j +# q m$T< (108), ysTTq
|<Vs (1016) n+{+. d+UXk >T]+ s \TdT+<+.
n+<T sejTD+HH, us+HH, s y\HH |sT >eT+ y{
ns\T *d >+<\ >TT jT|&TT+~. y\ MsT\, eT+y], HsTT
HjT\ |sT, ||\, <Tw\ s |sT |& +{sTT.
1. sejTD+ s+` us+ u+
2. us +bT ` V#] sTT+ bT
3. * sejTD+ `b* us+
4. seTT& d @eTeT+~?
5. d |T \+ #T
$ sejTD+` eTVus+ kyT\T.
36
sejTD+
sejTD leT<ejTD+ n L& n+{sT. sejTD+ |sT >\ ns+
@$T{? |\Tes *jT $wjT $T~. seTT jTq+ n+f seTT es+Z n+{sT #eT+~.
~$ y eTT #q n~<T. seTj:jTq+` se n+f d >qT d<$ esyZ T
sejTD+. nB> leTY X+ XujTeqyTq d >qT \<$ neT+~. y+s|s
yd nsTTq \ @&e nesyTq seeseT+< uC d>, ces+ sTD>
ne]++< $w |sD+ n+T+~. n+<Te\ l X+ seTw\ *dbsTT lseT,
lw nsTTq< |<\ sjT+. n+> y eTV] djX]+ eTVY n +s>
#|&+ y< \s+. sejTD y V+<Te\T, CqT\T, u<T\T, s <ojTT\T
eTeT eT\qT>TD+> #eT+~ y\T sXsT. mesT sdH sejTD y
eT\yT~? n ]+#&e TT <+&>e ] |. $TMT]q u >e*q <\ T *+#sT.
\= sejTD *sT.
n+<T y sejTDeT, n<T sejTD+, q+< sejTD+, n+ss
sejTD+, X + s sejTD+, ew sejTD+, < sejTD+ yTT<\>Tq$. eTq
me> $|+#~ y sejTD+. y nqT ujTy&T mesT?. XS<T&qTe+{
ujTy&T sejTD+ sjT&+ @$T{?. d T\qT nqTd]+ XS<T\T $< <s+>
+&*. d+d eTT #<TeL&<T. X+u&qT XS<T&T |dT #d, XS<T\T |dT #d eTs
n|s<eT X+u \ q]q y&T seTT&T. seTT <qT XS<T&T m sk&T?.
y |#dT esT&T. M yTT<{ |sT T&T n sejTD+ #TT+~. V
esT& s sejTD+ n+T+~. # esTDT =&T sejTD+.
d jTT>+Tq H&T V dseZ TT p& yq T. n +<T&T s+u~ d\ jT|sd\ T
H<TsT> y[]. y] p&> V s: |qeTjTqT. n~=+ |+eTT >*dqT.
n+<TqT+&jT y +#qT. nT + y V m<TsTusTT +<T duH s
dT |+eTT >\jTT# H T{. HVseTT deTLsTeTT n n&>qT. q sVd+
jT|T# V |eTT e e |T&y ujT\ >\d Ls s\ CjTT#T+&TeT
X|+ #qT. X| $y#qeTT #jT TeT y b]+#qT. e seTHeT |+ X| $y#q+
H=+<T<T e V qT&yqT. B |s+ y seTHeT |eTT #d sejTD+ s+#q
s sejTD+ n+T+~. y nd\T |sT nXs. *<+&T\T dTeT, d n
k+< |sD+ o+& #| &+~. y sejTD s < =+<s+ {sT.
sejTD+ s+ : V+d<E esT&T X<E&T. us ee nH eT
37
\T. <+|T\ LTs y<e. yT $weH $yVe&\ |Ts+> |dT #dT+~.

deTjT+ seDT&T #d yTqT $T+#&T. yT n+^]+#< T . |&e TH&T. <q~.
\e++> |T= yVXjT+ eTT<& |jT+#&T. |s |sTw ds n+~q
<V + +&&+ +>< j> *+#T= seDT H d+\+ d eT>TH HqT
nj> |{ $weqT $yVe& e+X HXq+ #kq udyT bsTT+~. =H
\+jT+<T |<+ |{+~. yTTyTT< seDT& |++~. |f |{ deTT<+
bsysTT+#&T. n~ $T~\ <X+ #] q eTVsE \_++~. H>{ #\T <=s&+
e\ yT d n |sT |{sT. d |T \+ # nqT kyT H{~. y<e MT~
s+ syT sd s $HXH VTuyT+~. X||\yT d| yyV+. <e
dsHXq+ nsTT+~. n| nsTTq sH d nj< n&T>T|{+~. nsTTH d+<V
rs lseTT&T |\ e #T #dT= s+ H|+ |Ps >sejTq dqT n&$b\T
CX&T. y\ ysT #|H ] dqT X|<+ #jTeTH&T lseTT&T. X+T&q
eT> |s+ #jT&+ ~q~q>+&+> u$+ d u>s+ *dbsTT+~. B s+
sejTD+.
* sejTD+ : <Xs<T d\, dT$T, sTT nqT eTT>TZsT us\T. =H s
eTT>TZsT us\ d+q+ *+~. d\ seTT&T, dT$T \DT&T, XE\T, sTT
us T &T +#sT. n+<s |] |<y s $<T<T\ T HsT HsT. <Xs < T &T q d+q+
|<y&q lseTT |{_w+ #j\qTH&T. eTTVAs+ L& ssTT+#&T.
$wjT+ sTT *dbsTT+~. y+H sTT <Xs<T <>Zs y[ n+~.
eTVsC! eTsT H $yV d+<s+ H y>q+ #XsT. y>q+ |s+ HqT
qT $yV+ #dTHqT. |&T y>q+ HqT sT#THqT. < MTsT Hsys*. #
e | qysT nesT n+~. ] @$T{ #| eTH&T. n|&T sTT n+~.
sC! y+H lseTT& 14 d+es\T eqyk |+| H esT&>T usT&
|{_w+ #j* n sTT n+~. <Xs<T&T * q e <q lseTT& 14
d+es\T eqyk |+b&T.
lseTT&T 14 d+es\ nq+s+ \+ seDT d+V]+ #s q q usjT q
d<$ &= nj< #sT = |]b\q #jT k>&T.
lseTT&T |\ e #T #dT= s+ H|+ >sejTq, q *jTq dqT
n&e\ b\T CX&T. * sejTD+ n+f ~.
seTT d @eTeT+~? : u< sejTD+ |s+ d seTT& &T{q #\T.
nsTTH \| #s\ |s+ seTT&T dqT |&T&T. y sejTD+ lseTT&T
38
qeTVsE LTsT d<$ |&T&T. + nH sejTD\T |#s+ +&&+

e\ n <\T $ d seTT @eTeT+~? nH |X edT+~. eTq \T>T uw
kyT +~. #& #\T esTd #dTy*, | * esTd #dTy* kyT &T{q
#\T nq<T. <s| #T]+ #\T esTd e#T. |[ d++~+q $~ w<\T
Cq|<T\T LsT $w< |]#sT.
*esTd |<T
LTsT esTd Lse#T
#\T esTd #|s<T
n esTd n<w+
| esTd\ <s| #T]| d++<. H&T \ eTT\ eTT ysT
| esTd\qT >] k] +#+&. |]X<\T L& M{| <w |{*.
|Ps\+ y$ esTd\T e. >s<sD j>yTq d ds< <]+#<+<.
H{ |\T eT+> X+>s e+ *+#THysT <T. Xs <s nqTd]+
|X|<T> nsq|&T eyT \sTT\T ]>$. n+<T H&T yTT<{ \sTT ns
n |sT e+~.
|Ps\+ y$ esTd\T m +&y eT#T = #&+&.
(n#<GneedT) (|sTT&TG qs<) ($|Gd+V)
(qVQw&TG $s) (eT+T&T G jTX<) (<Xs<T&T Gd\)
(seTT&TGd) (X&TG|e]) (|wG<|)
e nH# d++<\T. q\T>TsT |T\T #+&qT $yVe& eT
b&THsT. <d |T&T s sTww&T> |s=+~ q de #\TqT
|&&T. V q LTsT Xs|qT, VsDX|&T q LTsT sVD |[ #dTH&T.
ew&T Xs|qT, CV$ V$, dsT&T wqT |[ #dTe&+. $ LTsT esTd\T.
+& =&T\T d d+u+#&+ L& = <+\T HsTT. nsTqT& esT&T
n_eTqT&T q 16e @H |[ #dTH&T. nsTqT& s d++<eTT+&~. n&T yT
d+^+, H+ Hs&T. s nsTqT |$T++< us+ #TT+~. +<T esT&T
nsTqT&T. +<T +|&T> nsTTq }s nsTqT& |$TdT+~. nsTqT&T sd]k&T.
+<T |MT <T . |Ps+ |<\ T n+^]+q #syT n+T+~. nsTTH nsTq T&T |&T.
V =&T eTqTe. eTqTe * Xs|. Xs| eTqTe us L&. X< $eXT us
y] esT&T eTqTe. X< L& eTqTe us. k<sT LTsT L& |[ #dTe&+
L& +&~. <s T &T, < \T nq<eTT\T. < es\ T |~eT+~ <s T &T |[ #dT H&T.
39
lw =&T\T |<TeTT&T, k+uT&T d+ q +& >s$+#<T. |<TeTT&T |+|&T

* ej<$ |&T&T. w& 16y\ eT+~ us\qT k+uT&T y&TqT esV
|sD+ n+T+~. s<w\ |eT>< n+<] *d+<. s< w& yTq neT+~.
s< w& |[ H <s |$T+#THsT. dVJeq+ #XsT.
eTq \T>T kV+ s<, w\ |eT><qT e+> eTT<T| nqT s#sTT
sd+~. ~ T >+<eT, B X+>s |T{\T ndus+> HjT H{ _{wt
|uT + w~++~. s w<+ myj
T &+~. eTT<T| sdq >+<+ s~ k+q+
>+<+ # s#sTT lw H{y+ y\Te&q e\T HsTT. qLTsT
dsd V m @\TH&T?. >TsTe>] us <! s. yTqT >T\Tq #+<T&
@$T =s e+~?. #* esTd ><!. ew dsT, < @\Tq jTq @ b|+
n+{+~?. >+> deTT<T eTqTeTs\T ><!. < |+> #dT H&T ><!. jTq eHyd
@yTH >Zj ?. ydT eTs< <! n+u, n+u*\T. eT] jTq y] m eTq< [
d*b&T n lw&T n+{&T. + n+{&T. s< H+f |<<, d seTT+f
|<< , \seTT+f s e |<< , eTq<T +f sr<$ |<< , u <$ $we yTqj
T ,
>+> e yTqjT, nV\ +<T n neT+< n+{&T. e\ s~
k+q+ rjXdeTT >\e. lseTT&T @|r eT&?. <H #b*. y
sejTD+ =+ nqTeHd<+> H Cq sejTD+ |s+ q\T>TsT us\T. d,
|ue,su, lseT. Ms + sTy\ eT+~ |&T&T. \DT&T 16y\ eT+~
|&T&T. +~ >+<\ <s+> lseTT 128eT+~ us\T.
1. #sd sejTD+ 2. n>d sejTD+ 3. V+& |sD+ 4. b+#s>eTeTT
5. |< d+V 6. k+< |sD+
X
eT u>y u$T
<e TeT |<
nw$+Xs H
X+ #<Vq+ Xu+
| X+ |s+ lseTT 128eT+~ us\T. @+ s sejTD |s+ VqTeT+T&T
q\T>T] |&T &T. seD| d e, XSsD | nq+ dTeTqT, dTê |
|< s>qT, q\T | V]e* VqTeT+T&T |&T &T. +# e+<eT+~ us\
#|&+~. dTes\ VqTeT+T us> #|&+~.
y sejTD+ usT&T n$yVTq 14eT+~ q\qT VqTeT+T us\T>
40
kq+{&T.
(y sejTD+`jTT<+&`125 dsZ)
es lseTT&T dsjT q~ < V #dT+{&T.
(y sejTD+ s+& ` dsZ 110)
lseTT&T <e&T < #|q @ $ eTq yeTq>sT.
qeT>eTT uT $ \<T<q jT
sTD $&bjT <Xs~jTT
*$y&T <e&{jT s?
$X<_se $qTsye T!
+~ keT\T|j + sejTD <| b&#sT.
sejTDeT+f keqe?. >&< y+ sTe
d\>TD_seTT&T n+f +{ deT yTT>T&? nqT
seTs+ +>s+ sTe` uss+ uq+ sTe
sejTD+ |& \ y` s+>k ~MT< s+
sejTD+ sd+~ ujT` us+ sd+~ jT
s sd+~ V` ^ ^d+~ \DT&T
X
nkBq+ <+ <e+ |s s_s<!

kBq+ deTeT es+ |Ts>TsT+!!
ns+ : * +& >TsTe eTq n+<TuT qysT. n{y] < eTq
n+<TuT <eeTTqT s~+#T mT XeT>TqT.
(y sejTD+. nj<+&. dsZ 30 X+ 33)
| X+ |s+ lseTT&T <yH sd]+#&T.
+#+& sejTD+ eTT n_eq bs \T.
*>=q seT\DT\T n& esVeTT (|+~) sTweTT (mqTuT) <T| (+)
q\#s\ <T| H\T>T eT>eTT\T. y{ |]X<yTq e+deTTqT rdT= kjT+\eTT >H
s e+#T #T yTT<\T #]].
(y sejTD+ ` nj<+& `dsZ 52 X+ 103)
n+f seT\ DT\T e+kVsT\T.
41
us+
eTVus+ Xu\T> H{ |qTu ksTT m #sT q< >eT+#*. ydT&T 8800 X\T
#| jT n HeTsD+ #X&T. yX+bjTqT&T 24y\ X\qT |+ us+ n |sT |{&T.
kT&T \ X\ |+ eTVus+> sb+~+#&T. eT< eTs+<s C+ #dT= jT<X
|+b+~+#sT. eTVus+ 20 |s\THsTT. V]e+X|s+, u$w|s+ e<*|{ 18 |s\T>
eTVus |s=+{sT. us jTT<+ 18 nD\ dq+ bZq~. 18 sE\T jTT<+ ]+~.
u>eBZ 18 n<j\T> #|&+~. 18jTT beTTK @$T{?. 18 d+K jTT >=|q+
#eT+~ *jT<T. d+UXd+ e\q 18 d+K jTT beTTKqT >T]+#e#TqT. d+d uw
ns\qT n+\ |s+> $u+ n+\ <T\T> ns\qT y&sT. ns\, n+\ eT+`#&T
ss TT+#sT. #eT+~ 9 n+qT n<w+ >, |$+> u$ksT . n m+<T ]+< +~ >&T \
ns\qT @jT n+\ deTqsTT+#s \TdT+~.
n+\T y{ d+s\T :
|jT d++U |D[
~qe, {~qe, b~|+#, j<w nH$ ns d+ d\T> #|+{sT.
+^wt
\T>T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
K > |T # # sa
A B C D E F G H I
s & & D < < <
J K L M N O P Q R
| | u eT
S T U V W X Y Z
jT s \ e X w d V
R0
>D Xd+ 1qT+ 9es n+\T+{sTT. 9 s n+\T e eq 9 n+qT >=|~>qT,
|$+>q u$ksT . |&T us+ qT jT n m+<THs?. 18 d+KjTT beTTKyT$T{ #<+.
R8, jTR1
42
n+f jT d+K 81. eTq+ d+d uw 18 nc<X n+{+. eq 81 d+KqT s>d

sd 18 neT+~. n<$<+> 1G8R9 neT+~. jT n+f jT+ *dT+~ eq us+ 18
d+KqT y&sT.
+Xd+ ns \ <T\T n+\T L& y&T+{sT. >D + 9e meTTqT >TD+q es
e#T s+&T d+K\qT L&H L& 9edT+~.
9I2R18
1G8R9
9I3R27
2G7R9
9I4R36
3G6R9
9I5R45
4G5R9
9I6R54
5G4R9
9I7R63
6G3R9
9I8R18
7G2R9
9I9R81
8G1R9
|&T =+<sT d+UXd+ yV+ |& 9 n+ e#T m+ &T nsTTH KsT
|T yqT&sT. yVqeTT\ H+sT {sTT+q|&T 9 n+ e#T \\T y+q
ysT HsT. n+\T \sqT ese. ~ >eTd #\T.
|&T us+ |D[<+> m L] \q #jT&+< nseTeT+~.
eTVus+ eTTb eTTMd+ V <sjTT<\T e e |]dT
q|&T THsTT. +> eTVus+ nq<eTT\ eT< d =s ]> bs{\T | keqT
kq+ <T .
n u+&T <. jTT<+ <s+ d+ n+{sT. s+ |csyTq~.
#+#\yTq~.XT\T $sT< <s\qT u~ksTT. d T\qT, <sXk\qT sdq eTVsT\T
]=sT d++<+ +& me] e |eDeT>TH >T]+| M\T+& s#q\T k+#sT.
eeV] <s >V+#&, $#]+#& M\T>+& n+<s +<TsyTq >TV
qT+~. eTVqT\T @ es+Z nqTd]ks n< <s eT $XB]+#&+~. e] <e\q
Xu<+, Xu+ d~dT+< n< <s+ beTHsT. n+<T eTVus+ <s>+<+ <T.
u+&T >+<+. n+<Te\ us+ u+ nHsT. d (b*u>+) =s jTT<+ ]+~.
b*us+ nHsT. #us+ n e+>+> <|b&#sT. d\T, uV\T ysT y<+
$qL&<T nq&+ # n+{ yd+ |+#eTy<+ (eTVus+) sX& u>e
|<eT d+<+ |s=+~.
43
V# u$T |T\ <s+T

*+T s+Cd
&# \THq & T{q y&T
#+|#T+&T >s #]T&>T#T
(bq>] sTD D+)
(ue+ : seT+<* | sE\T LsT nq<eTT\qT #+|T+{sT. |Ps+
V<e&T j es<s\qT @s]#|&T jTT<+ +&=&\T, nq<eTT\H u<+
+& me]HH #+|&+ jTT\ #syTq ssTT+#&T. { Bd+ $#s+|e\<T
nH&T \seTT&T.) lw&T L& jTT& { <s+ |] s+ d+b~+#T
nsTqT bZHT #jTT u>eBZqT u~+#&T.
us+ u+ : eTVus+ d+jT, <ssE\ u+ jTT|jTT\, mT
|mT> yT> q&TdT+~. eTqTq< eTTd{> #|+&, |sT\ yT|\ u+>+
s+& |\>\ysT. <ssE d+jTT +& |\\yTq eMT< <jT s+&
|\Teq+| b*+& =&T\ #| +<|d |D |+#> &<!. e <T>TsT nq<eTT\
< ebsTTH +<|d+, e|d+, jT++, ysTDe+ H\T>T |D*
<~ @< eTq~ e ~ d b<! nH&T. +<|d+ +<, q eT&T
s<qT\T eTH&T. nd\T <sw s+ | H\T>T s<qT. <~ H <T.
yeTqT&T ]q eT&T&>T\ <q+ +{~ ~. + dTyT> n&> dT~ jTTBwsT&~.
B de<q+ #|>\ X d+jTT& +~. <ssC! e sDs+>+ jTT<q+T,
u\TsH, d\H, +<Te\H, >TsT\ #+| d+b~+#<y?. sT~s_\q+T+fqT yTq
_ qyT q&e& n <s +> |*&T. y+H <s sE d+>eT+T sE\ <s +<+><
#| eT d+JjTT n+{&T.
M]sTe] d+uwD jeT |T \ e+\e] u+\ ]+~.
<ssE lw sjus+| <y! <Ts<TqT&T <sTTH jT& ?
jTb d]. @ $~HH su>+ neds+. X+ b+<T seTT. sb+ +&
s+ sy* nH&T & $s>+& beTT #e+& k+~ d+uwD. B lw&T
sTqe yTT<{ qT+& MT d+> *jT+~ <T. se\T y& d~ y|q+ uu>yTH
esT. ;esTqT\T #dq X|<\T #\T& |e. <| =| eTT& M& rs<T. y]
\qT >T]+ ek. d+>e dejT+ +& n+ nsTTqq bsTT se Vdq
n |jDeTj&T. sD\ e\ d+jTT&T sT sE eoT&T <sd
44
yT |* nH&T. B <s+>>H yeTq j |sT <ssE |qTy| $j nH

d #b&T.
sT + deTs+ bs+ue TjT eTT+<T >sq ;c#sT\ eTT\ b<|DeT+
#d +& |\\+, ~ n|\+. ! eTsDys #|eT d\ qjTH\
d+uw+#&T. yTT+& K+& n&+ |T= X+q & ws\ >TD #X&T.
<qTs< bs+>T&q <D#sT\T <T sE\T nK+&> jTT<+ #d
nXeTn: nXeT n: n _>Zs> n]#&T. <ssEqT <seT]> u$+q <DT&T
nd dHd+ #X&T. <Tw<TeTT \ s+#&T. <sy+ ]q |T{H?.
e+\ e] u+\ eq yue+ e\{ yueyT eTs={ < |sD |sTw\
e#q+. u+\T, V+dqT ## j yeTq nH&T.
|+#eT q>eT+T us+>Tq
b+&s \ qT\T T~e*
V+dH+ #& we TjT H
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
us >] .X Hs y+fXsse >] |<+ #&+&
s+ <\T =, u+ <\T =
+|H\ | +|>]
= yjT LusejT
qejTT>\ u Hs e!
eTVus+ u> e BZ # beTTK +~. B |]o*<+.
u>eBZ yTT< 84 X. s 626 X\T us+ mes *| 700 X\
#ssT. eTq $jT+ ysT 35 X\T eyT +#sT.
lw&T <e&T <T : lw&T bNq s $C. #+<>+ lw&T <e dTT&
|s=+~. y{ nes d<+yT <T. dT|d~ #] |sTw\ <q+s+ y]#T
nu \q\T n* y] <e +> |P+#&+ eTq <X+ ds k<sD+. XsT n+^]+#
>eTT<T| C <\T dw+ <e+> s~+#sT. nf eqe <seT] d|>T\
\D\qT s+ s nyseT dwyTq jTT\qT #|+q lw se+yTq
^|<XeTT |u$T& y] n<T <\qT n\&yT> nes d<+ L& lw&
#|qT ^ #ssT. lw&+ eTVeTw qT |syTXsT& dT #dTH&
T~eT+T&e& n+^]+#&T. |sT\ d<+\T eT\s #+<e. eTVT\qT
>s$+#&e T+f y] #s eeV\qT >T]+ y] nqTd]+#T. n+ y] <e eT
45
>T{ |P+#&+ <T. eqe&T XsT&{ ne&T. @ eTwH qT u>e+T&q

n+f y $wjT+ T~eT+T\T C> eV+#*. m+<T+f |wY sTw #|qT
nHeT+~ n+<T\ n+<T&T esZ<s+ eV+ q bT y] |H L&
sDeTeTH&T.
(.X sT< yUq+) ~ jT<s+.
u>eBZ : |wT\ ksyT u>eBZ. u>eBZ L& 18 n<j\T >\~. B
L& |wT > u$ksT . +<T 18e d+K L& d+UXd+ qqTd]+# $j+|&+~.
eTq +<T | n<jT+ es leTY u>eBZ qT|wTd V $<j+,
j>Xd. .. n +T+~. n+f V$<qT, j>Xk u~+# |wT n ns+ .
V$< nq> @$T{? n~ m +T+~.?
V+ nqT |<+ nH d+d <TeqT+ |{+~. n+f $d]+#>\~ n
ns+. $d]+#< X, yX\+, Wq+ eTq n+<e. |wT\T u~+#T |sV
eTq >#s+ <T. V #&eTT, e\, eTqdT, ueq d+u$+#eTT.
n>eT+, n>#s s|+ nsTTq V @eT m e]+#&+ n H|wT n+T+~.
n<+ V $< H *jTbe{ e>s e\T $+T+{+. V H]q yTT<{
$< dw+ #&+ , |{+ #&+ . deTd JesX\ V$< \TdT. eT C |+#Te&# d
+ s dw seT n+{sT. ~ qd<+, |d<+. <w V $< nH~
n+ dT\uyTq, dVyTq #<Te. V Xu u>e+T&H ns+ +~. <e& q
e+{ C #+~q yH>, HH CT\ JesX\H > e edTe\qT jsT#d,
|{+# X +< q$Tqy Xk , y<+ ks V$<> |]>DksT. V
nH |<+ q|+d *+>eTTqT d+#TqT. ^ V$< nH~ y<+ <sq+ s
MTe+d. B s+qy&T u<sjTDT&T. ydT& =+<s+{sT. sMTe+dH
Vd\+{sT. $ 555 d\T>qTHsTT. d+ eT&T H\T>T |<\ #
q> +{sTT. $ =+<s> ns+ e. #eT+~ $ ns+ eT q
yUH\T sXsT.
V<sTD|wT je* eTV], e# |>]Z VqT >]
y<|y<\T sT>TsTT. >]Z n&q |X \ je* de<qeTT #T&T. |C|
+ <| <s|& +< >]Z n&T>TT+~. |C| eTTq VeTT <syT
q< #T&T. n|&T >]Z V+ <| <s|&+< |dT+~. je*
n+{&T. z >Z! n&T>eTT. < #| k<eTT <T. qTe |+#>&<T.
y |d sdT bT+< ujT|&&T. >]Z |X yjT<T. B eTq+ @
46
$<+ > ns+ #dT y*?. d n&q |X \ de<q+ #| y<+T\qT @eTH*?.

H{ L& @ y<+ qT+ eTq dsq de<q+ s<T.
e m|&H ssD\T $#]d eTsT q e q> |&e us+
X+|s+ (n<jT+ 180) ujT|{+~. eT] B @eTH*?. < X+|s+ #s&T
<ssE sC! e #d |qT\T eT+$ e |d #s& sdT& + V
#ksT . VT$<qT |d VT$<qT XsTT+qy] Hd \T, y< +< \T nq~ eTqT<s
Xd+. VT$<qT |+#>&<T nH H|+H eTq \T>T kV+ q+~ eT\jT `|T+
d+>jT nqT + e\T |u< #+<<jT+ nqT y nqTe~+#sT. |+#y] HsT
eTsTT+#&yT ys+. Xd | $T+q~ Cq |. CqXSqyTq Xdy<+ esyT
<T nqs+ L&. nd\T deTdqT ne>Vq #dT= Hj b<q+ y\H&T
yjTqT&T. |eD\ <s ns sjT+ #dTe&yT HjTeT HjT<sq+ #|+~.
n+<Te\ =+eT+~ y<+ |+&T\T HjT<sq+, k+K <sq+, yXw <sq+
eT&T <sH\qT Hd <s\T> d&+#THsT.
V nH~ ueT. V n+f uVDT&T. >+<\ 9eT+~ uVDT\THsT. u>T&T,
|\dT&T, n+^sdT&T, n, Te, <&T, eT, \VQ&T, ew&T. 9eT+~ V
mesT? uVDC ds+> \T| H{ L& H sTH, Cs
VAe+\+ V|<+ #T | eT y+ bsT. |< [ b*.
V$T< y< b*. = edTe\, #, eTqTw\, +Te\ V |<
*+ eT uVDC #T+THsT. <VsD VCeTT&T, VyT&, Vsd+,
Vd+, V+&+, V], Vds+, Vs, Vq+<+ yTT<\>T |<\T.
nqe#sT\ d+sq\ |sVyTTf n+f @$T{? n+<T nHsT. *d
LdT$<` *jTb V$< n n<\ V Ck ( qT+ VeT+f @$T{
\TdTe&+) nH eTV y+ Xd+ |]Cq+ yTT<\jT~. d+|<jT |<
V<e& > V |<se TH eeVseTTq~. n+f Vq nse Tqe.
#s#s ||+#+ m |{+< }V+ $e]+# XdeT~.
Xd CH d+b~+#&+ V $<qT k~+#&+. n<=f eTq |T&
be#T> q deTd $<\qT # dT\uyTq |< HsTe#Tq ns+. V $<
*d+~ nqTH \ s+> nseTjT dw sVd+ n+<] $<+> ns+>&T. {
nH eT\T, $Xk\T |{sTT. |*+ |T&, s $<qT V $< nq&+
|]bsTT+~. u>eBZ lw&T n+{&T.
<sd+k|HsjT` d+uy$T jTT>jTT> (^ 4`8) nq> <s k|+#T |
47
jTT>+q ne]dH +{qH&T. eTq H\T>T jTT>\THjT+{sT. , , <|s,

*jTT>\T. jTT>+ <s+ H\T>T b<\MT< q&+<HsT. nTe+|&T
jTT>+H eT, Ls, esV, q]+V, yeTq <T nes\T m+<T me\d
e+~?. yT <T .
<seTq> deTk <]+#~. u]+#~ jT <sXu ns+.
<s+ n+f |D+ ` d+ `b* `due+ `#s+ `nV+d ` y< $~
`y<++ `jT+ `<q TdT `<s Xd+ mH ns\THsTT. +<T <qsTTH d+<s
{ ns+ >V+#e#T. es <e\q Xu<+, Xu+ d~dT+< n< <seTHsT.
|<T, <T. m+&<T, Hq<T n lw&+{sT. Xu |se, Jy, V<jT+,
Xs+, <s+, eTqdT n+ |T+Te\+{sTT. +{ yd+#&yT e+#q n+{sT.
n+f qTeyT . V n+f qqT qT #+|e&+, u+> J$+#&+ e\H
|]|Ps b+<TT+~. u+ n+f Xs bwD nqe. Xs+ s \T
| e+{~. n~ @MT #jT<T. Xs < <s sd+# <y<T\T e{
keTsbT\T. e+#\T. |s<e dVjT+ eTs\T, Xe\T { n~s\ nsT\T ##
n<e<eTT\T. e\ Xs+, Xs+ e\ eT nd \T|+{sTT. e\ *>
#H $<HH <+ n+{sT |<\T.
nb|eTqk dV nq> eTqdT n+<~ n+{sT.
ne B u` eeT< us!
ne < HHe ` |]<eH!! (^.2`28)
z us! bDT\ | eTT+<T +~jT >#s\T e. eTsDq+s+ L& n$ neeTT.
qq eTsD\ eT< eyT n$ |{ \T. n+|&T y{ |]|+ #&+ wjq+ n+{&T
lw& T .
u<+ qT n+^]+#<T .
CqeT+ \T nH\T n+T+~. Jy, |se _H\T.
e, +T, eTqTw n eT&T s\ \ k+ n+T+~.
Je+, , |]X<+ u_ <+, n<+, $c<+ eT&T eT\T <={
$wjT+ b{&T= eT&T <sT\T> N*bjsTT. n+f Xs+ (jT+ 1`5`1, sjT+
u+`21)
bD+, T~ (|X|wT 3:6)
sTeTT\, yTsT|\ nu+. @< +&jT Cq+ b+<TT+< n<
(#+<>|wT ) (8:1`47)
48
< >T]+ ~~~< #|&TTq< n< V<sD|wT n+T+~ (4:6`15)

nDTe+f q~. V+&+ +f |<~.
Xs+ m&H +&e#T.
Xs+ yTT+ n+ +T+~.
se T+ +T+~.
>T+&\ edT+ ~.
XseT+ +T+~.
s+>T\+ +T+~.
n+>Twe q+.
$<+> |sjT |<\T #| zdT` dT\ +< \T>ud bs<*Hq
|wT \ ks+X+.
$<+> u>eBZ qT, \CH >] n<\T #|+~. eTq |sT>T<\, eTq
|]ds\T, eTq <e b|+ Cq+| <s|& jTT+{sTT. nTe+{ qeT\T u$wYqT
*| $<\ \T. |d+ 35e |J #<Te 75e |J < @ eT\T|
sT>TT+< #|+.
2001 d+es+ qe+sY H\ sD q]+VXd nH y<| + &T &T eTsD+ #&T.
&T +< |uT+ # y<Xd+ nysT b+~qy&T. esT&T sD eX+s
Xs y<+ #~$ Hd> e]qy&T. &T dt uVH) nqT >+<+ q +&
eTsD >T]+ $<+> nH&T.
>& bsTTq nq+ \
nq+ q\ nq+ sb\
<s|+ MTsT sT.
Hq>s!
sujT nq+ \
nq+ q\ nq+ sb\
< s|+ MTsT qssT.
(dt uVH ` sDeX+s Xs)
^ lw&T \ <s\qT deT]+#&T. d<s+ m+ #&<sTTH #> nqTw+#
|s<s+ H d<s #sD eT+ n+{&T. d\T, yX\T, XS<T\T b|jqT\H&T.
49
n+f uVDT\T, jTT\T |DjqT?.

nsTH! e jTT<+ sTTd s+ nqTu$ke. y eTsDd dsZ+ #sT+{e
n s+&T $< X|{ sT+ 18 nD\ dq+ eTsD s&j&T.
mes MsT\T jTT<+ eTsDd ysT dsZ+ #sT+{sT. dsZ+ }s, yTq,
eT+{ nHeT+~ n|sd\T dsZ+ #sTq MsT\qT M&T H y&T` M&T H y&T
n n+<TsT. n|sd\T n #TTeTT&s C$T us+ |s=+T+~. $eTsH Cq+
qd eTq { eT& qeT $T>T\TsTT. dsZ+ qT +#T$T+#T d+d >+<\
eTq\qT q$TksTT. <>Zs dsZ+ <H #|&+~. me&T *dq < qT+ *jT
< y&T. |s+ n+] ne\ +~. { dsZ+ n& +< < me]
\TdT+ ~?. + +> +H +~.
ndH nk: ( C$TjT uVD+ `1`291)
n+<T yeTq nH&T.
1. VeTT $&Te |\ eTT +|> >\<
eTV \T y] eTeTT \
Vq |seTT HsT>T >qs
$X<_seT $qTsye T !
(yeTq |<eTT\T ` H<Tq] >+><s+)
2. Vy\eT bsTwe&sT
VeTq> < ueyT$T?
\Tb q\Tb msTb *jT \T&
$X<_se $qTsye T!
u>eBZ lw j>eT+f @$T{ \TdT+<+.
j>eT+f @$T{?
j>+ nH |< jTT nH d+d |<+ \e&+, \sTT nseTT qT+& j>+ nH
eqT LssT.
j>+ nH |< $TXDeTT, d++<+, , +<C\+, e s<eTT, <qeTT,
n<we TT yTT<\>T ns\THsTT. j>+ | |sTwD, Jy |se qT \TdTe&
|jTeTHsT. HqT n ns+ #|+Tq $XeT+ $]+ q u>e+TD
n+{ <eue+ eTsTTbe&+, | `|sTw\ \sTT nH uy eeT\T d
50
|sTw\ \sTT sp bD+ q Je\T #d V$< b* n~ \sTT >< nqe#T.

nH |<T. n~ j>yT neT+~. j> \T>T dsq ns+ #b\+f *dbe&+,
<=T nL& #|e#T. srd+u>+, yT<Tq+, j>+ nH d+d T* y&qT
<s+> \T>T sjT& #eT+~ yq&T>T yksT. usrjT Xd+ q
sT <s H\ j>+ L& {. j> s+ d* @sT #dq y&T |+ *
eTV]. j> d\ |s+ j>+ n+f e s<q+ n eTqdT mT|&
nTbjT < e >TD n]& y T j>+ nH&T.
n eTqdT n]& ||+#+ eXyTbT+<q~ jTq d<++ #X&T. D y&T
sTT+#T+f ||+ #H sTT+#e#Tq ns+ . e qqT qT d]~<T >* ||+ #H
d]~<>\ Xe+T&T ne&H ueT d<++.
sTT|{ m+eT+~ eTVsT\T eTq<X+ e n]>*q yHsT.
y] @ s ||+ #+ q q T @e+ esb jsT.
d |sTw d+<q+ e&yT j> |]DeT+. d+j>yT |Ps #seTd.
qT d |sTw\ de> \+ <+| d+ | <s|&+~. V `$w` eTVXsT\T
eT ns+jTq d X +{sT. m|& { s+&Tq$. qT s+& { y*. n$
q|&T <e X ysesT. d dVs+ +& |sTw |Ps+ d~+#<T.
d>, |sTw&T > sT> |Ps k~+#sT. | e&T q X, | X q
eD yT e\d+<. n$ s +& es esTT. ~qT+& d |sTw d+j>+ sT>TH
+~. d e\ H $\Te\T |sT>TjT | q+#e. Zbe. dw | |sTw
d+ =+ +T+~. | d |sTw+ =+ +T+~. sT +& s+&e y]
J$ |Ps+ d~+#<T. n~ <+> m+es d+. eTq |sD\ <e
us <e&T &T. n+f X d+ m|& +~. eTq >eT+ sTZD+ |y+#&+
<T. n ] |]DeT+ nH |< ns+ <T .
(d d+V `Xs+) >+<+ qT+&.
j>+ nH jTT> d+++~ jTT>, jTT> nq |<\ s+&T n ns+. qT jTT>,
j>+ s+&+{ d++~+q $wjT+ neT+~. s+& @M?
|X eT\+ | J$ |{q~ yTT<\T <+< |H TT+<q +.
@$T{ <+< |.
Xs+ ` eTqdT - J$ - |]ds\T èw ` d$Tw edTe\T, uy\T deTd+
<+<yT.
qT J$ @~ \_+H n~ j> |\yT neT+~. $<, <q+, ], us, >V+,
51
yVq+ <T\ j>|\+> \_+#y. nd\T H j>|\+. neqT eT]! +&

*dH < _& q.
\sTTH dTK<T:U\T. { $X+ deTd j>yT. j>+ # s\THsTT.
n+<T +&* j>yTT{. +&* j>+ |s+ eTT& <>Zs yHeTT u>+ eTw
X +T+< qeT+. X ||+|Cd yTD yHeTT <s | yT<&T >T+&
rdTse&+ |<. +{ X }VyT > <s\ \e<T. qeT+ nq|&T
<s\T n&>s<T.
+ j>+ eTs={. + j>+ d neT\T|]#sT. d k<q+> #dT=
j> neT\T |s# \HsT. yT D +j >+ dc|\T> esjT +<|uT +
B w~++~. |&T >TsY, nk+, u+> b{+q + +<\T H&T
eT|&sTT.
= _#>&T b<s > & T nqT qq+> >Ts|<X e T+~q s y<+ d+XjT +
rsTe& dMT|+q+<* lH< eTV$ d+<]+#&T. |se m \TkjT
q nqTeH n&T>> $H<T &T +&T eq+ qTq HsTT HjT\T @yT q T n
de<q$T#&. > sd UeTD bHeT <]+#T= d]esD ! HsTTs +
HjT V<jT+ m X |ydT+< n&>&T. y nqTeq sV+>
y+H |se \ n+q yTq T n de<q$T#&. >TsTe q w&
n&>&T.
c! s +&T >+\ qT+ <q+ LsTHe. m n|++<H&T. n|&T
w&T V! |sT| eT+#+ +& Ls= L& VsTT> <be#T n *d+~ kMT !
nH&T. nH |<+ j>+ L& L& <>+ neT+~. j>eT+f |jTeTH~
eTTK+ eT+ |jTo\+ y& < n+{sT. V+, <eT+ \y]
<>T\qe#Tqq~ neTsX+. e+<&H sTw ysTT X\| e+<eTH +&
Xk s+#&T. nqeT<+, deT<+, $<eT<+, \eT<+, s|eT<+, <>eT<+,
jTeqeT<+ nH$ nwe T<\T. n+<T <>+ @&e~.
j>eT+f H=d{ s n L& n+{sT. y& j>+ n q<+{sT.
j>H y<+T\T H\T>T u>\T 1.eT+ 2. \jT 3. Vs 4. s j>\T> $u+#sT.
dT, T, q+<\T eT&T eT+j> k<H\T. H<, _+<T, \T eT&T \jT j>
k<H\T. jTeT, jTeT, dq, bDjeT, |Vs, <sD, <q de<T\T m$T~
Vsj> k<H\T. k+K, s, neTqd j> #TwjT+ n+{sT.
52
1. \T e+ w+Tq H]
* LsTqT+& & jTT+&
XdqeTT\ yq q<e T j>eTT\Ts
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
2. &\T <\TjTTqT >eTT NjT qTqT
&\T $sT#Tf\ j>yT\
eTT =+ & eTT<&T ><
$X<_seT $qTsye T !
3. bDT\+<T e u$+|Hs
j>eT+<Ts\ H>Ts
j>eT+<T>\eT+<TqT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
(yeTq |<eTT\T)
53
50 @+ o |+&T&T u>eBZqT eTXd|s+> yUkq dy\T

$ds&T.
|sDeTT\T
eTV | sDeTT\T 18. | | sDeTT\T 18. | | sDeTT\ b|
|sDeTT\THjT+{sT. eTV |sDeTT\ 5 $wj\T+{sTT. 1. dsZ (dwCq+) 2.
|q:dsZ (|q:dw) 3. e+X+ (sTw\ e+X+) 4. eTq+s+ ($_q eTqTe\ \>Dq) 5.
e+XqT#] (ds #+<T\ e+X #])
$> <e\ eTVeT\T, esXeT <s\T, X<~s\T, e jTe\T, |P\T,
<sq d<+\T+{sTT.
|sDeTT\qT eT&T u>eTT\T> $u+#sT.
1. k |sD\T ($w d++<yTq$)
2. sd |sD\T (V d++<yTq$)
3. eTd |sD\T (e d++<yTq$)
eTd |sD\T <TsZ *+#TqT. M \ >& p&s<T. M{ $qy]
eTbeq bsXs | |sD+ #| +~.
Xe\T, ywe\T #T&T= me] eTqTks+ ysT |sD\T ^dTHsT. ks, X,
>D|~ |sD\T >& y*XsTT. V+<Te\ nc<X |sDeTT\ e~]> #T]+X
(24) |sD\T Cq T\T dw+ #THsT. u<T\ |\T, nT $\T, C <\ T, Cq|<T \
|sD\T (\ |sD\T) mHH y*XsTT.
eTV |sD\T XS<T\qT <s+> +#sTT. |sDeTT $wj\qT Hd\
#| >&< nHsTT. |sD\ qT+ u| & + ~ uVD (|PC]) esyZ T . nsTT
|sD\ eTV k>s+ m& eTT m& ns+ ><T. |sD\T <e\qT >]
# $es+> e]ksTT. <y n+f |+#T y&T n ns+ (<yjTr :) n <eeT+f
\eT, n<we T, <e&T n ns\T HsTT. , <y , n<c <>+ #d djT yTq
|sTcs |H~>, |P+> #dT= |e]+#eT |<\ +{sT. n+f qT e >=|y>
u$+#T= J$+#eT ns+. |wT\ sTZDT&T, ssT&T> qTq u>e+T&T nq+s
\+ d>T DT&T, ksT&T> e]bj&T. <e\ |T\ T |sD\ # $+>
+{sTT. n$ eTq }V n+<q+ <s+ y[b sTT. ns+ e, @~ qe *jT
|]d @s&TT+~.
1. ~X qT+& ;eTT |fq T. < \eTT # e&T njTqT. e jT+<T
$we |fqT. $weTjTyT ds>T +&jTTq~. n+<Te\q e&T $we +& ><?
54
(eTVj eTVsV) n+<TqT+& HqT s|+| Cd nH&T (e|sD+).

2. sd` eTd ` k >TD\eTT\# ~eT]jT eT, jTT ~eT] e\q
eTsT\T nsTTHsT (eT |sD+).
3. ~XjT+<T eTsT\T <$+#sT (<M u>e+)
4. HsjTDT & |qT+ V, m&eT |qT+ $we <$+HsT (Hs<
|sD+).
5. n+&eTTqT+ e&T s|]+ s m&eT |qT+ \, & |qT+
V dsd *+#qT (*+>| sD+).
6. \ qT+& $we, dsd qT+& V |{s (es+&jT |sD+).
7. V, $we, sT<T&H& eTTe] X * eT&T N* \, [, dsd
<$+] (esV |sD+).
8. $we u&TqT+& V +#qT (u>e |sD+).
9. sT<T&T Ve\q dw+|&qT (eT |sD+)
10. $we us\T >+><$, \, dsd, bs jT (V yes |sD+).
|sD\ n&& d neds+ +& |sTw d+q+ b+<T # $+>
+T+~.
leTHsjTDT&T q eTTKeTT qT+&, uTeTT\ qT+&, =&\ qT+&, b<\ qT+& es
dVjTeT|+#+&H HH >\ y] H\T>T kH\ qT+& H\T>T s\T djT+>
|{+#&T. |> H_kq+ qT+& |< n+<T qT+& dwsjTq V<e& dw+#&T.
> XsT&T q &qT }&u] Msu< k$T |{+#&T. V |dT #dT+&>
|\TesT dqTesT\T +#sT. M] Veqd |T\ |sD\HsTT. sdMsT\T
eT s| #T\ qT+& |\\qT |{+#ys |sD\T |s=HsTT.
V]VsT\ e\ njT|k$T <$+#sT.
lV], #+<T&T uy ueeTs<T\T. MsT H&T eq+ $V]dT+&> #+<T&T
#+<e> lV] lH<T&> esT#+~ eTsT\T= *XsT. M]sTe] d<>s+ =*
#e] V]X+<T&T }&|&&T. s eTV] esT&q sTT\T&T ds|+ T<T b+<&T.
|sse #e] H&T. Hs< eTV] esTd> nsy eT+~ u$Te]+|CX&T. ys
nsy d+eseTT\ |sT (1 |ue qT+& 60 nj
T ) dqTq+<T#THsT. e+<&T+<s
deTT eTT.
|Ps<jT <jT+ L& ]+<. |sTw s|<sT\T ds| <]DT
d+q+ dreT\T\ d+> eT]#sT. y]jT&\ $eTTKT\T>H +&bjsT. H&T eT>Te\T>
55
es eT>ysH > \ \Tc n++& +{s <+. e{ m n |d

<e\ eTVeT n n+{sT. eTVeT nH |< # ns\THsTT. >=|, |Tq, |+|,
b&e, |ue+, eT+T, yT{, yd, d+>VeTT, \ yTT<\>Tq$. dVyTq | |
|y&T #jTe#TqT. ndVyTq | nsTT n~ <e\ eTV+ n+{sT. nq>
yTq < n<+ > es&yT eTVeT n+{sT.
<: V H{qT+& yT |{+ < #+<>|wT n+T+~. n< H{qT+& m\T>T+{
|{+ < sejTD+ n+T+~. Te+{ $wj \T eTq |sD\ +& |ksTT. ns+
#dTH #q eTq+&*. eT >+<\, eTVsT\ e\ <s =* #|y]
kqTue+ @ =+#yTH +&*. \+#y&T #]+ #&& nqTe> +&*. |<\T
#|Hs eTq T~ s<T #dTe&+ @e+ eT+| <T. $wj <c++>
}] qTe\T ysH eTqdT\T f nqTH sTesT $TT\THsT. n+<T sT q
e| $TT m+ $XdeTT+< \TdT+<eT $Te! q MT nyssT y[
e#qT. n& us eTT+&yd LsTq< _y>+ #b&T. n n+<* q$T#
uesTeT+ |<|Tq @&k>&T. sT>TbsT>T ysT e |e<yT$T |+#sT.
+eTT+~ H us eTT+&yd+~ uujYT nH&T. e+&> us m $<es\T
neT+<j! n+f n<+ HHsT>qT. H bD$TT&T #b&+ j!yTTs nqk>&T.
n+<s $dTb jsT.
djT+> $#]+#TH X dq\&+ # n+< $Xk\ MT< <s|& n+
njeTjTyT. |sD y~ >T]+ L& q y]+#Tbe&+ e+X\T,
CT\T, <X\T ud|\+ nsTTbTHsTT. |ybd\T y*. dVJeH, dyTqT
k~+ X+ H\=*.
@ |sD\HH #]+>, XdjT+> n<jTq+ #jT&H yT<\J n+{sT.
| >T]+, de+qT >T]+ s +&+{ *+> $e]+# e]yT *jTb
= uyM se. ejTdT m+ |sT>TTH |{qy+ |{q+f +{+. q|&T q
|&T n_bj |< ejTdTq k>T +{sTT. es |{qy+ |{eqT @
esT\T +& y[beT |U s#sTT s+>HjTeT nHsT. |d<+> |]DeT
d<yT+~. |, $T\T \eTH s< #\e+{$. \>eTq+ m n|de+><
|]DeT T\ ||>Z\Te. <w #d eTq |PsT\T =sT e bsTqT
b<T&qT = d<+\T e b d<+\qT |]esTkjT +{sT. y #\qsV +>,
Je s V + > \ q s T >, # \ q+ d < + + > qq eTs D
esZ<seTeT+<HsT. D+ #d $T #T> n~ m+ |]DeT+ #+<&+ eTq+
56
+ #dTH+. dweTeT+ > sT>TT+~.

y< <s, |wT <s keTsd+ <s&+ <T. |wT\ |wT
bT <s&+ <T. n> >TV d\, q |d+u d\ u< $y<\T |\T.
eTqd eT<\T= X+* d es <<| 32 d T\THsTT. |]o\q |]d $
|]|] $<\T> <su< >$+#sTT. d T\T |uTe\ bT nM |]DeT+
#+<sTT. #+<TTHsTT. |]DeTy<+ dJe+. n|]DeT y<+ e+. ywuw e#T
esT\qT d]+q+\+ |> >, dT>> XSqeTe&+ d+<V +. \\T e> y T q $.
\\ e> ]\T, XjT eTT\T, J$| $\Te\T |_+_+#TqT. \\, eeTT\
# b*\T >\e eTH $Cq XdE\T #|<TsT. eTw n+sZ+> +& y<q\,
yXeTT\, ]\ \\T n<+ |&jT n+{sT.
|sD\T C q \\T. n$ C JeeTT\qT eT\#TqT. Xd+#TqT.
|_+_+#TqT. e\T, sT\T eqd s>T\T $+$+ +Te\qT dw+#>\s eTH
$Cq Xdy bsTTdt n+{&T.
|sD+ $+f ] X+>s+ +{+~ nH kyT.
57
|sD X+>s+ m +T+< s \TdT+<+.
d+UXd+
eTq+ eTVus+ #<TeTq|&T 20 |s\T >\ eTVus+qT ($w|seTT, u$wY
|seTT) d+UXd |s+> 18 d+KqT ns\ #d |$+> #dTHs =+
\TdTH+. eTq \T>T e\T qqjT, q, msq nH $jT+ ysT us 18
|s\T> $u+#sT. us+ u>eBZqT 18 n<j\T> +#sT.
us+ 18 sE\T jTT<+ ]+~.
us+ 18 nD\ dq+ bZq~.
n<$<+> 18 |sD\T.
18 | |sD\T.
18 >TV d\T
18 d T\T
18 | d T\T
18 jTT>\T (C+ |sD+ |s=q~) q+<sq jTT>eTT qT+& 14 d\ ds|
jTT>eTT\qT |s= |&T <ss\T y&TH H\T>T jTT>\qT 1. , 2. , 3. <|s,
4. *jTT>eTT\ |s=q~. 14 jTT>\ d+KqT |s=q<T.
|&T eTq+ y&TH (|sD\ |s+) jTT>\ \+
1. jTT>+ d+es\T
1728000R18
1G8R9
2. jTT>+ d+es\T
1296000R18
1G8R9
3. <|sjTT>+ d+es\T 864000R18
1G8R9
4.*jTT>+ d+es\T
432000R9
d+UXd+ =$T<e n+qT Vd+K n+{sT. <ed+K, e~ d+K n L&
n+{sT. MTsT @<H w+ eq d+KqT rdT= d+KqT 9# V+#+&. V+q
|* yTT+ *| d+KqT #jT+& 9 edT+~. 123456789I9R1111111101.
yTT+ n+\qT *| =$T~ edT+~. 108 d+K\ >\ k+ sD+ +~ $<+>
+T+~. 108 | n+ d+ eTTq~.
1R@yT y~rjT+ V nqT Vy#e TT.
0R><qT d+#T#Tq~ (>T <T n nseTT)
8Rnw | ( <T |+#+~j\T. sT eTqdT, 7 T~, 8 nV+s+)
V | *dq|&T eT<qTq $T< >T $s$+#TqT. |, >TqT
58
e<* VqT #se\q ns+. n+\qT L&q# 1G0G8R9 n>TqT. 9 @ n+

V+qq, u+qq e#T d+K jTT n&| yTT+ 9jT n>TqT.
< :
9I2R18 R1G8R9
9I5R45 R4G5R9
>qT 9 d+K nejT |se d++.
108 XeTT\ bsjTDeTT nejT |seqT #sTq d<+r]+#sT.
$T<y< sd]d Hs y+fXsse>] |<+.
> $T<jTq ||eTT\T $T<
> $T<jTq q $T<
q $T<jTq >BX& $T<
qejTT>\ u Hse .
eTq+ yqT+\qT ns\ >\ d++<+ jTT |{qT #XeTT. |&T nseTT\
>\ +Xk #<+. eTq usrjT >+< Xk\ d\ ud nseTT\T e#TqT>,
|sTw\ d] nseTT\T e#TqT> |sT |e\jTTq |s=+Tq$.
qeTT\ |sT >\ q\qT, qBHeT+ >\ q\qT, |sHeT+ >\ q\qT, eeTT\
HeTeTT\T >\ q\qT $yV+ #dTs< <sXdeTT\T n+THsTT. m+<Tq> n+
|sq \+ qT\T q<T\T, q\qT, |s\qT, e\qT \T\T> u$+ |$+>
#dTHsT. n+<T# M{ |sT >\ q\qT |[ #dT+f * |[ #dTqT neT+<
u$+#sT.
nsTT d\ |sT m+<T |{qT? M]H =+<sT $yV+ m+<T #dTHsT?
(q<T\T)` >+> : e<Ts$jT+ sdq~ >+>, eT LTsT >+>, X+qT us
>+>, X+sT us >+>, ^+> $wus L&.
dsd : yT V us, $weT] us, $T : uVD d, T<T |+q *, >$T| X] sE|sT.
qs< : <Ts<qT us, TsT#T us, #+<T LTsT >&. e*, dTe*
e\e+T\ n> sT.
w : |seX us, <| w n |sT>\<T.
y] : ysT LTsT y]. n>dT us
>+& : e us
, [+~ yTT<\>T dsdT\ |sT m+<]qTHsTT.
59
(q\T) : edT<e us sVD, \seTT us se, #+<T us n, <

us usD, n_eTqT us s.
(|seTT\T) : |sT LTsT bs, e us L&, ] (=+&) qT+& +q~
]. $+< nqT |seTT.
(e\T) : T\d <ssE LTsT. X+#&T& us.
eTT+<T es (ns+) yqT s s, \s\ |sT |>&< n+{sT. |+&,
e, us, eT<qsK, ew, ds<, dseT, nsTD mH |sT d\HsTT. \,
q[, |eT, e*, \* yTT<\>T \seTT L&q |sT m+<]qTHsTT.
+Xd+ ns \ # beTTK \<T. ss \s\qT ;Cs \T> y&TsT.
#&T = ;Cs \T, eT+ = ;Cs \T> |]>Dd T H sT. M{ eT+X \ T +{jT
qeTTsT. n ns\qT ;Cs\T>H y&sT. ;Cs\ (@s\) <<| 30
|T+Te\T \_dTqT \TdTq~.
HjTXd eTsjT qHjTyTTq]+#T
<sXdyTTd>T <Ts+T
CweTT qT\ <|+#Ts
$X<_seT $qTs yeT!
60
<e&+f?
<e&+f eqe&T *+#TqB, n& nXqT <|f+<T |jT+#~, Xd
$C ^TssTT e+{<q |j $Cq <c s|+|&q~ |<+ eyT . qT
#dq $wj\ jTT sD\qT d]> \TdT=qbsTTq|&T q nXqT <#TH+<T
<e&T nH |< dw+#TH&T. m+ $dj *+# JeeTT, X, |<s+, $X+
yTT<q y{ d++<+H > q J$+ n s#T> dVjT+ #TH&T. <e&T
dsy| n+{sT. | m $u<\qTH n |<seTT\T XqT+# @s&sTT. XjT
|<s+ . XH <e& n+<e?. n nqTq|{ n~ eTq *jT sV k\ sD+
<. ! $X| |]DeTeTT, J$ \T m+ n\eTT\T. n |<s\ e+{<j
T q skjT+>
= $ <s\T #| Je |<s+ @s&, JeXd +Te\qT | eTsMT
eTqeT eTqdT nH< *jTTq|{ eTqdT+< eTV ||+ #+ <e nd
m n+^]+#>\ +
<e&T |<+. eqe eTH dw. <e&T nH |< nd+ <T.
dw nq> |<s+ |]DeT+ (esT) #+<&yT. XSq+ qT+ @B @s&<T.
XSqeTH~ <T. >+ |<seTjT+.
|<syT jT<s+. n~ sb+s+ #+<TT+< q+#<T. eTsDq+s+ <V+
eT{ *d sb+s+ #+~+~. eT{ *d eT{|sT (HeT+) e+~. qT |<s+
q+#<T. nq> <X\T> sb+s+ #+<T yssT |s |\e&TT+~. |<syT edTe
n L& #|&TT+~. |<seT+ uyT. |<s+ ~, |]DeT+ #+<~ $X+
+&<T. $X+ L& |<syT. |<s edT deTT<jTeT+ nqTue+ edT+~. @<
nqTue+ edT+< n< Cq+.
|<s+ nH eT\\ deTT<jT+. |{es Xd 146 eT\\T qT>=q&sTT.
eTTqT+<T + nH eT\\T qT>=qe#Tq XdE
\ n+#H. |Ps+ >T #T s+
n |+#u \T n HeTsD + #XsT. ~ H{ eqe Cq+.
<e&T nH |<+ +& + = $yT q |<\qT }]+ }]+, &+ ,
ujT|{, |T|{ eTq yT<+& $w ;C\qT H{ \T $<+> <rXsT <ey<T\T.
|<\T +{sTT. ` |se, <e&T `<jT+, |` |sTw&T, dsZ+ `qs+,
b|+` |D+, dT (q~)` ndT, N{`y\T>T, eTeTT ` neTeTT +{ + |<\T
eTq\qT >+<s> |sTksTT. u> + #d +|<\T # ueT L&
+{sTT. yTT< eTq+ |<\ ueTqT+& jT |&*. |<\ nd+ <T.
61
eTqeTTq+<Te\ u>e+T&TH&T. eTq+ u>e+T& dw <T. nd\T |<s+ (<e+) nH<

+~. n~ nH~ d<yTq~. b\qT+ yq |{qT, eT{ |sT>TqT+& |\{ eT> eqT
|<s+ esT e+~. |]DeT <XH H= <X JesX\T |T=#sTT.
<s eqe&T <$ +#&T.
||+#MTXsT# d+|&q# eTTq |]esqeTT >, HXqeTT > jTT+&s<T.
njT HqT+& sTT+#TqT. >q <T:KeTT\T, |e<eTT\TqT+&s<T. d<d<dTe\T
H&T #dqT>q eT+, #&T\qT u<eT\T+&L&<T. $Cq Je\ dTK<T:KeTT\T, s>
< w e TT\T +# T # T q$. eq M s X s T & q # X s T d T K < T :KeTT\T,
s>< weTT\TqT+&eqT. $ XsT qTq# H&T |]|PsT& > T qT? XsT& ds sj
T
ds Je <d eTT #|e\jTT# <s qTcqeTTq edsy T eTTq~. d sjT <TwsjT
f jT>TqT. w <T:KeTT\+= sDeTTq# <e&T sDeTT q~+={ jTTq<q
ejTq# q+jTH=+ sDeTT e\qH +#q @\ #|s<T?. XsT& sjTq#
H&T<XeTT+&j, +&j |#jTTqT. H= jT<XeTTq# H&T |]|PsT&T >&T.
@\qjTT<X+ < >] |H=+<p#TqT. &T<XeTT y&q# H&T
H~jT qqT> e\jTTqT.
|se jTq> edTe \ H{ d++<e TT<q # < eTq+ VTy< Xde TT#
HsT>C\eTT. nq d++<+ edTeqT eTqyTsT> >\eTT?. n~jTTq<qT&T?. |se
@e?. nHe ?. n~ @yT q # _q sDeTT\# sTT+q _q edTe \T < qT+& mT
qyTq$?. |se\H+ nsTTq# y |sds d++<yT{~?.
|se dsy|jT dseTTqT +&jTTq# q~ <eeTT\qT CjT<T. @\q <
CjT T +=f~jTTq <T . |se sTDZ yTq # q~ d+q edTe \T sTDZ eTT e\jTTqT.
ds edTe\T >TDeTT\T *Z jTTq$. n+<T |se sD+ C\<T. |se
>TDeTT\ yss TTq# >TDeTT\ +&q edTe \ q~ mT+&>\ <T?. |se esT<q #,
q edTe\T esTy >e\jTTqT. seTT sDds|yT jTT+&e\jTTqT.
<eeTT\jT e] q+#T#Tq$. |se esT<T >\<T?.
|PsT\T < <e& u$+s <H eTqeTT H&T \ n |]& <
dsX\Hb~+#T#THeTT. <qT+& nsTTH, @~jTH e#TqT esT\T >\ ||+#+
J$+#T#THeTT. n{ ||+#+ <e kq+ <T. <e&T H& nH, & nH jTq
eTqeTT+<T= k $TeC\&T.
eTq y<+\T <e: (<e&T) nH |< $<+> s+#&T. <e nqT XeTT
~e nH <Te qT+& @s&q~. <Teq d+d eTTq nH nseTT\Tq$.
62
&, $^w, eeVseTT, <T, dT, y<eTT, eT<eTT, d|eTT, +, > yTT<\>T
nseTT\T >\e.
&+#T e\qqT, dT+#T q y&>T e\q <e&T n $w dVd He\
381e HeT+> |s=q&+&.
X
<y<H<y, B|H<y, <H<y, <kH uery
ns+ : #T e\qqT, |+#T e\qqT, |+|CjTT e\qqT edTe
<e&q&TqT (jdT sT+ 7n. 15K+&+)
X
dsuc j <j dT d ds > k <e
:X\ <TeeTT.
ns+ : ds bDT\q s|eTTq |+#T#T, dT+|&T# dsy|yT
jTT+&Ty <e&+<TsT.
X
ds< H K+& <sd+ (X+suw+)
ns+ : ds|X&T, #qs|&T nK+&yTq y&T <e&T.
X
@<e: dsu uX>&:
dsy| dsu+s
s<: dsu~yd:
k# e sTZDX (XXs|wT)
ns+ : & <e&T n bDT\q y|+jTT+&TH n& s\ |uTe.
dss\ yduT&T. sk, n+<] #q+ #Ty&T.
X
ds<H |syTX (eTV<sT&T)
ns+ : n |X+\qT, \qT, <e\qT, |syTXsqT, <eXeTT
|j +|&TqT.
X
B| & jTk! <#< <~$
k<e b:! djT ds<e:!
sCs Be, |XjTr <e:
<V<js$+< eT< &r <e:!
Be q+<jT r <e:!
ns+ : dsZeTTq sCseTTq |+#Ty&T, <+#Ty V<js$+< eT<eTTq
&+#Ty&T, q+<|sT#Ty&T <e XyT&T.
X
dw $< qbwD qeTDjT
uyV $< <y kY uyV sD+!
63
ns+ : <e&T =jT ueT\H, #T =eT\H &T. ssTT &T. u>e+T&T

ue+ H&T. ue+ (qeT+) |< q+.
HdBjT d+ : sT><+ nCjTy< #jT\T L& HsTT. $X >T]+,
dw sVd+ >T]+ eTqMT *jT<T. @MT \TdTeTT L& nH d<++ nCjT y<+.
=+es +{ d<++ <.
sT><+ (10`129`1) d+ #&+& Hd< qT d<dY n+
yTT<\jT 28 |+\ d+ HdBjT d+> |d<+. d ns+
|+> ~. n|&T (dw |Ps+) nd (HH ;sTT+>) <T. dT (;sTT+>)
<T. n+]eTT <T. < e]+q XeTT <T. #=ss~, qBHq
sT e+ n|&& +~?. eTTe <T. neTeT <T. s <T.
|>\ <T. nd\T \TdTH k<qyT <T. @< |<s+ +<|&T.
++f _qyTq |<s+ eTs={ <T. mT#dH n+<seTT +~. n|&+
n+<s+ >&yT +~. yTT<{ eT+ +~. n< eTqdT ;yT+~.
<X dwjTT y| m& qT+& e+~?. me] qT+ ++~?. B
>T]+ +H $es+> #|ysT mesT?. B >T] $T+> \TdTq
ysesT?. <e>DeT+ L& dw s ys. n+<T dw m& qT+
e+< mesT #|>\sT?. $dw y| <qT+ ]+< dw+> me]H
\Tk?. dw eTT+<T @$T +&< |syTq yeT+q n<&q (msTTq
>\) >#e L& \Tk *jT< L& mesT #|>\sT.
y<\ | X\qT (>*, sT, |, u$T) <e> =*#sT.
|wT\ <e&T ssT&T, sTZDT&> e]bj&T. |wT\ nq+s
\+ <e&T d>TDT&T, ksT&> e]bj&T. n+f eTw q s|+ <e
dw+#T= q+~dTH&T.
d>TDT&T, ksT&q <e& \\T, eTVeT\T m +{j \TdT+<+.
|Ps+ qT+& usrjT d+d + <e&TH&H y<q de+s+>
< e & T & T nH y< + L & j T \T< ] +~. < e & T & H y ], Hd \T,
VTy<T\T, uy<T\T, jTT\T, #s\ |s |\Te&sT. M]
sTT+# < y<T\T &=+ sT>T&T y<+ u <&T\T #dq
d+|Tq\T #] |\ y*q+ de#s+ <=sT+T+~. H{ <T
jTT>+ u y< # <sD \_dTq~. H{ $CqeT+ u
XdE\T n+~+q $jT+. ~ bX <X\ w. n+<Te\ $>Vs<qqT
64
sd]+q eTV$ ll +~ >j #&+&.

|~#T\T yTTq+H
|eT <e&eT+<?
b\Tbd & q+H
\ sTD |&TT+<?
|$T< y\T>TTq
\ #| edT+ <? (ll)
+ $ d+~+#&T.
|uTe\ |s uT$
s $>V+ sdT+<?
|PCeT++ Ty&TT+<?
ssTT yTT <e&T n \T>T kyT.
65
d |sTw n+> sD \D \T
d n+> sD+ : j (d qH+~jT+) &y| dT& ] s$ jT+&TqT.
#+<_+eTT e \Xs+> qT+&T j s dTKesqyT +&TqT. u\T M|qT u*
mT> qT+&TqT. y\>|+&T e *djTT+&T eTT&\T < $]$> qTq~ d\ XweTT.
@qT>T +~ |<$ s+> j +&Tq |sD+ #|&+~. u&T uqy\+
T>* &y| dT& ]jTT+&TqT. #eTT\T s+&T T= <>Zs> qT+&TqT. sTyq
=&\T, |sT<T\T >\~, beseTT\ e+{ qT\T >\~, q\ T>\~, dq q&TeTT, \
|\T\T >\~, eTs|P\{ b<eTT\T, XseTT yTsT>sT s+>T >\ d eT+~. <qTss+
>\ qTueT\T, se yT]jTT#T dq b&e> qTq +~ |<$ eT+~. +&T C_*
yTTKeTT >\~, n+ b&e n+ mT> deTeTT> +&T eTT eT+~. |sD\ n+>
sD+ + $|\+> e]+#&+~.
|sTc+> sD+ : &y|q ]jTTq *+>eTT >\y&T, #> >T+&+> eT>
>TsT\Tqy&T, H\| b<eTT\T+ LsTq y n+>eTT N\eT+&\eTT\T jTT+&eqT.
d+VeTT, |* n+>eTTe s#> qT+&eqT. n+>eTT e] u>eTT sU (eTD) >*
jTT+&eqT. eweTT\T s+&T deTeTT> qT+&e\jTTqT. H_ m&eT y| dT& ]
+&eqT. X+KeTT e+{ yT&, *weTTq uTeTT\T, eTs|Ps+>T eH >\y&T, qTqT|>
yT> e+jTT+&q MTdeTT\T, X+KT s+ >\ #e\T, \TeTT, eTyTT>Z\ e+{ |\T
esTd >\y&T |sTw&T> H+#&TqT.
($w <ss` n` *+>` u$w |sDeTT\ qT+&)
d |sTw\ n+> sD \D\T d |sTw\ s +< <] *| +#T
dw (C n_e~) eT\yT jTT+THsTT.
M{ eTq+ d>T D, ks\T> u$+ y{ <e + n+>{ &T+TH+.
n< $+.
66
<e + (<e&T) n+f eTe? (d?)

| Jes * dV yT. * ydq |&T q y*q |<s+ TqT
yBk&T. * s s+&e * eT+. yTT<{ * m+ nedsy s+& * n+
neds+. eT+ n+f ], ns, |, #qTe, eTT#, e\|, y+#, y&T, d+>eTT, r
# ns\THsTT.
eTyT ;y|, d+q dw <]rdT+~. qT dT eT\ |<seT sTw\HsT.
sTw\ \q eT+ s+qeT]> +|&+~. D e d++~+q nH
d+\T (>TsT\T) y&&sTT. dw, d eT\;+> eTyTq kV+ >T]++~.
eT+ <s \_+# q+<+ Vq+<+ +f >=|< HXd+ |s=q~. n+f u> e +T
nqTu+f eT+ >=|< ns+.
nqTeq |eD\, #q |s+|s\ s+ <*qy&T <e&T. qTqT
Xd+#T eqe&T <y *+#TH&T. jTq XdH nqTd]kq q+~dTH &T.
qe dsb ]+ q \T, q Xs neds\T, q uq |<s\T <e&
deTL] d+| |&&T.
d |sTw\ d+|s + e\ d+q+ \T>TTqT> |+\T |+&{ sD }V+
u$T j>q, X *+>+>q }V+#sT. $w eTVXs V eTT>TZsT
nq<eTT\+{ ` eTT>TZ] ueX+ *<+&T\+{ n + b&sT \T
j>+{ \ jT>sT.
d |sTw*<s s+&T nsdTH+{ ysT. s+&T nsdTH\T *d |PsqTkseTT
(+&T dTH) nsTTqT d |sTw\T *dq|& |Ps @s&TT+~. eX\ deTTdyT
eTVeT d+$<qeT XdE\+{sT. deTTd+ dw deTd bDT\+< y|yT
+&&+ # ||+#+ je eq+< u]yT +< XdE\T yUksT.
$T> y$T>&T n HqT&T +~. B ss\ ns\T #TsT. $T+
q|& y+ \T>TT+< e\ ns+. nsTT eT+ y+ q<? n |X.
neqT q~. <sjTTyTq eTdeq+ y<jTyT n+TH&T yjTqT&T. eT+
eTV d+\+. s d\ bDT\ V<jq+<eTT \T>T +&. \w+ eT+
e\H Je\ eTHeT\T X+ b+<TTHsTT. ~ nK+& q+<+.
q+< V nHsT <!
X (1)
<ss yTu qeT: !!
X (2)
Xd |Y !!
67
yjTqT eTd+ nH Xd s#q s+_d <ss e\ qeTd]dTH&T.

@ s#sTT nsTTH >+<+ s+#|&T bs+u+ q w <y b]+#&+ qysTTr.
nsTT yjTqT&T n #jT<T. n&T sdq Xk <ss e |<q $wj\T
e&+ e\ y{ |D$T* y{H >s$+#&T.
(yjTq eTd\T ` s#q . s +{\ >b\w)
yjTqT&T sdq yjTq eTd\T nqT >+<eTT y\Te&q yjT s
DeT\T&T nq+>s+>+ nqT eTd >+<+ sX&T. n&T >+< s+_d
nH&T.
eT+>#sD+
n\* $d+ $X# yd+
deTs $d+ X+usK |DX+ !
sqjTq $seT+ d++ #_seT+
|du $ yeT+ #s<+ H$TeT+!!
me] $d+ n+ eTHVsy , bDT\ eTqdT mesT m|&T ydeTT+{s,
deTs+ (dV yd jTT<+ ) mesT $dk s, mesT X+uT ds e< #Xs, me] s| k+<s\T
sr<$ H\ n+eT X+kj, q $sT<yTq (V#sT\T, dHdT\T, j>T\T
yTT<q) y] \|Ps+> sTT+ yks, s\+ Xd eTs<, <s~<q
qT $y+, se bsjTD $ n qweT>Tj n+{ q+<<jT eT
<e qeTks+.
(DeT\T nq+>s+>+ nqTy<+ &sY +u+b{ djT+|X)
nq+>s+> nq> eTq<T y~ ns+.
DeT\T&T L& >+<+ @ <e |d <T.
eT<e qeTks+ nH&T.
q+<uV :
dsZyT q+<V ~ n+TH&T seTs uwDT&T.
MqT\ $+< jTeT|
kqT\ b+< jTeT+<dT eT#\ <[
>qeTT+< jXs eq+< VyTq q~| | |H
(edT #]eTT. ~rjkdeTT ` |<+ 14. seTs uwDT&T)
ue+ : #e\ $+<=qsTq~, Xs dTU qTeT&+|C d neT| $H< >qeTTqT
68
n+~+#>\~, eT<T eT<Ts k<q X>\~ n<. q+<VeT \||&q~.

BH d+d eTTq q+<V n |+&T \HsT.
u+> eqe\T q+<VqT #s>\Z&+ e\+ |dT, s<H e\ > |
*q $wj\ eTT *qys\ q+<V nqTuy b+<>\s |u+<sjTq
seTs uwDT&T #TTH&T. uTeT] n s+&|sT.
dTK|& >\~ eTqdT, u>| >\~ T~, q+<+ b+<>*qB e\+ jT
nsTT |+#+~j\ nr+> *q<MT <T. <V eTT L&q jT. Xs,
qT $&Bd #&>*Zq ysT $<T\T. s+&+{ {> u$+q ysT u\T.
nsTT $<T\T b+<~ q+<VeT n+<e!. u\T b+<~ q+<V
n+<e!. +#+&.
n+<yT q dw #dH | q+<+ \T><T . dw + { |s|yT q n+<#+ <*
*d eTqeTT+<T \Te>*q~ djT. yTqT #q sk+<qTu \T>TT+~.
skqTu q+<qTuy <]rdT+~. +<T Xs> nr+~jT X\T nqTue+
ek j T q& d s q | e D\T eTq <=s e . n+< T q+<V
u |syTq< | <yTq<MT <T. y n~ <+> *q# q+<,
]\ de~ d, dsd+\ dHd, | \TyT s|yT q&TdT+~.
deeTTqn~ d+U\T b+<>\ q+< VyT eTq s<jT+ |+ @
=~eT+< +~jT+ yT* y b+<>\ yq+<+ eTq+ |k$+#qeds+ <T.
n |C$ e+>|+ &T n|\k$T e. d |e+{~ ` | qe+{~. s +&+{
$&H&q |sT w\ $T~ XSqyT. | , d m+ e]d q+<qTu ` Vq+<q
b+<s eTq $~e TeT+~. $wj \ $X+ @H& m+<Te\q m+<T=s s&q<
eTq+ }V+#C\+. nsTT dw n+eTjT es #+<ss+> |jTd` |jTT\T,
dr|T \T e\| |+\qT |+&+#T= dTKX+ kU\ J$+#>\ sT.
n+<T us V] q >+<+ bs+u+ d qy u>e eTs<CjT n #T
qeTd]+#&T (u.V.X 80)
nq> eTq< <e qeTkseTT.
$>V\T :
X
X\+ s+ #eV+ <sT+ <!
eTDjT+ D+ #ew&<+ *+>eTT#!!
s+ : $>VeTT nqT \DeTT sT u<eTT\ #|&q~.
69
1. X\ + ` \\# #jT &q~. nq> s $>V eTT. s $>V eTTq+<T eTs

eT&T seTT\T >\e.
n) |+*+>+ ` s k$T (|sTw) $>VeTT #jTT y&*.
) d*+> ` s neTy] (d) X
d++~+q $>V \ j y&*.
) q|+d *+>+ ` ssTT *|s+,
<d+u+ yTT<\>Ty{ sD |j+#*.
$<yTq |+ ` d ` q|+deTT\qT msT>T
q u<eTT\T |\T L& HsTT.
2. s+&T seTT\ # #jT&q~.
3 V+ ` VeTT\ # #jT &q~.
4 <sT+ ` eT+ XwyTq eeTT\ #
5. eTDjT+ ` eT{#
6. D + ` $ *+> #jT &sTT.
*+>|s+ eT+&s+> >, #TsT+>
> D s+> > < K{+>eTT (H=
jTT< $XweTT) e eT< |\T#> jTTq#
eTV|\eTT \T>TqT. <M |s yT d ssTTq,
*+>eTTqT ]q |sT w ssTTq \T\T j sT#ksT .
q|+d \ b<|seTTqT jsT#jTe\jTTq XdeTT #|#Tq~.
*+>eTT\T s+&T s\T. 1. #\*+>eTT\T 2. n#\ *+>eTT\T
#\ *+>eTT\T j e\ ~*+#TqT, yT& > # > <] + |
Mq~.
+>s+ ` s` y+&` &` +#T` qTeTT ` ddeTT` >seTT nqT m$T~
VeTT\ *+>eTTqT ]+|e#TqT.
#+<qeTT ` <e<se ` E$ ` s$ ` #+& ` es&T eTTq>T eeTT\ =jT
<sTeTjT *+>eTT\qT ]+TsT.
dT ` >eTjTeTT ` |+& ` nq+ ` u\+ ` |+&T ` yq L& *+>eTT\qT #d
n]+#e#TqT. $ s\eTT+&e. eq M{ D *+>eTT\+<TsT. |PCq+s+ M{
y+H +|e\jTTqT.
|+#] eT+eTT : qeTyjT nH& <T nseTT\qT dw sD+, ds|eTTq
70
|+#ueTT\T, |+# V\T, |+#X\T yTT<\>T y{ d+eTT\T. +<* e |<eTT

*+>eTTq (|sTc+>eTTq), qeT: XeTT Je, jTseTT | (j) VeTT\T.
nf l#eTTq+<* _+<T, DeTT\T L& |sTw d (| ) VeTT jTTq$.
|seT |sTw&>T e&T X (d |) jTT&qH > >Y dsH<T&T sT>e ><!.
ee jTT jT~ue X: |u$TyT
eTq$T& $wjT+ eT]bL&<T. n<eTq> <M, <e\ #T\ <]+#T @
jTT<yTq, @ edTyqq eTq XseTTq+<* qH+~jTeTT\ >TsT\T> u$+#e\jTTq
+Xd+ (<X eTV$<\T) |s=+Tq$. $wjTeTT\T *jTb eTq @ <M<e\T
ns+ >sT.
< : eT\eTT me]#HH q# eT\eTT d j VeTT. &eTsT+ L&
< V+ (>TsT). XS\eTT |sTc+> >TsT. n+<Te\ &eTsT+ eT]jTT XS
s+&+{ <>Zs #] y{ |$yTq ue+ bs ` e&T n+ |P\T #dTH+.
$wjT + #eT+~ ns+ <T.
eT\+ j (\<$) V+. eT\+ V ` $w ` sT<T&T ` +<T&T `
dsT&T ` #+<T&T M] eyT + |P+#\ n+{sT. e <T\T XS L&
|PksT. XS eyT eT<qT+ #sy|q Ls= <sT d\T |P+# \+
# + < ] | sed T | < s qX\ | y +q| & T y T T y T T< { \+
<s q$TdT+ ~.n<$<+ > eqe |sTc+> b*q e*+>+ s T s D>T + dMT|+
>T&eT\+ #&e#TqT. n>, >T+sT q+<Xs \jT+ |sTc+> b*q
e*+>+ >\<T (|<=+&sT >eT+).
lH<T Vs$d+ >+<+ *+>eTTqT >] dTBs+> |+#eT n<jT+
#]+#&+~. # T> e]+#&+~.
X
qeT: |Dy#jT qeT: |De*+H
ns+ : z+s y#T&e>T qeTks+. z+s+ jTT V+.
X
|seT+ueTjT+ ds+ e*+> qjT+
jT<<$ eTTeTT eT+ < w X+s:
<$T< *+>$T<+ |s< w d++!!
ns+ : ds |s+ <M ds|+. e*+>+ X+sT &T. e<$ n+eTTq <] +#TjTT+&T
rsTq *+>eTT ds< |seTTqT <]+ jTT+&TqT.
(e|sD+ ` $<Xs d+V. n<jT+ 11)
71
eT]+D jTs eT s|\y

#T] d+Vs++ uVQeT+<s XK_:
ns+ : eTD+DeTT\ &qT, uTsT\ &qT, y{qT+& y\Te&q +T\ +&q
>Te +{ eT\eTT\>T nde TT\qT, eT+<s e XK\ u&T n+<yT q H\T>T uT eTT\
y&T X+sT&T.
X
> |j<sXw s uTeT<+!
dTes V d+ d XjT ydd+!
ns+ : ><$ jTT b*+&H*+>q+ #dT= <q >\ jT< >\y&TqT. +>sT
e deTT |T edeTT <]+q <VeTT >\y&T X+sT&T.
(d<+ UeTD 3`20, 3`21 &sY #+<XKs y#s)
X
j s|D eT*+>+ <+#Y k<dTK+!!
ns+ : *+>+ js|+# <]+#Tq# dTK+ \_+#TqT.
(e|sD+ ` {sT< dV. n<jT+ 12)
X
u>q dV+ *+> u>*+>q d+jTT+
VeTT# u>s+ u>syTe#
u> e + eTV<e+ e*+> ||P jTY
dV |PHX Vs qMjT
VsT q~ H<+ ~qes . (e|sD+)
ns+ : d j bT |sTw qH+~jT+, |sTw*+>eTT bT d j
s$T+#TH+<T sb+~+#&HsTT. |sp s$T+#Ty*. u>e+T&q e&T
e*+>s+ |P+|&TTH&T. jTqqT s|+ |P+#&+ e\ & eT> d+u>+
e> y b| \T>TT+~. *+>+\q$ |Te\ \T>TsTT. e *+>eTTqT |P+#&+
e\ q sD\T e nesTT (ys{ ed | 1982 @|).
X
u+e~+ ># su>: | sT#
eTTU u>dT |: u>yH e #!
ns+ : u+># >: u+ R e~, ># R b+<Tq~ >qT u>eTT n |sT
| >\<T.
(e |sD+ ` $<Xs d+V: n<jT+ 16)
X
*+>yBsYeTVA <M*+>+ kqVXs
\jTH*+> $TT+ e \+ >Y!
ns+ : *+>+jTT yB eTV<$ eTjT>TqT. *+>+ kT> eTVXsT&T. <jT+<T
72
>+jT \jTeT>T# *+>eTqT |sT eq~.

(e|sD+ ` sT<d+V ` n<jT+ 10)
d+sD s|&q sT<T&T #s#syTq >TqT <TqT#TH&T. dsT&T e&T>q,
#+<T&T e<$>q ds#+<eTT> qT+&T <e<e nqT#sT\T, eTTqT\T>+q ys
qeTyjT ` sT<jT ~ XeTT\ b]+] (dsT&T, #+<T&T usus\T).
(*+>|sD+ ` ss+ ` n<jT+ 19)
nsHXs ds|+ : d>eTT d d>eTT |sTw&T> yeTu>eTT XjTqTjTT, <D
u>eTT |sT w&jT njT~ b<eTd + d |sT w VeTT\ qT+&TqjTT eT+~jTeTT\T
$&$&> H=#qTqq |sTw eT+~jTT }s sdT &>T# d j ds# m{ eT
$seTT #+<<jT HeTe+> qjT$ #+~ jTT+&TqjTT eu\T >T]+
e<X\T >$+#T Vq\ m+eeT u<|&+<TsT >.
(*+>| sD+ ` n<jT+ 41)
eT ` sT<T&T : ds|\T, kes +>eTT\T njT esT<eTT. es|eTT
|jTq ne s|+ eTVXsT&T.
sT<T&T qsT&T ` eTH]. y]<] qeTkseTT\T.
sT<T&T V ` eT yD. y]<] qeTkseTT\T.
$we sT<T&T ` \ eT. yTL n qeTkseTT\T.
sT<T&T dsT&T ` #jT eT. y] qeTkseTT\T.
keTT&T sT<T&T ` qeTT\T eT. y] qeTkseTT\T.
sT<T&T jTeTT ` ey~. yTL jTq qeTkseTT\T.
sT<T&T eeTT ` eTr>. y] qeTkseTT\T.
sT<T&T >+<eTT ` eT |weTT. y]<] qeTdT\T.
sT<T&T *+>eTT ` eT|seTT. y] qeTkseTT\T.
(sT<V <j |wT )
X
sT<>ss+ Ms+ <d |]]+

<dq+ ds<T:UH+ dsb| $X<q+
ns+ : sT< jTT |seTMsyT udeT |d~ >+q~. udeTT dsb| VseTT.
dTK<T:K XXe TqeTT.
X
@ |+#eeT+ |$
uk eT <V H+> $u w
73
ns+ : eT <VqT&q e*+>eTT qT+& jTT<$+q |+#d eT+eTT\# n$TyTq

udeTT $s\T#Tq~ (<Mu>eeTT).
X
<+> d+dsZ eTV|\
<+ ud sC$ X<jT
<V q_qjT jT#T+
$*| eT[ _s+u sks+
ns+ : oVsT# <]+|&q { &< sdT |$yTq~. eq jTq HeTT
#jTT n_qsTT+|&q|&T s*q &<qT XseTTq <]+#T#THqT.
(es d+ue+ ` <dT)
X
dTsdTs >Tss ds: |sVQ+
dyqd sdT <q VeT] :
ns+ : n~ Ve~ ds|+. j>T\T, dTsdTsT\T, d<T\T Cqj j>eTT\
*+>H<e d$ksT.
(eTVus+ ` 14 `126)
eTs= < |s+ e&T qqT |+q+<T\ |+ e \> *+>s|+
|P\+<T+{e u>TeTV] X|+.
X
jT<ksZ+ k| +q~ |u+
+#q+ <sD+ b|+ VsDeT+&\+ Xu+.
ns+ : >+> q >s + qT e~*|> jT e u $T| |&q ]q +>s+
deqyTq +>\, dTqT+& eT+>syTq +>seTT, |]X<yTq y+& |fqT.
X
eT+ cjTX+ #e c<yu CjT
eT\+k ue+ | ddyTe#
< <]D+ bd HH<Ts es
ns+ : sdT qTq s+ qT+& s, qTeTT |{q ~. sdT eT\eTT >s e TT>q,
ddeTT>q nsTTq~. $<eTT> Ms+ H\| & nH <Te\ s|+ e~ b+~q~.
~ X+sT Ms+.
(y sejTD ` u\+&. dsZ 37)
X
qydT VsDsd! qydT H dVd !!
qydT <e VsDes! qydT <e VsD X!!
ns+ : VsDsdT >*q z <y e qeTkseTT. dVd HeTT\ L&q
n<T |sc qeTkseTT. +>sT XeTT\T >\ X+s qeTkseTT.
74
(V+&|sD+ ` |Psu>+ ` n<jT+ 27)

Cq|<T\T eT<q ns+ +~$<eTT> e&, >+> b* #sT.
e&T ned*+{ e
+>syT >TT+&>
>+> m*>seTsTT+~.
(~u< Cq|< > j\T ` e<& HsjTDs& m+@)
eTVsT\ jTT us\qT eD\, jTqeqeTT\ ys\qT> n<e&T pqy&
q sdTqT u$TMT< $&#qT. n~jT +>seTjTqT. dseTT ` VsDeTT ` VeT ` q+
yTT<\>T |sT XsT HeTT\ qT+& y+& |fqT. sb ` s ` s yTT<\>T |sT
esk$T jTT XeTT (MseTT) u$TMT< |&q< <e\q eTeTT (s) |T#Tq~
|+&T\ n_bjT+. ydT MseTT qT+&jT H>eTT (ddeTT) |fqT. e jTT n+>eTT
qT+& MseTT u $T| |&q < b<sd e TjTqT. |Ps \eTTq X B|eTTq &+ #Tq bsr<$
s|e (eTTT n>T) njTqT. n{ sdT# &T|&q >&b\ deTT<eTTq+<T
kqeTT #dqT. n|& qT+& d$+q sdTqT+& >+<eTT |fqT. >+~ ` k>+~ `
>; ` ~e>+~ ` dT+>+< ` sd>+< ` Xsu$T yTT<\>T |sTq$.
(ue|X d+V ` ue$T. y<>+<eTT qT+&)
sd+ nq> b<sd e TT. ~ d+ks+jTT e* &T #sT dT+ ~. <M ! ~ k< e TT\
# yeTT =s #|&+~. ~ ~+qsTT H deq+ ~ H <V+ jTT sd+
>eq sde T #| &TTq~.
<M ! n+ ;+. b<sd+ H ;+. s+&+{ \sTT eTTeqT, <]<
q+|Cd T + ~.
sd+<yTTf H eTsDeTT\T +& #jT>\q~.
skue n X L& #| #Tq~.
sd |se. k<&T sdeTTqT b+~ q+<+ \y&eTH&T.
(skse+ ` y<>+<+ qT+&)
X+sT&jT !
XueTTqT ud+|Cd < e+|CjTTq~ jT>T n~ udyTq~. njT~ y+H ds
b|eTT\qT ud ]+#Tq<>T qdeT ]+ |&TTq~. n+<T#q H ud eTT MseT #| &TqT.
H MseTTqT XseTT L& <]+TqT.
(l V+& |sD+ ` |Psu>+ n<jT+ `28)
sT< jTT |seT MsyT udeT |d~. ud+ dsb| VsD+. <T:KHXeTT.
75
eT<VqT&q e n+>eTT\ qT+& jTT<$+ |+#e eT+eTT\# $s\T udeTT H=d

<] +q# H=d sjT&q V s #]beqT.
(<M u>eeTT ` d+<eTT 11` n<jTeTT 3)
X+sT&T q n+>TD>eTT n+>TweTTqT =T=HqT. T =&q n+>Tw+ qT+&
eT+#T e \ udeTT jT y&qT. < #dq eTT d>TZ #+~ n b<eTT\|
|&q T.
(|< |sD+ ` dwK+&+ ` n<jT+ 18)
$u <sD e\q dsrseTT\+<T kqeTT #dq y&>TqT. udeTq> sT< MsyT.
eq udeTT <]+q y&\|&Tq Mse+T&.
(Hj|wT X+ 2)
>=| dT>\ HqT > n+_ keTjTq&TqT. n ke>yTq >T d\
s|eTTqT $&H& ud eT>TqT. n{ ud eTT H eTVeT >q HqT >& ud eTTqT <] +#T#T+<TqT.
nH~ \eTT qT+& udeTT nXu+\ qT+& b&T#Tq+<Tq CX#, eTX#eTT\
jT+<T qT|j +|&T#Tq~.
(*+> |sD+ ` n<jT+ 27)
*+><sD nH bNq <$& uw +~. T <X+ X+>\+yTq |PC|s+
(bqe+) |c|yTq d+u s~+#ysT. n |sT K+&T. d+u |P
d+|<j\qT nqT+<+>H nX&T u< \ d+u\qT |w+#&T. =
d+ u\T n&T *|q$ e. H<sD b+~q eT \ H{ q d+ u\| q
XdH\T ssTT+#&T. H{ eT k+|T |D s\ d+<s+ d+u |w #d #s
b{dTHeTT. <D <X+ nH {\ d+u\T |ksTT. d+u |P *+>s<q
eTs= s|yT. ~eT CT\ eT<Hy\, *+>s<q d++<eTTq< #|e#TqT.
*+>s<\H y~sT\T w <e\ +~+#sT.
qje +<ppsD q+<q X$w y<_
q Xs<s $|TDd +Ts w<y n| >TsT+ d:
ns+ : +<T& ! sdT\T eTeTT V+d+|sT. \yyT+<T& sdT\T eTeTT |\
qT+ ysT|sT#sT. k$TjT>T +<T&T +Te< $wjTyT jTTVe+T&>TqT. w<e
>TDeTT e jTeTTq $|TeTT #jTsT.
(sT><+. 7` 21 `5) | ns+ deT\ eT<+< sT>< d+V 5e d+|+ s#q
e&eT& >b\wjT >] >+<qT+&)
&sY <Xs~ s+>#] nqTy<+ w<e\qT V#sT\H ns+ sX&T. s+>#]
76
>sT sdq ns+ w<e\ bd><T. n m+<T sX& ns+><T. w<y n+f
*+><e& ns+. ;XyT dw eT<seTT. MsyV ; XyT. d |+de>
|qsT<q n+&+ jT d+UyTq ;+ nd+UeT JeXd+ #TTq~. $T
dV]> qTq ]H\ e+<eT>T > |\e+eT>TH n eTVus d. { dw
d++ ewD ]. n+<Te\ y\jT+ |syTXs <sqy +~H<T& ew<ed ew
d+ds #d <Ty\ >eTXd $~. d<#s |]~. |seT e&T ewu <E&T ` ew
#+&T ` ew yVqT&T. (#Ts< kseTT ` e#qeTT. y+ esaT\ y+ dTeTDXs).
e< (jT+<T T{q X) jT. X+s ! e u> e T+<T y>s |eTTq qT+<Te.
<M eseTTqT ] qT u + TsT. MsT qT< =+#yT Td>T eTT. eTV\ d+|qT\T. MsT
qqT XS\eTT> y&T=+<TsT. n> *>= qqT qT~ yjTT<TsT. H d >eT+
M] u e TTqT deTLsTeTq> sT<T& jT. VQ s\ e+eTT\ HqT uqeTT j sT
#d n<+jT Hb sTTq~. H~jT q&<T . eTT eq y] HH$ T |eqT.?
@<H |Ps |] |eqT. HqT e&+#<qT. MTsT H H_ +< >T+& |+&e+{$
y&T H ewDeTT\qT MTsT qT&T. B# # | \T>TqT. n|&T <M deTT<jTeTT
eTV|k<eTTqT &d d<e y* qeTd]+ \Te&]. y] >] e&T jT.
@ eqe\T y]+\T Xu#seTT\T #> sT|<Ts y] jTeTT, <qeTT,
|X d+|<, <s|<T\T +&T, y ]q$ ds deT<eTT\T Hq$ \T>>\e.
VdeTTq qysT <]<T\>T<TsT. *dqys+<T# +<V dyTq&Tq #jT s<T. MTs<s
e<e\T> eTTq |d~>qT&T. Xq>\T, |P\T, ewDeTT\ >& nb\qT |Vs+
>$+TsT +<Te\, dqeTT y] e+XeTT #&<T. \\+ e+X_e~ \T>TqT.
(|<|sD+ ` dwK+&+ ` n<jT+ 31)
<$&T\T eekjT |< q Je\T. eq d|\ nqT n+X+| y] | me. n{
n+XeTTqT b+~+#TqT> eTT q$Tq ~eqe X \ Hs~+#T y]we TT. uTqT
, *+>eTTqT dqX |r\T. nf djTTqT. eq *+>eTT\T, m<T\T, \| m<T =eTT\T,
C&+q <eeTT\T, >seTTqT+& >T y* e#T#Tq d s|eTT\T.
Vsb yTTV+C<s |\eTT\| qq>TqT.
(Cq|< >jT ><\T ` HsTT we])
X
nyT& j< yT&jTqy y+ssd
qy CcjT XcjT n|Ps |<ejT#!!
ns+ : k{ |sTc+>+ \y, eTVAqyTq |sTc+>+ >\y, y+s+
sdT >\y qeTkseTT.
77
(yjTT |sD+ `|PsseTT. 24e n<jT+)

n|T s sbjTqeT : ujT+s s|+ deTkseTT.
ne*H qeT : ns~ s+ ese\ s|yTq |e\ >\ qeTkseTT.
HjT qeT : keTds n s|eTTq 3 HeTT\T >\y qeTks\T.
|XH+ |jT qeT : V~ kes~ Jeq |Xe\qT s+#T |jTq y
qeTkseTT.
X < |H qeT : \ <eTT >\ C+& qeTkseTT.
ds< |H qeT : dsT&T <eTTq+<TqT, C+&jT+<TqT >\ qeTkseTT.
bX|jT qeT : |XjT~ <eeTT\T >\ jTd ds|&>T qeTkseTT.
|jT e+d \TujT qeT : jTeTTq |yTq XXqeTTq e+deTTq+<d >\
qeTkseTT.
|T+{jT qeT : |T+ ds|&>T qeTkseTT\T.
X+sT dV d He\ = He\T eyT .
(yjTT |sD+ ` |PsseTT 30e n<jTeTT)
]KseTT ` qB rseTT ` eeTT ` deTT<rseTT ` T\de\eTT ` |
#T\+< eT{ rdT=qe\jTTqT. ys#T\ eT{ |s<T. q\ eT{ X+seTT `
ms~ eX.
nsy @ + H >TsTe (+>eTT\T) >] +{ <VyT <y\jT n |+
>& y&T#T+&~. |sTw y\ |&Tq u+eT Xs u>\+{ |s >TsT\T
#|&+ ]+~. n> |sTc+>+ (}s*+>+) q |C| n |sT+&&+ Xs
>T]#d+~. ` n|&T H ejTdT 13 d+es\T ` >+< s#sTT.
seTT ` |#~ lseTT ` \~ <s |<eTeT |<\T #|<TsT. n+>TweTT
|w s e TT ` q&$Ty\T jTTdseTT ` +>se TT y\T nq<eTT ` #|&T y\T eTT< jTeT
#|&TqT. n+>T[ u<eTT\ \eTT <]+#eqT. > s<T. y\T>T#Tq B|
Ke >, y<T s e >, $TyTT>eZ > |jT + H=d }s |+&eTT <] +#e\jTTqT.
#| ` u\T ` X+KeTT MH yseTT > <] +#e#TqT. eT< XSqyTq s +&T s K\T>qTq
}s|+&eTT\T $w |<eTT e X_\TqT. |dT| b& XSseTT> <]+q ysTqT
X\ u B|eTT ` eT\eTT ` y<Ts e <]+q ysTqT, n<eTT> >, d<eTT>
> jTs|+&eTT\T <]+|e#TqT. MsT d#yTq ywe\T. |syT +\T ` |dqT\T `
Ms ywe\T d<eTT> |+&eTTqT <*qy] $T*> |jTeTT\T >\e. XyjT qeT:
78
eTTq>T HeTeTT\ eT<XSqeTT >* #> <+&seTT> +&T s+&T }s |+&eTT\T

<]+TsT. T k+seTT> }s |+&eTT\T #> <]+#Ty&T HjTT eT+~seTT
]+#y&>TqT. }s|+&eTT\ q&TeT q+<eTT> $X\yTq# qejTT& $we l\
&+#T#T+&TqT. T ywy>eTeTT\+<T ] ` + eTTq>Tq$ \TZ }s |+&eTT\T
$~+ #| &q$.
(<M u>eeTT ` d+<eTT 11 ` n<jT+ 15)
<V yT <y\jT+ : >*>|s |eT ~X =~<s+ sTeTTK+> <d+u+
+T+~. < d+ ue TT ydT |sTw weTT (|sTc+>eTT) ~ sTq +& +<kqeTT.
H_ eT\+ < H_kq+ BH VkqeT+{sT. < <{ y[ V<jT kq+.
V<jTkq+ e< *|s+ ]ksT. ~ e\js+ +& s |\+. <e qs\T
qs<q ]|~ *|s+|H. *VsD |sH =+<sT |<|s+ n+{sT. s
=+#+ eTT+<T y[ ydT |sTw sdT kq+. n< >s\jT+. <e&T =\Te+& |$kq+.
kq+H | |sTw\ \sTTqT, Je |<s X\ d+j> VyTq e*+>+ G
bqe+ >, ds><&q eTV $we
=\Te+& |$kq+ >, s <e\T
|w+ |& |< q <e \jTyTq |$ |w
sT>TT+~. Xk+> eT |sq+ >eT
|< |s+ |w ] bD+ bdT+~.
=\Ty, H\y u\ |P\+<T+ ]\T
rs X> esTT+~.
(\jT q+ ` &sY db <TsZ|k<)
qs ds|+ : H deTT,
+&eeTT n u<\T. +&e+ >+;syTq~.
d+ dTesyTq~. d\qT<+#&+~. d
|sTw\ | >\ n$Hue d++<
|r nsHXsyTq es|+.
#TqTq C\ |ueT+&\+ (e+)
ds H<yT q z+seTT. {peTTq >+>
d + | d e T~ , # + < s K nqT> V ,
\eTTq~|> d#q. HeTT\T ds
#+<E\, \eTT\ VeTT\T. #$&
79
jT+<T eTs +&\eTT, m&eT#$ jT+<T +eTT\T+&T |sTw d usD<sD e\q

nsHXs d#+. ds<sDeTTq dseTT +&* X VeTT. +<eTT |$, ds
Ks~| eTTq >TsT. H\T>T #T \ | &# &e TsTeTT dw (j) X y|e TTq
>TsT. +~ &#sTT nujTVdeTTq d V+. | m&eT#sTT n L&q~ d+Vs
VeTT. +~ &#s TT &Vde TT nqT>V d#e TT. s +&T b<\ &b<eTT d b <eTT
jTd#+. <+< sdT&T s> s eTT nCqV+. M nD#T, sTT+#T
VeTT. m&eT b<eTT + b<eTT nqT>V, y >TsT. > #seTT, |\ MT<
>C\T M] V+. |syTXs +&e s|+ |+#j X (dw` d ` d+Vs `
sue ` nqT>VeTT) M sq n~<e\T. V ` $we ` sT< ` eTVXs `
d<e\T.
(n_qjT <s D+ ` =D+ lseT nbse)
qs ds|eTT = |<eTT\ nseTT\T.
n R j (e eT& H+ u> H + n n+{sT.)
eTseTT R |sTc+>eTT, yTTd* (eTq<T >TsT)
&eTsTeTT R j (#sy< $Xw+)
+eTT R #$eT, #y. ( j >TsT)
n R |sTc+>eTT n L& n+{sT (e&T n ds|&T)
e+<es+ : eTw |{q =* <e |sT e n+f neT. eTq <T |\+<]
neT. eT+ ` e seeT+> <en neTs+. e n+f neT<q+. d+d +
esY n+{sT. n+<Te HuT e+<es+ nH&T. {H uw L& esY
n+{sT. +wt < MTsY n+{sT. n+f u |<se T ns+ . Xd+ u
Xk beTTK ~ yT{]jT*+ neT+~. s+ H | ysT < e
`nY n+f e nHsT. neT n$T]+~. nL& y*. n nH ns ysT
nHsT. sT><+ V n+~. èT s+& *dq< +> eT n |sT
eTq <X+ yTX], e <e\ |sT n> e#sTT. X+ Xd+ < eT
nHsT. qT $d]d |Dq+< eTT+<&T 55 d\T s+#&T. < eT |+#
|+#wY n |sT.
m$T~ y\ d+es\ |Ps+ dTyTsT\T ueX\qT >sT\T u$+#sT.
y] uw n+ n+f X+. n+f u$T. n+ n+f >q. yT |sT |&T
\T>TH n+eT ` n+\eT nH |s >eT <e> y*d+~. n+eT, n+jT, n+&T,
80
n+s& nq |s |dT+~. V $w eTVXsT\T eTT>TZsT nq<eTT\+{. u<$

X+ y] *<+&T\+{. n j>+{ \jT >sT dTyTsT ue+MT< + b&sT.
=* H>]\ y\dq |{\ e<e eTV $sT\T. ^\T m<q <e |s
@<qT q>s ]+#sT. q>s+ 50 n&T>T\ mT m<H <$ $>V+ +&< #]
#TT+~. n~ @qT>T <++ #XsT. y+&, +>s+, qes\ |&+ #XsT. s
^& y[H eTT+<T m<H >T& { s \T |\T THysT.
dTyTsT <e qq. yT eTq \, dsd, bs eT]+{~. }]wt q>s\
<e yT. s y\dq n><, u_H, n|TsY, qy q>s\ y[+~. y] uw k
nsTT+~. .|P yjTH{ e ndssD dMTs $Tdt ksY +>sT $>V+
#sTT++~.dMTs $Tdt ^ |sT. ndTs uw yTqT X+se nHsT. ksY <$
nc] nHsT. ksY <$, yT #**, |]#]* n+<] +>sT $>V\T> b
bsTT++~. n+<T $>V+ b&e 35 n&T>T\T. ksY $>V yTT+ 250 qT\
+>s+ |{qT #] <K\THsTT. jTs|t |edj L& e<y\j\T
# HsTT. eTq <X+ + e, eT<Ts MTH, o nq|Ps, \ , T|PsY
uy, =|PsY eTV\ q>s <e\T. <$ |P d+d eTs<\T b+~ X++>,
XjT eT+> sb+~+~. d+d rsD H#T e<e\T | @&T>TsT n\T>
q >T\s s|+ |@{ >seT d+s, uH\ |+&> y\Td +{sT. bNq
\| @&T>TsT n\T bTsE $>V \T |+&T \ |DV e#q \ k d|e T\T
use> H+s+ b+<sT. ||+# y|+> e ~\ MT< | ue+T\T
#sTT. * &qT+& ysT#dq |\\ MT< n~seTT, |uT #sTT+# eTV<e\T y*XsT.
y] ysdT\T> sE\, |uTe\, <=s\T sT. e _&\T eq eed n&T
bjsT. nsTTH @&~k] e|P eTq <Xq $T*+~. n< eTq<X+ , eTq d+d
>=|<q+. >=|<HH <ds |+&> s|dT+~. X |s+ bX<Tq y]
|Xe\+{sT. |XbX\ qT+& $eTT *+ eTeT* eTqTw\T> #sTT n <ds
sE X] =\TksT. n+<T eTT>TseT\ eT\|eT e+<es+.
(s+u weT] >] | yd+)
zyT : |DeeTT ` s+ueTT ` V ds|yTq ;Cs+ ` sTZD V y#eTT `
<e ` s ` n+^]+#T yTT<\>T ns\T
X+..
y>s $y d+| y>s ||jT!
>: |Ts e+< bsr |syTXs!!
ns+ : nsHXs + y>s\T bsr |syTXsT\ e+{$. y ns\ e\H
81
>+ d+uwdT+~. s+& $&BjT n$Hue d++<+ \$. ns+ Xu

$\Te <T . X+ ns }V+#e TT.
([<dt)
z+s eT\ msT>ssH
n~ ~X neTzssH
ns s eTs zssH
eTT>TsZ T eTsT\ zssH
K] =&T eTT+{ zssH
neT & N{ \T zssH
n~|De H<+ zssH
n~ X+eT++ <+++ zssH
n~ d+ dT+<s+ zssH
n~ <+f $\jT+ zssH
(\T b&TH ^+)
z+ : +<T n ` ` eT n eT&T H<\THsTT. n nq> |~ y~ |+#u
| jT, nq> dT, $k\T n, eT nq> d+q+ Jy n, n+f
|X\ |jD ]|& |TsD y{ ~ dueeTTq Je nDTe\T Tq, DeTT
| D+ J$> yesD nqTL\ |]d T \+<T e Je\T> $d+ #qT. qsJ$ dV
|fq T.
z+ nq> Je |, JeCT\T eTeT eds\T, ned\T, #q\T
Vs+>|sT=qT |+#u\ fq XeTTqT y&T=qT, ns#T, LjTT, \T
]+\T, ##\T e>s H<\T |{+#T.
(C J$+ |]DeT+. `HsY)
z R j (HHs s e\ |T +Te.
n+ R eTq<T&T (|sTc+>+) (n|sD+ ` @s |T+Te)
d |sTw\ \sTTjT z+
j>Xd+ w{# \ bT sV ks, V s+<e TTqT \T|= m$T~+{
nw <\T n+{sT. M{q+{ <syT q XH ~<e&, nH n\q+ n yeTq
#b&T. z+ eT+ Vs+<| <d..
nw <eTT\ <syTq{
82
~<e&=& n\ >eTT
sTT <Ty&T Hb V+T
$X<_se ! $qTsye T!
z+s <T nejTy\T> #TsT. n$ +{sTT.
1. |<eT+ s+
2. ~rjT+ <+&eTT#
3. rjT+ +&s+
4. #Ts+ s #+<+
5. |+#eT+ _+<T d+jTT+
|&T z+s sb #d n~ >T , dw m+<T eT\ sDy u< |&T T+~.
n~ w{D+. w{# + > jG*+>+ d+j> V+. z+sH yeTq>sT
sTT jT + nHsT. B mesT <>\& y& V+. <&+ nq |< n~>$ T+#&+ ,
n$T+#&+, \|T+#&+ nH ns\T #|>&<T. <T\T n+f s$T+#&+ nH ns+
#| y*. |&T |X e\ d+>eH, <&+, <{+#&+ nH |<\ |s=+Tq, eqe\
d+>e L& <&+ n |Ps+ |*#ysT. e_#s <e] nH~ \T>T e.
sTT |< & yeTq>sT nse++> y&sT. & Xw +~. sTT n+f eT&+{
deTV+ nH> |s+~ nH ns+ L& +~. n+f T++ >\ &~. us _&\T J$+
q &~ n ns+ . sTT <Ty&T H b V+T nH b<+ yeTq>sT eT d
|qT>Ty&T d+ksjs n eTs=esT #TTHsT. yeTq>] <w d+ks $T+q
j>+ <T.
(yeTq y<+ ` sT<)
<y\j\ MT< $T<T q (X+>s \T : seTDeTD * q eqe |
jT @MT *jT |]d +{&T. n> |C H * Hq y& L& n+sY
VsY u<+ +&<T. ~ Jeq + |]|PseTjT |]d <.! B+ @ ] +&<T. @
u< +&<T (V<sTD+. 4`3`21). |]d d |sTw\ >& *+>qeTT y
>sT. ~ |sTw |T\ V+. B >s\jT y*MT< #sT. >&\ MT<
#sT. ## #sT. |sds w D\ (+s++ ` II1. 88 `96
50 $<TH\ |Vs+> #TT+~.) |sTw |T\ d+>eTyT y+. n< $T<Tq
+. (>s\jT <s XK\MT< $T<T q \T *+#*. VY d+V, VjTXw b+#s,
n. |. `30, deTs+>D d<s 30`34. n bNq $T<Tq \+ .|P s+&e X_.
83
k+N d|+ !! es k#sY k+N ~\T. usrjT m\|& q|& s|+

$T<TqyTT{. $w $<q+ ueT +>sT usD+ MT~~. djf kd{ |t u+>
| 1912 | 283 e&q~. u<T\ <w $T<Tq+ n+f T< ` |\ \sTT).
n <Vq X\ $T<Tq+ y |r. B k~+# k<&T | |sTw\ \sTTqT
#&*. yTT< d |sTw*sTes >&yTq * sT>H jTT+&]. < s+&T>
sTHqT. n+<Te\q eTs d |sTw\T> +]. n&yTqT q=s *dqT.
(V<sTD|wT 1.4)
|seT |ueX*jTq X> | u>e+T $T& jTTq~. (XXs|wT 4
`10) n&T y d+j>+ #dqT (X.u.6`12 `6) <q <+|+ e nedsyTq~.
|Xe e+{ eqe q+<eTTq <seT>T#Tq~. n< n yeTT L& (|X
1.3 { lesT s |B| ) u>e+T& qT+ $&e&q <~ nq~. <$yTq
d |+d+ j>uVQ+ #q, e djT+ d+| =sqT dw $dsD ]q~. j
VCq+ d+b~+#& Xs $<T\qT nqTd]k&T. eqd, u~ |]XeT\T #k&T,
u&q k<&T y+ ] n s\q k<q+> #k&T. s k<H |syTq
+q+ +T+~. Xs+H j>+ n+f |se \sTT e\+ dHdT\ k<+.
y]H ne<\+{sT. (ne< n+f \<s, XeT <s n~>$T+ dHdjT m\|&
u>eY +q +&y&T. n<eT dHdT\T T+ <T\esT. e] |<> dHd
]eq &< ]qT rse#T. sr s>T X dVjT+ j>+ nud+#e#T.
n+{H | s> d d+>eTyT msT>&T). y] s\T ns <T. d d+>eTeTT
ns <T. k< k<q X dVjT+ b+<& \k<q n+{sT. (\ k<q
|<T\T >+< e&sTT. dTs d+V |.45 bDwD | 618. >+<s ++
| 60. \e* | 29 yTT<\>Tq$). k<q X \>H |#dT+~. \ e
n y|\ qT+& *+#TqT e qqT *+#TeTT (n<s y< 5`8`4). d+u>+
q y]<s |Ps d +{sT (X.u. I5. 28). (ueH\| $T<Tq $>V\T+f |&T>T
|&< ]k |\ jTT qeT+ (\ K+& I1. +.m+.I48 | 217). |&T>T
eqe X\ dyTq+ +~. yTsT|\ qTq~ HH. #+< | 4.13.1. q |. 29`
30) $T<Tq $>VeTTq ueq+| |&T>T |&<T) n+<Te\H >] e Xs+ d>u>+
ns+ nHsT. e<M \ eT e *+#TqT> yT e *+#T= +&TqT.(
j>yw+ sD |s D +18.3) <e* sTw* y] &\ <y\jT+ MT< +#*.
&sY u{#s usrjT = $T<Tq \| yK\T s|+ 1926.|.22
dT|u<>eT+ III #| e&, V]&, |: &\T *+#*. $T<Tq u&>T+&
84
qTq$ qTHsTT. ]k <e `KsVA\qT) eqe +& >&\ MT< sTw\ eT&\T
+#L&<T. (eTjTeT+ 18,3) n~ y] Jeq <X\=s #jT&~ <T. >qT (eT+
dsq |< rsTe&+ H\T>T |sTcs {. <s, ns, eT, y\H$ |sTcs\T.
n~ e]<q y+ =s #jT&~ qT n< y] e] ] ><!.
(>T& ` &. |<b{ H>Xsse)
yUq dX ||Cq+& (n< ` 32) eTT |sD+ L& <y\jT+| ~>+s
\T #\ +~. <s ns eT y\dT+< $w <ss |sD+ #TT+~.
eTq \T>T uw kyT +~.
@$Ts ! d+ #bdTH e n+f
ns ! ~ <y\jT+ nqTHqT nH&.
n+f H= \+ <y\jT+ b\ qs<q #dysT. =+<sT
<y\jT+H d |sTw\T fysT. =+<sT d\T @sT #d n+<TH d |sTw\T
sb\T sV+#ysT.<y\j\T k=+|\T> e]bjsTT. =+<sT #s\qT
d&+#THsT. n{ y] yTT<{ X $ ;eTq q dTeTr X+ ybj&T.
n&j X =\Te>=\Te
>T&[ #&u qT\ >wH
$&Te L]$T djT
n&e\ <&sd jTsT> dTeTr!
ue+ : ese T>T X\ de\T #jT L&<T . <y\jTeTTq+<T sT>T eT &\ T #&s<T.
#&y] $&Te+& dVeTTqT, n&$ &T +& +]> be q$ e.
y{ eyj *.
$ #&| XsT&T $<+> |<+ #b&T.
\+\T s+&q >T&
s\<T |\ eTqdT s\<T j
\+H\ d+#qT.
+E&\ +<es| $ #&b!
ue+ : >T& \+\T s+f >T& |T+~. |\ eTqdT d+> +&<T.
V \+\qT m+<T |{+qT?.
T\d $T ydT H y$Ts? n+f
jTy~ nqTHqT. nH&
85
~ L& n+<] Xs|]# \T>T kyT.

eTq<X+ =+<sT d\T +{ esD >Te m<TsT> s+&T, eT&&T>T\ mTq
y~qT e~]> ]ksT. eT<q T\d yTTqT |+ d\T |dT|
+eT\ T\d |PksT. T\d #qT \<$ ds|+> u$ksT. T\dH
jTy~ n+{sT.
jTy~ qT V<sD|wT e]++~.
d jTT j jTy~. y+&T\ <s\T sVd |<X+ q+<* #seTT keT
|\eTTq+<* ewDeTT\T (j bseTTq+<* e+d K+&eTT\T) n $<eTT>
u$+ bd+#& y ybjT jTeTT #jTTy m{ |d< eTT \T>TH n{ +
b|+#T#Tq~. T \TdT= yT<TqeTT #jTTy&T d\ jTT |DeTTqT b+<TTH&T.
$<eTT> \TdT=q d+u>+ #jTTy jTT dTeTTqT d\T b+<T#THsT.
(V<sTD|wT ` nweT<jT ` #Ts uVD+)
#+<>|wT < ns #| +~.
z >e ! jTTejT n. |djT d$T< d+yT b>
jjT C\. yT<TqyT n. sdTKeTT sDeTT\T. n +~j~ <e\T
sdTqT VAeT+ #dT<TsT. jVQ qT+& >seTT |T#Tq~.
(#+<>|wT ` |+#eT |bs ` nweT +<+)
X
ds nse eTsDs VA
eT |+d <s VAeT
<e+ Vs eTDeT
$c#y>+ sTC e+& jTT>+
ns+ : eT+ |. u>*+>\T |qT |{+# sD. qH+~jT se\T <s\T.
VAeT d$T< Ms+. dTseTTq |T <qT\T eT+\T. ewD\T |sbT\T n \#s.
(|+# $<|<X + )
X ne< dT<T:K+ $TsTZD V k
&eT]V X H # #
eTeTT eTeT eTq+ >ds sTD|Ps
dqus eT<Ts$ yV y
ns+ : dTK <T:KeTT\T *jT sTZDyTq VyT yeT T~y&T #|qT. e
86
jTT eTeTT $qysTT eTq<T jTT ds s |]|PsyTq jT eq+ >*qTe+{ >=|

dH\T >*qTe+{ eTT& $&T#Tf yeTT > eT] ys yeTT >\<?.
(sT<j eT\+)
u><$ s<q :
X
nX |es+ ` <TssusD X_+!
<|\ Hy<+ ` u><$ qeTdT..
ns+ : s$ s+ * y+&T\T nH usDeTT X_\TTq z u><M
ns{ |+&TqT Hy<+> dTHqT.
X
s uT Cs bs sD
eT<d eTV_\+ ~q~q+ <|\ deTsj$T.
ns+ : uTCseTT *, sTy| >&\T * <yTq n&$ eTeTTq
ks+>+q >\ s |sp ns{ |+&T deT]dTH qT.
u $T jTH& dj
T T d{e TD >VVQ eqTq< dsd e TT bqT. oH<T &T es
eTV+ & d{ eTD >VeTT nq> j. nq> j dsdT e qTq< ns+.
X
|s+jTd <]r \<s \X+. X+ *+>eT].
ns+ : |s+ nH u$T \+ +&q \X+ (j) e+{~. X+ (|sTc+>+)
*+>eT]
X
\Xd eTTU $w, +ssT<: de:
eT d V eT< e>D: d :!!
ns+ : \X+ eTTK+ $we, +s+ sT<T&T eT< V e] X ds|+.
l \* dV d He\ = k\T!!. +<T e#T d+K\T dV d He\
esTd d+K\T.
264 dwsqeT: ` dw eT\ | s|eTTqT b+~ #jTTq~ dw n |sT.
375 eT |PjT qeT: ` eTq<T # bd+|&TTq~.
626 |sjT qeT: ` V~ eTsT\ +f l<$ |PseTTq~. eq |s n
ueeTT.
656 j>q+<jT qeT: ` eX keTsd eTT j>eTjTT n\eTTq+<T *q
q+<yT Vq+<eTjTT, n~jT Cq+<eTT.
796 eTs|DjT qeT: ` eTT&q> e&T. |s e ds|eTT >\~.
804 |wsjT qeT: ` |wseTqT rs ds|eT ns+.
87
895 j \jjT qeT: ` l#eT+<Tq j #kqeTT >\~.

964 +< dTeT |UjT qeT: ` eT+q |weTT deqyTq + >\~. n+yTq
msT| >\~.
982 jeTT<jT qeT: ` <M jeTT< ds|eTT. ~ qeTkseTT< jT ~ qeeTT<
#]q~.
986 DjT qeT: ` j#eTTqT b+~jTTq<jT eT\ | ds|eTT.
s$ #T eT] ds|+ :
X
eT\ V sbjT ` eT< $w s|D
n> esbjT es C jT qeT:
ns+ : nX e+ eT] ds|+. yTT< V ds|+. eT< $w ds|+ n>u>+ e
ds|yTq ese qeTkseTT.
n> nq|Ps dVdHeT keTT = T |<\T.
eT d : ` eTe ` eT < ` eT[ ` $H~ ` eTHeT< ` e os <e
#] ` u>$< ` u>H ` u>j s> |< ` u>[ ` u>s|# ` u>>TV yTT<\>Tq$.
X
d|s |s 2 k+<j 2 [
|+& jTTe mk |k 2 |
|\+ dsZ: dsZ 2 | #|s d: 1
ns+ : | |+&T \T =+<sT d\ T #&y sT, y] dVeTT #jT s<T. nsDeTT\+<T |d T
#jT T yT\ |\T#T+<TsT. MsT eTTqT ydbsTT sT \qT ydbeqT #jT TysT. @\q |d T
|\+ dsZyT <!. dsZeTTq qT+&TysT n|sd. n#{ bsTTqq eT>Te |: |\eTT> qTq|&T
d\qT +~+#T || |\ d ueTTq #jTT |qT #jTT<TsT.
(us V] dTuwe TT\T)
<V+q eTVT&T dw <=s&T. d\ #s#s >T s><c\ +&q<.
*jTT>+H <T. =* *jTT>+q < |]d . <e\T s e\T, &V +qT\T, yd>.
eqe\ |X|<T\ e #b !.
(<M u>eeTT)
d+d uw sjT&q X w s eT+, jT<e ^ >$+<+ HsjTD rsT\
w ]+D HsjTDu ] HsjTDjT + >sZ#sT >sZ d+V X+>s eeTT. MTsusTT,
$<e, ds<dT, e\u#sT&T yTT<\>ysT w u |#s+ #dqys. \T>T bq u>e+
jT >] eTTe >b\ |<\T nqe#sT\ y+fXsT| X+>s d+sq\T |d<yT.
\T>T ow MT< y\Te&q X \T, y\T @ uwq y\Te&< y !. n X+>seTjTyT.
88
~e \D\Tqy] |eT duy T> #&s< s<w\ |eT >|\ w& X+>s
\\T ~yqTu kjT , <X eeT\T +<\T bjT, X+>s+ #yT + ~ <, D y T + ~
<, nseT]\T <, q+<u]eT #TsT. +{ e\T lw u\ bVksTT.
<+ u eTTdT>T k> X+>s ybs sVd+.
+~ \T>T #T |<+ u +<?. X+>s+ +<?.
n#T> <T Hs\qT
>T |{ >| d\H
#\TqT C&T >s>
$#\ $&<+ ...... q $w >=\TH
(\T>T #T $+ ` b|dsY . \*)
|{ nu+ Xu+ *jT HsT\ # lcw$T sEq s<w\, >|\ yw+ ysTT+
b\T b&+ &+ d+w|&ysT #eT+~ HsT. # |sT |UT\T b+~ Xe\T @sT
#dT= kMTJ\ nes+ X+>s sb\ <=]bsTT, {M #q y <X\qT #|d
<XeT+ $dTbsTT+~. |{H u\T sTks?.
=+eT+~ u$T j>, X *+>+> <e ds|eT u$+ s~dTHsT.
=+eT+~ u\T e& @ s|+ |P+#s <s{ eTV$ q VdXs X+
|s=+ qT @ s|+ |P+#\+ e b]dTH&T.
H s|eTT> u+T eT~ s| y? d
#H? +#y? yT|+{j? d+<VeTT eH
HsH ueBjT eT] d>TD s+T> p|y
s$Vs eTeT<Tb! lVdXs !
( VdX s X + . |< + `15)
ns+ :
V<jT eTH& |< + $Vs+ #jT T
eT~+q TyT<q lV dX s!
y, d jTT dqy, +#y, (<q+ =\b)
yT |+{j s|eTT
@< u$+#T d$+TqT. H d+<VeTT\jT
b>={ d>TDeT] H #| <qT #jTTeTT.
89
#s\T ` $Xc\T
|s >TV e+# ~eqe\T |seTTqT neT> u$+ |seT> |*#sT.
|syT \yTD bseT> H{ qeeVs+ bsr<$> |P\+<T+Tq~.
n> # =s\ e+# eqe\T #TH *> u$+ s$#TqT, eT]#TqT
<e\T> u$+#sT.
ssTTd s+&T Bb\T eTT{+
sC{ +& eP&e
eT]d s+&T Bb\T eTT{+
sC{ +& eP&e
(| |<\ |C Jeq+ ` m\+& s|TTes&)
| >j Cq|<T\T #> b&THsT. H{ yC jTT>+ L& # |dT|
+eT\ #d |P\ < sD+. qB rs\ y+& e+# eqe\T q~H <e>
|P+#sT. >+>q~ &Tq ysT >+>eT n |*#sT. \eq n~ >+>qeT> e]
|P\+<T+Tq~. n> cq~ we nHsT. eTq <Xq q<T\+{ |sT dy #.
u$TqT+ #T yTT*, n$ jT\T H{ eqe\ Vs+ #sTT. y{ sDyTq
u $T *> u$+ u e> |P+#sT. d |sTw\ d+|s + e\ d+q+ \T>TTqT>
>V+q eqe\T u$T |+\T |+&& sDyTq dsTD <e&> u$+ ds
qeTks\T #X&T. dw eT\+ d n j |P < sD+ *+>eT *+>|P #X&T.
u $T *> q, X +&>q u$+#sT. M]H | |sTw\T> |s=+{sT.
| ||Tq yqT @< X +<H~ q $Xd+. u$T, X+| |+q,
$|+q y{ >] #q qeT\ <\ T s|\ q #XsT. deT\ deC u$
s\ y] eT |< q&|+# bjT+ ]qT+& ] $<, <\T, b\T
Cq|< kVH e\T, |+&T\T |]w]+ qT>TD+ #jT&+ |$ kVyTq~.
dVJeq+ deTd |]cs+ TuT, jTe\T eT|s+ #XsT. nbsTwjT+,ewb+
nq+<Te\q qT\T s\+ b{+#sT. s d<++ <V<+ #d+~. VeTTw\T
eT|s+ e&+ |PC] n+dT |]+~. sD |]b\q #d sE Hs >e&+, sE
` |PC] ys\T nH <X ><\ HsTT. sE ` |PC] |sds XjTTHsT. <s
d\T s+&T >\ |j>|&sTT. |\ q |\T& d&\+& sE *jT
$<\T H]q |PC] < >&+ #X&T.
}V+< <e d+\+ ` eTV+ ` | y|\T, &T ` yT\T n+{ \+#
90
ydq ujT+, u HsD eTT, u, s {+#&+, + sE |PC]. &T ` yT\T

X \ |] |* q >T|{ +#& # #X&T. nB $<jT. |\ eqd
<s y&TH $<\T, q Xs+ ` eTqdTqT n<T| +# $<\T, d+b<q d#
|]+~. nsTT j, eTV+ |<s\T, nes |sTw&T me& seTsD\ nrT&T
&T . \ H\T + q $< X z&+#>\ qT, yd+#>\ qT, yT|+ #qTks+
eXe] #jT qq+> m~>&T. |\qT q$T+#&T. |e \ >& $ bNqT\
Jeq><, |X bwD, eekjT+ H&T #&e#TqT. ~eT eekjT+ y&q~ >=&* .
eekj |j +# >=&* sD\, jTT<\q y&sT. >=&* |$eT <
dw ` d ` \jTs $T <es|+> |P+#sT. V\, eTTdjTT<\T eekjT+
qT+& @s&qT. j <X\ e \sTT <qTsD\T, >+& >=&*, eTTs[ $ qT\
H& HsTT. $yV\ &_jT+, n]yD, +>s\T, |B|P, nsT+<r <sq+ n
|+ y| d+#$.
bD{ |]+#~, bqj>yTq~, H$T\ nedsyTq~ k>T
(dw)|jTTyTq { eqsT\T, Jeq<T\T, q\ >]q <\T eTVjT\T q<T\
HsTT. Jeq<T\T, n |jTTyTq qT\T yTT<\>Tq$. { >+> nHsT. u>s
b>+> nHsT. q<T\T ` q\T *ueq. fHy eTdsT\T q~ ` q\
|]qTq q\qT |+&&s<HsT. uwD, <sD, k+<sseTT sD\+sD sE\T,
|uT \T e]qqT &T d+b<q <q e+T\q#| eTT. +qeTT\ >] T\T `
T\T ||PsyT ~eT qT\ usDeTT\T +&qT. s ` eT+ ` +<T\T,
qeTeTT\T usDeTT L& HsTT. T, uT, <TdT\T, s+>T\ e usDeTT\T >&
\, e, VA<, b< p|+#TqT.
es\eTTq yT|T eTT\ p HeT* |]$| &Tq e\ esq . qT\ qeT+. dw
s#sD d |sTw |sdssD. XeTT, Xs >+<+, es+ | |k<+. #+#Ty]
=+<sT HeT*|] dw+ #T os<+. eTVej~ <MeTsT\ T eTjTs|+ # < E\T.
<M eTsT\ eTjTseTTq~. <e\ yVqeTT\T, <eTT\T y] k+ VeTT\T.
]jTT eTjTs <yVq |d eeTH<sT. yTsT s<q yVqeTT\+<T
X HeT* |] jT+<T \<+<TsT. esk$T <E&T. &|+E bsTweTTq
|d~.
V+> n, ds, #+<, yjTTe (yq) b<q |jH\THsTT. =+<sT
=eTT\T, s\T sdT\, |, n< n~|T\ <e\ $s<T\ |{sT. |Ps+
+<Tq $Tq> #+<T |P\T+&$. d\ T me> bZHy sT. #+< d++<+ neyd
91
ujT+, nXu+ bs$T X&w |#sT. #+<T&T d\ k<sT&T. u>< \

k<sT&T. = <X\ #+<>V+ d. #+< d++<yT H\e+. neTys s|\q
bH H\e+. #+< d++<eTTq <e\ seTT q~. H\e+ qeT\T |+
d++<+> bT, |sTw\ =eTTqy?. X+> os\T |sq q d++<eTHsT.
eTq <M de+ neTysT >s|D. > X+D. d+<T ~\ X+> osTD nDT,
|X|, sT<, es|+, j> |sTw nHsT.
| ` |sTw, ` ;, d ` |sTw d+|syT dw. d |sTw sb\T, T
|P\T, s sD 1. Cd eTsD+ <e+, |qs| eTsD+ ` |qs| qq+ uy\T
XX+> neTs + d~+ #\H ]\T L& nsH $<H HsTT. eTs+> sbsq\T,
+ s_w\T, Ms sD, ssq, sD\T, \T\T yTT<\>Tq$. eTq<X+, s
<X\q eTs+> s| eTsT\ THsT. y{ d _q+> no\+ n|+# e*+>+
\Te> s+<eTT b*\T d|+q HsTT. H{ \ V\T D+, s+&T
dTH\T, >T+&sTT, d+u yTT<\>Tq$. eekjT+ *jT y~sT\T eTs<e `
X<e n nqT+{sT. s< q>s sTq d+ u |w |sH#s+. qT\T
d+u , |<D\T #jTT jT d+uyT e] e*+> ue+ @s&+~. B#T
+#, |>& (y\jT+) >T& nsTTqf #T#T +# dbs<q> esq |]X<\
n_bjT+.
Je+ >]q qeT\ #, beTT >T]+ # q~. >s>T& >T+&+ eT<
e*+>+ n e>s uy\ @s&q <e sb\ d+~>ed
<e Xs+ #s, u#s, \#s $TXeT sb\T. \| Xs+ qsT& b* qsT&T. <e
q s|$T#T |{q \+ y\ d+es\T. |\ >&T p qsT&T =+| (\T) {
+{&T. y yT< $k eekjT <X b|~. m+&, yq, sD, u< =+|
nedseT|+#qT. qsT nHwD, neds\T, #q\T H>] ;eTT. ujT+ qT+& u
e#qT. eT+ #| H q+ $qsT. uj
T |&+ u> |#d+ ~. <e& uj
T +sT & #XsT.qsT&T
q uj
+<q <e s|\ q #X&T. n+<T $+ sb\T. eT#sT& eqer
X \ Tqy&> u$+#sT. #sT\T ne\+_+q { \T, e\T nH+ . eT+ +\
Cw+ C&+#sT. <qeTT, sTZD, ss, @Xs|k<T\ @> eTH >V+
neds+.~ H]+ <T. ~qT\ H{ nH XsbdH eT\T, |eT\ |ue+
qT\| u> | #jT &+ Xu\T> eT sj>+ |fq T. ~eqe\T =*>
92
}V+q <e+ n+&+, |+&+, >T+&sTT. d ~X, neT* n+{sT. yT dw, d,

\jT]D. neTy] >T&T\T, sb\T n&e =+&\MT<, #+< HsTT. >TeT&|+&
<q+ |P\T |sq+. n+&, c+& (&< >TeT&) s| <e\T n <XeTT\
>\sT. ~eT H+>eTTq |+&>s d+<s e TTq sTTke+. se s+ mss |P. s kqeTTq
+eT. \qT b*q \\ |P Hs< <eeTT\T. |q\T >TeT& nqT >\<T. d\
b\ >TeT&& , z \# >TeT& n nqT. &< >TeT& y&T eT++ eTT\jT+<T,
<w >V<w ysD d+<s+ y&T<TsT. B =+<sT e+&T= +<TsT >&. d]
>TeT& q dE
ms> #&eTT#> qT+&TqT. ~ e |jT >TeT& (e d+)
>T&#T eyT y&T<TsT. q eTd, d oseTT +< eT], \ yTT+&+ <\T,
\T $Xy|+ . \+|seTTq s DT \ d. |+>]+ eTs+>eTT #|Tq~. uT eTTq
\T, seT\T q+<Tq dc~cq <e. u<$, ue |PseTT d |d$+#T noq
u+eT >\ \eTT. nHs <e\T esTr, >D| uV+&eTTq CsT $Xw b#Ts+
b+~]. >eTTKT&T CqeTTq >& >\&T. esTr (eTVus+) jTs sejTD+ MsT~
|dq+ MsT esT V+ >\ qTy?. Cs~ $XdeTT >\ ec | >\&T.
esTr sT<>D eTsT++<+ yjTTq+<qT&]. esTr dds&T. XXHX X\qT
V]+#Ty&T. XX Hd X \ qT bs<* dd sD #jT TeT bsq \T sdq N{\T b\eTT\
$s\T e+> sweTT\ >\<T. |& |X#<T\ qT+& sD, <seTTq +HjT
<+&+ #<Te<TsT. u\eTTq esT dsT |\eTqT= q+<Tq eT msusq.
esTr >+>T\yTy.?
qsT&T q J$qTue +\ nedse TT\ e+{y <e edse TqT=qT VQ |sqeTT\
$XdeTT. @ <X| q d+d ><\qT pH yssT <e\qT <+|T\qT CjTT, y$
esTd\T *+#T j CT\ |e. neTysqT X++|CjTT |w+|&q ysT
bTsE, usy<T\T. <e us\]. CqeTTq >& rs+sT jTD, Xdq<$
@sT Cd]. | dVyTq ueeTT, | Je{ X |sDeTT\ sD\qT, dqT
|sqT\T >T]+]. H{ n~cq <e\T use, Msu<, u&T Ms#seTT\ XjT
+eTT\T |T>=eT\T Ms#seTT\ w&eqT ~sT>T Xe, XjTeTT\ >\<T.
|ejT+> |+~, yT|\, eqys| ueTqT, &< >TeT&, eTjT\qT =+
*+ d&e qT |#T+<TsT. s &s E\ H&T #+|&T >T+ &qT. Cq eTTq Xs seTeTT\qT
L{ y q&usT V+d >\<T. V eTVb|+ nH b++\H (n, \
|yX+) VQ >\<T. e<|eTTq +> =, nVeTTweTT> =, |qsq
qeT\ = HsDeTT\T |<]+#T #dq |TqseTT\T, eT++ eTVeT\T,
93
>T+&eTT\ C#T >\<T. H{ uj

T +s#seTT\T, V+ks<q \T ~eT H#seTT
qT+&qT.
<ds sE\ d q>q $XweTT e+>T, #T, Vk+>T[ $Hd b<qeTT,
\+>D TeT |P\ <>Zs b* jTTq~. q>qeTT b*q >s, +u, sd<T\
>\<T. TeT |sTw |d <T. ye#sT\ #|P eT+&sq >& +&
eTeTTqT #TqT. <H \+u& y] uVDT\q&TysT. eT<Ts d\T \| sC\
d+kseTT, *+>+ e+{ @sT >\<T. keTV >q+, y<+, qs<q ~eT H#s|
b* +&* qeTT. $T\ |+&T> q+ <e&jT& u $XdeTT\ bT
keTVq+<+ $Xy|y T q #s+. ~eT qT\T q>eTT>, ns q>eTT>qT+&T $+><T.
eT< H]q #<q\ H |{q|{ eqT+&T |$eT eT+&\ qs<q.
|ej#syT <e #T, >T& #T |<D\T. de< sDT eTTq d+HsT\T
yTTBsT ~>+s+> <M <sqeTT+&qT. d>TZ |&T ~s sD\ e\q yX, s
d\ q+| >\<T. d>T Z <|]eTTq yT&qT+& yTT\es \\eTT\T >T= d\ T >=+&j
&T
|Ps+ seTTq qT+&qT. >=+& ndu qeTT\Tqe =+<] ueq. qs|
yTEyD $\Te yqT yTT>Z\T y\T $<k<H_qjT $XweTT j>dqeTT b*.
us HeTT, ue |eTT eT |se T >T]+| qq Xdy T ]q ysT us HeTTq
>\ eT |d >\<T. |&T, beDeTT\T |+& beTs qT\ $&$&> qT+&T
s\| eeVseTT.
sT<T u\T n+_]. ]jTT&T <ek Mss<T&T. =+<] V#].
=+<] <D HjT&T. bNq jT<. esT dTes<$ #d]. d+Hs+
=+<sT d\T esT |P+TsT. ~eT <Tw <e |+ <e&T >eTTKT&T. .X 7e
XeTT qT+& jTq |P\T Vqe+<TsT. <+s+ qsC \jTeTTq *+>HeT]
\eTT +ud* ~dyTT\<$ eTs+>eTTqT dw+#T#TqT >\<. +uDeTTq =&|qTq
<$ jTq |sTc+>eTTqT dw+ #T#TqT q<. |&T b+eTT >D| u\T |eT
|sTc+>eTTq d\ T eT eTs+>eTT\ <+#T #seTT +&q. qeTeTT*s <Xe TTq
>\e. >D| |[ \ >sTy&T> esqT. H&T \eTT no\eTqT#THsT. qsT
eTH$d |> |]o\\ no\eTT\T e.
eekjTeTT >b\ <X eT]\q sVk+> s|eTT <e&T. d+ueTT |sTc+>
s|eTT $Xy|eT. sD>T+ <>Zs >T& eT\eTTq { *+>eTTq~. lX\eTTq KseTT
b* s <Xe TT\q >\e. }s D, n<D uT CT\T <e&T. neTysT *+>eTTqT
u$T+|CjTT n+&seTT neTysT. >T&eT\eTT KseTT e+{~ ><T. y~ sT\T <ojT
94
<e& eTs<e , X<e n]. yq<e Ms+. q~ neTy] eTeTT n =+<] ueq.
VQ |sq \+ qT+& |< + (j) Jed V+. |< + eTq <X+ n eT\qTq~.
u<+, XjT+, ++, kse+|s+> \qT eT*#sT. |<+, >+<+, \T, &\T
d| s + > $+ # jTTq~. dsT eTs|P \T, #+<T \Te|P\T. dsT&T |< bD,
|<u+<e&T. u<+ s |< |yTjT+ +~. dk>TqTyq u$T. nd nV\
k>T #jT u $T. d]e<$ jTD . |\T, b\T d++<+ q u><e \ . eTVe\T
\, |<+ e \b*. e\T, X\T n |sq <e\T. eTq <X+ Ms+ q\T,
o\eT\T. nsTTH <Mde+ s| e>s, X+>s |d jTTq~. sD+
+s<q yTq n+<TsT. }V s|\ q me \\T eTVyT< ueq e#T. VQ
uTC\T n\ d#q. @qT>T eTT+<T, | (eTTK+), e yqT u>+, eT d\ qT<T
_\|+ H\T>T \<$ yd d\+{sT. $wb<\ m&eTb<+| d |syTq H\e+,
\X+, D+, $\T, >c<+, eT+, X+K+. &b<+| nwD+, dd, #, <q,
n+X, |, e_+ V\ \Te ^ {.
X |P n |sqyTq~. n< Xe, ks\ qTq~. ds#+<T\qT <+|T\T>q
u$+#sT. e<$ s|+ d\T b+ b*. Xe j\| q|&T Xe kq+
b+ +#&+ \T>TH #s\ qTq<. dwe +X y| d++~+q< j*+> u>+
nHsT. NHy] *+>s|+ s*+&. +&\T, b\T, d+u\T e Jeq V\T.
=+<] <esTT =+<] neTysT. d|, #<, yTsT |s V\, |s+#, u$T
ue s|+ n u<$ #\qX beT H $Xk\THsTT. y~ kV+ qB, sT,
#T |s |yTjT+ |s=q~. ++ eTX s|+ }s D+, +< s+&T
dTq\T, MT< dTq. V+ dbs b|~ nHsT.>T&, + s+ |s
Ks+ b*, q $Xk\ #T, beTT\T <ed++<+ H{ >T&T\T H>+&\ #+<
\qTHsTT.
l|\, _\, es&T, , b, Kss| #T |qd yTT<\>Tq$ neTy] |. d
usD\ \T, |e\T, jT\T, | susD+ e+>\+ e dTeT+>[ d#q.
n+f e+Xy|. $yV y~ #T=eT *| #s+, b\+ \Te < *|
#seTTq~. d+u\T, *+>\T, BsyT&T ~wueT\T, w\ +< <Cek|q, >+&T\
>&>s, y<TsT>&, |&* Cs mq s, d]eqT e ~eT H#s\T. ~
sD s $Xk\T. ms eTs |Xd me. \| sT Je{ dw. |qsq qeT\
s+ >]q qeT\T. ~eT qT\ ses+ Xud+. $w (X+) |> |]>D+#
|Ps+ \ (u$T) |+ <e. X+>s |d, u$T #+< d++<+ <\ HsTT.
95
#+<T \Te|P\T, dsT eTs |P\T, dsT&T |<bD, |<u+<e&T. dss

dw |jH\T n+<s]qy. dsT& $w. $ws n+{sT. $w ds| >< yV.
~+> e+Xy| #d kes +>eT Jy\ <y\ |$+. |s| u<\T>
#bsT. e+Xy| |+~ m\T rdT. |+ <e (>DX) yVq+. n * n<
+#q+. eT+&b mseT eTw +#. eTw V\Tq <y\T |+H
ddHXqeT>Tq skH m\T\HMT #jTs. skH sd|T\T ed++ bsr<$
| =s n&$|+~ y{& #+| e+d+ $+<T uq+ #s+. eT<TXs \jT \+
y\T q~. X|< uVD+ n&$|+~ > |d q~. e+Xy| VQs
|jH\Tq #T, neTys |$+. sDT, $TH&T uy, eT]jTeT\ y|#T,
s u>e |qd, yw$ Cw\ s$#T, #eTT+& eT], e] <T+s, +<D
\<TeT, ysV qT> e+ |$+. Vsby] s$, y| |$+. d+HsT\ e|P,
nX |<D\THsTT. # |[ #s\THsTT. JqJeq ><\ e |yTjT+ #
+~. V+< |$ kV+ =# beTTKqTq~. d+<T ~\ s$ \THsTT.
++ s$#T V<T<\jTeT. #T+< >\ e&T neTys d++<eTTqT
}seT\ s$ $ws|+ nHsT. $w nX, ee, V |d nHsT.
|P\T d$T<\T> |j+q+<TqHy e |$+ nHsT. <T+s (yT&)
|XdeTHsT. n+<T qe <+|T\ uTC\| &, y|, s$, $s>, qT>, &$T, es&T, ],
yT&, + =$T~+{ \ e\HsT.
q , e, q~, d#, |s +, |, ds<T\ |sT>\, <dy# HeT+ >\, uj
T +sy T q
|sT>\ q\qT $yVe&s<HsT. Vsb H>] #+~q neXc\ \_+q |\+
MT< \+<T\T>qTq d sVk+>+ (j) + yTT <$+qT + +~.
|Ps+u+ L& d j V+. e\T, |\T | |T <sH\T. d
eqeC m |+b+~dT+ |P qT+&
<$+q y& e&T. yTTV+C<s |\\| eT&T eTTU\Tq q>yTq <e&T |k&T.
H| <TqbT =eTT\Tq & e& eT\s|yT +{& b|dsY && X+_
nH&T. |H\ s qeTT qT+ eT&T sE\T u<$ sd\> +T+< n|&T
yTqT n+Ty n+{sT. n|&T eT&T sE\T u $T <Tqs< jTeT+ (<M.u>).
eTs |ws rs, n+&XjT+ d+u> d+\T. |ws rseT+f eTs n.
eTs n+f j n #| &+~.
(X|< uVD+ 7`4`1, 11`13)
96
neT \T\+<] bs<q |P\T, CsT, H\\T n sTTeqT>yTq uX `

|+. s ` ed+ ` es sTTuy\T, bs$T ` eyd\T neT \T\+<]
|$+.neyd (dy) dw |d ` >s<H dTeTTVAs+. eT>bjT <X yT<TH\T
neT* |s+> s\T s |]$T+ #Xs ? d>TZ |{ N{ ess?.
| ` *|\T ` X+KeTT ` >e\T (k>]) e neTys+ <] Xys+ |d j
T Tq~.
X&T, usZe&T, #+<eTT e <\THsTT. neT\T\+<s d <V ` j ` >s ` dq
` |d u]c. T<T u<q X s> e]qV XX V+jT. n~ r `
\ >TDeTV+#&T. V neT \T\T eTXS <e X V+ ` u]w sT\T.
Vs< <X sHsT. _& esT\+<s nq|PsT\T.
XH\T ` k~ ` Ck\T $Xy|+. qsT Je H>] d+d b|~.
Vs< <X >V q\ #\qeT, u$T| esT\T, |]o\q, Cd, CweTT,
|+#+>eTT, s\ |+\ >s e\ C\T e. XyseTT |P+q @y
d<T\T+&Tq ueeTTq Xys d~ =+<] ueq. >VeTT\ >]q $Xd+ $<
XdyTq~. XyseTT >] qT\T me> ujT|&]. s|\q c+>T&T (q\) |& `
|X# ` >V<w ysDeTT >] q $XdeTT\T ks ` k+< |yTjTeTTqT> n~,
esT d+<s e TT\Tq$.
neyd (N{), yseTT e] sE XyseTTq >]q ujT $XdeTT\T n
|sqeTT\T. nqTu ~qeTTq+<Tq H&T @ | #jTs<T. = eT\ y] neyd,
Xys+ d\e. d\e ~qeTT\+<T eTTw #s \T sT| |]b{. XyseTT H&T nu +>q
#s\T sT| |]b{.
XyseTT H&T nu+>q kqeTT, |ydeTT, |P uqeTT, eT` e+d `
yT< T qeTT\ eqT H{ $T>*q qeT\T. Xys neyd\, eT++ |yT jTeTTq~.
e e yTsT |s~qeTT\T. lH<T&T #|q XyseeTT e|seTT. < yTs+
neseTqT H= sDyT jTT+&TqT. e&T X <weTT |+#T=q bjTqT. X <w
ysDeTTq e|seTT> X j<X |. eTq bNq $XdeTT\ <\T esT m&
|#jT<T. X<weTT ` |& qTe> ujT|&q~ y] \Vq\| <qe]+#T y]
+T <+>eTT\T.
~eT q d+d qse+d uD VQ |sqeTT\T. |ejTeTT |qsT<]+].
@ <X| |sq ><\ T #dH qs* sT~s bqeTT. s_ weTT |ej#seTT\T+&TqT.
X q d+VseTTq #seTT e> bV+#&qT. sE\T, MsT\T, XT d+VseTTq
jTT< u$T Ms#seTT\T b{+]. s+ +| jT]+#T, e+& jT]+#T, b\+
97
s+ +| jT]+#T yTT<\>Tq$. { Ms#seTT> eTVuseTT #|qT. ;eTT sT~s

bqeTT |>BsT=q. H{ n~cq <e\T use ` Msu< ` u&T Ms#seTT\
Xj
T +eTT\T |T>=eT\T. Ms#seTT\ ueTT {. XTe ueTqT \T
T= eTT |j +# |H b ueTqT+ $TyjT T, |se TTq nee+#T
yTT<\>Tq$.
s <e\T |\T s+>eTT\ eT\y] s< <eeT>T ksq+. s |X
b\qH eekjT <X <e\ >]q <\T, eTsT\ nud\T. ~eT qT\ yT<
|> H]q~ |]ds | qT+& jTqTy<eTTq qTe> #s#s Je{ ><\eTT\T
>qe#TqT.
VQ |j qsy T q XqXeTT\T, > ewue TT\T, nCyTweTT\T, |DTwe TT\T, eT]=
+Te\T |$yT <e |sy T q $. |, |$yT q y{H *sTT#T, uT +#T, e+kVs
edseTT\T b+rjTT\, V+d+#s<qT XUVsT\ $XdeTT\jTqT. b+rjTT\ \_+#T
VseTT, oweTT, e, XseTT eT Jeq esT e+kVs ` XUVs u<eTT\T
@s&q jT+<TsT.
JeV+d n+f m +T+< |sD d+|Tq \TT+~. <sy<T es
nsT. yTqT eT+> eTVeTT esT&T |dqT&T $yVeTT #dT=HqT. n>sT yd
H&T $|+#T<T nsT, <T\T |\<T. <+ n>] |+ e+~. &*
<w++~. eT>\qT #+| Hy& LT]$, qTy+ $|+#T+{eq~. |+ e+~
nsT. |{+{ y[bsTT+~. n& q n>sT m +~++<+f $es+> +&
#|+~. ny]+{ yqq~. | yTqT *<+&T\T ny]+{ rdT= e#sT.
eT<Vy uq+ #d yeTHsT <sy<T&. uq+ @+ |&TTHs n&>&T n&T.
+<T\T, ><TeT\T #|++~ eT+>eTT us. <sy<T&T y{ N={&T. sE mH
y\ Je* #+|s MTsT. +{ uqeTT qT #jTqH&T <sy<T&T. y\ Je*
#+| + q, q esq T +~+#&+ eT+~ <H&T.
(esV |sD+)
sTT& +\ L& JeX +T+<, JeX #| eTq+ y{ e+&T=
+THeT, ~ JeV+d +~ edT+< # #{ $esD. B |s+ n+<s
V+ks< nesT. # d+ Cq eT ns+ <T.
eT+ d+q+ H\+f > e+k u+#\ V<sD+ n<jT+ 8 #Ts
uVD+ X+ 18 #TT+~.
use sseT #] e+kVs+ sTw\ +< uV+> #{+~.
98
jTj ><T\ |X V+d +&~. u<T\ T _ jT\T<]q|&T ysT e+k d]+#ysT.

u<T\T s~ me V+d s>L&< u$++~.
Cq eT d<+\T # \VqyTq $. y d<+\T m H Cq T\T keT]bT\T.
Xs w|&, eekjT+ #dq|&T nH dJe\T qkjT ujT|& Xs
XeT <syT <XeTT e& ybsT\T> (<|&<sT\T) $T*bjsT. |&T
<X+ |T& esZ+> js <X <#T+THsT. CqT\T V+ky<T. eT Xs+|
y+T\T \| y+T\T # |]ydTHsT. n|&T y] u< L& \T>TT+~.
|yd B + n|&|&T sD |PqTHysT. V+d nV+d d<+ eTq
\T>T $ ll ns+ #dTq rsT m+ >+;s+> XdjT |< #|q s+&T |+\T
$<+> HsTT. >jT+ e] |+\T.
V+dH dw |Pd~
V+dH esT ed~ . (ll)
B ns+ #dTq ys+eT+<?.
99
eT+\T ` +\T ` jT+\T

eT++ : eTqHY jT eTqq+ #d b&~ >qT B eT++ n |sT e+~.
|<+#T, +#T, sVdeTT, |\T n # ns\THsTT. eT+eTH~ ns d+|{.
= <e mH eT+\T+{sTT. eT+ |+ e\ k< ]\T <e\T Hsy s T ks
qT\ qeT+. eT+\T n+f eTq+ e{& e\T. @ uw e{&H n$ eT+.
eTq <X+ d+d + <euwjT, <e\T d+d +H e{&T+{s n+<Te\
uwH eT+\T d~k jT $w|P ] |#s+ >$+#&+~. |{ <y\j\, X
us\, jTj><T\ #e] eTsDd L& eT+\T #<TesT. n$ eTq ns+
e. n+<T ns+ #<Te es+ nHsT. eTqq 50 ns eT+\T> essTT. eT
eT+\T d, |sTw, q|+d eT+\T> $u+#&sTT. kV n+eTT> >\~ d
eT+\T. V+|{ n+eTT> >\$ |sTw eT+\T. qeT: n+eTT> >\$ q|+d eT+\T.
eT+\ X\T+&e f eT+\ +jT\T s\e n L& nHsT. +es
eT+\TqT sTEe <T . eT++ n+f d\V n e+ #| e#T. eT+\T
eTwjTT qeT+ MT< <s|&HsTT. n+<Te\ eT+\T Hj ? y? nH ueq+
eTq+ sTEe #dTy*+<. z| <T f +{\T.
++ : eTd: jT jTdTd+ nq> N{ qT+& y\T>T q&|+#T $<jT
++ n n+{sT.
$d]+|&Tq~ ` $e]+#Tq~ ` s+#Tq~ ` q\T e&&+ ` |<q+ ` d<++
yTT<\>T ns\T L& HsTT. jT\ (|qT\) s|+> k>< ++. ++ n+f
ujT|&y #eT+~ HsT. eT+ + qT\qT eT&qeT eTT+#TTHsTT.
+\ L& nbsyT q kV+ +~.
$w+ +eTT\T 64. s<+ +eTT\T 64. nX+ +eTT\T 64, yTT+
192 +\THsTT. eTs +\T Xe +\T ` ywe +\T ` XjT +\T `
ks +\T ` >D| +\T ` Cq ` u< +\T> N*bjsTT. +\ \
sjT+ #jT&+ w+. y<\ |PsyT ++ +~. y<#s+ ` ywy#s+ ` Xy#s+
` <D#s+ ` yeT#s+ ` d<+#s+ ` #s+ n @&T #s\ se
++ |s=+~. =+eT+~ <w +#s\T =$T~. +#s\qT deT]+q
ysTHsT. {bdq ys HsT. y< $sT<+ +\qT d]+# e#Tq <M
u>e |sD+ #|+~. use ` jeT ` yeT +\T y< d T\ $sT<eT,
|\qT yd+#& <$ *+qe Ls |sD+ |s=q~. y<\T s\T rdq
100
beTT\e+{e eTV sD ++ |={+ ~. +\ |H #d $<sDT\T

ds<sq d+>V+ |s=q<T. yT+<T&T M] esZ\qT sd+#&T. \DT s
s+D + uc#s\qT |s=q~. n|ssT&T jTe* d| yK sd {bX&T.
#T q bjTk $& y# H&+ n d d+V nq~. + |Te&+
e & HeT qs+ ysT nqT+{s n|sD+ n+T+~. k+K j>\
e~]> ++ |s< e]\ uT |s=HsT. sejTD+ deT]++~.
sejTD+ nj< +& ds`Z 56 +~ X\T.
X+ 22 ns+ : \D s\eTT J$+#>sTysT ydT<e X+ #dT=qeqT.
n+<T eTq+ & e+d+ rdT= e X\|P #d<eTT.
X+ 25 ns+ : keTT& ! & e+deTTqT &+#TeTT. |sX\ |P #d<eTT.
~q ds ~q eTVAseTT.
(sejTD+ m& yseTT\ |sT |s=q<T)
X+ 35 ns+ : eT \DeTT\T >\ dseTT\T eqeTT\+<T \_+#T |weTT\T,
|\eTT\T, eT\eTT\T, | e+deTT\T, <+, y< $<q |+, <s\T, eT+ d$T<\T,
X\T yTT<\>T y{# jT<$~> u | #d XusyTq |sX\ |y+].
X+
dTs|Ts dVdD e+du< Hq#
jT+ |jT<$ | |qsTb> !!
ns+ : z >+><M ! eqydeTT qT+& ] eq |eT HqT jTeTe+Ts*H
ysTT+&\ \T, e+ds|yTq VseTT deT]+ |P+#<qT.
us+ L& + deT]++~.
&& ~e +eTT eT++ <|&H &TH
e&&T #| <+&+T eTq+TqT H eXeTT><T
(eTVus+ ` ;w|s+ <DT&T nXeT #|)
+ esZ\T n$q+> kbH HsTT. ++ |sD+ ` d T\T `
k+K+ ` j>+ ` nsXd+ ` jTTs<+ yTT<\>Ty{| q |uy #|+~. n+
Cq ` u<\T d| d<++, #k<q, eT+ |+, d+^+, \+, *| yTT<\>T y{|
L& q y\T>TqT |d]+|Cd+~.
eT]= + $wj\T ys# \TdT+<+.
jT++ : eTq XsyT jT++. eTq oss u>\H jT+ s|+ $$< |<T\
<s e|]# k<H |<T\T. jT+D, jT$T+#~, jT$T+#&+~, n+syTq uy,
uVyTq b~ +~+ #|&eTH ns+. l#+ yTT<qe jT+. jT+
101
V+| >, s| >, +| > *+#TsT. eT+&\ jT+, l jT+ &

@$T+f @ <e H eT+& |j +#e#T. | <e # ^d
\+ |jksT. #Tsd+, D\ L& jT+\T+{sTT.
jTeTu< qT+& b>=f~ jT+eT, jT++ eT+eTjTeT se ++ n+T+~.
eTq +{ eTT+ yd eTT>TZ\ jT+eTjTyT. n+<Te\ eTT>TZ\qT * esT eT
$d+ jT+\ >T]+ #|+~. k+<s \V] 100 X\ 100 jT+\T
#|&sTT.
eTT< : eTdyjT&+. nd\T $wjTyT< q|&+& ||#+, #T\qT $$<
s\ #|+ <e\qT |P+#&y T eTT<. eTT< nq> d+weTT. |+#es\
y&T eTT<\T y|&T <H\T (Xq>\T, |d\T yTT<\>Tq$). y|&T +\T L& qH+>\
d++~+qy. HXd+q eTT<\THsTT. ++ qT+& eTT<\T H Xd+
|y+#jT, $ ny~+> |]>D+#\ <sd+<Te |s=q~. j>dH\q
eTT<\THsTT. eTq+ H=d <]+#T He\jT eTT<.
qH+>\ |r\T> eTT<\T |<] +#&+ # yeTq $ eTT<\qT sd ]+#&T.
eTT<\q H$T eTT]d<sj
T j
u <eTT>qT eTqdT |s> q
y]#w\ >T $e]+| eTT<\T
$X<_seT $qTsye T !
|{ |{ |+>He\T u& \T|#T[ T&T#TqT ~ kyT. ~ H{
yw e JeqeTTq d++~+q~.
uX~ : |+#u\ @s&q Xs+ b| |sTwD y&\ >=&yT B \+.
@ k<q q ~ q&<T . + k<q H +T+~. B eT++ \THsTT.
eT+&\+ : eT+&\+ nH #+ nH f. ds eT+&\+ n y<+ |s=q~. <T
s+>T\ #s (b&) eT+&\ y&TqT (eT|sD+) n+T+~. |<s eT+&\+
dsTD eV+#\ V|sD+ n|sD+ m$T~ eT+&\qT |s=q~. Xs<
\+ | eT+&\qT |s=q~. ds < eT+& n |P\ y&e#Tq #| +~.
eT+&\eT+f +\T # LsT+& |+#eTs\qT d$+#~ n ns+. +<T d\T
L& bZ+{sT.
VAeT+ : nVA+ VQ #jT&+. +\T VAeT+ #d <y\qT
$e]+#sTT. n f\T #$> b> eTT>, =~ eT+ q|&T qT>, DD>T
| \>, eT+\T H\T> u$+#\, ~ *jTb VAeT+ w\ eT +ks+
102
#|+~.
bD |w : k<&T eT+<T |eT\qT |Pk&T. ;Cs\ jT+\qT |Pk&T.
n~ Xe TjT+ y*. n+<T bD |w #k&T . bD+ m&~.? q bDXH
n+<T |yX|&+. n+f q X H s~+#. yeTq $ B sd+#&T.
bD|wq ||+#yT
ysT<T uT$ y<#&
bD|w# |eT\T <T\TH?
$X<_seT $qTs yeT! (yeTq)
>TsTe\ eT w\ |<X + #d ncs + , w&s , |+#s + , nqTcq+, eT\eT++,
|De+ yTT<q eT+\ @< { >+=f Xe T+<T $ $qqT w #$ >Td>T deT
#|yd |<XeTT\qT jT me]H #_ \ |*bT+< ujT|&sT. w&T
ujT|& >TsTe <kVeT+{&T. mH @ de #d >TsTe |<X+ <H?. n Xs
b&T.
>TsTeqT >] *+>| sD+ n+T+~.
>TsTe ds<e ds|&jT, deTd X\T >\y&jT u$+| e\jTTqT. y
>TsTe >TDe+T&T qq n{ >TsTe jTT qT skeV+#eqT. >TsTyqT b{+#T
w&T eCqeTT o|T>\y&>TqT. >TsTeq+<T >\ d<TZDeTTqT y\&+|s<T.
(*+> |sD+ ` 86e n<jT+)
+\T +~ 8 |<T\ <s #& #ks n+{sT.
1. eX+ : d |sTw\qT, +>e~ bDT\qT eT+k<q+ # eX+ #dTe&+.
2. u<q+ : sTe] dVeTqT jT+eTT\ # u~+#T.
3. yVq+ : eT+*$T # eTd\CjT T
4. d+uq+ : eT+ |eTT\ # T|{ n&+#T.
5. sD+ : eT+#sD+ # |\T#T.
6. #q+ : <e\qT sT m+#T.
7. esD+ : eT++eTT\ eT\eTT> V #jTT.
8. $<wD : eT+*$T # deTVeTTqT sTT+#T.
M{ #& jT\T n #|e#TqT. #& n+fH ujT|&y #eT+~
HsT. +\ # s\ + >+<\THsTT. n+<T |s=q $wj\T #
$wj \T Xs *ksTT.
+&T k] =y\T, \\ ksT eT+\qT #<y * +T+~. nksT
103
#]+H s+ d|\+ <T. e+&T +bsTT HqT m& eT++ bsbT #~$Hq
u$k&T. = jT\ = edTe\T d]+#e\d +T+~. n$ =+<s> \_+#e. =
H\\ deTjT+, d+es\ deTjT+ |e#TqT. y edTe\T nw+MT< \_+H
eT++\T |jd | TdTeT+T+~. m+<T ]+< ns+ <T. +
n|{ m& | #Xq <e&T sTD+#<H ueT +&b&T. +eTT JeV+d
+T+~. eTT |<s\ y&e T +T+~. e_#seT +T+~.
eT+ +\T |\qT ujT|{ ydkjT \TdTy*. nr X\H$ m&
+&e.
|&T ye#seTTqT >] +\T @eT+THj #<+
yeT n+f d. ye#s+ n+f d #s+. BH e#s+ n n+{sT. +<T
|+#eTs\T +{sTT. 1. eT+ 2. e+d+ 3. eT<+ 4. yT<Tq+ ` eTT<. & eTT<
&+q +\T. |&T |sp eT<+ d$+#ysT Xq>, |d, s +yH
>s\T, s\T y&TT+{sT. ~ +#syT. #eT+~ ns+<T.
ye#s+ u j
T , |PjT kssTT eT&T b\ +| X m<TqT+
HH $< e+deTT\ & s<q #d e+>\ d\ jTT b<\ |P#d d\
kssTT n+<T $T*q kssTT >TsTe |#T=, $T*q~ uqqTq b ~+
eT&TksT kssTT >eT+<TsT. deTjTeTT n+<sT (+ ` + ` k+)
eT+\qT#]+#T= eT m&eT #>T+& bqT |T= &# e+d+ uT +TsT.
s kssTT >T ks+ | d\T, |sTw\T @+> |&b<TsT. deTjT+
>TsTe @ d nqTu$+H <w+ <, ydu>yqT\T <s XdeTTq #| jTTHs eT
wyTq d\qT nqTu$+TsT. $s\ e y#Cq+ |* =+<sT d\qT eT ws*>
#|= u\|P, uTeq|P, X |P, \use |P, ds |PjT Xys+ ` ~ys+
` bs$T ` ed |yXeTT ` |seTT\T $Xw ~qeTT\ eTTqT, d\qT, j |P\
|j+#T edTe\ |sT e] $jdT+{sT.
|s e]& eTsuw n+{sT. Vsj>eTT ` H< k+|<jT+ ` ywe #s\T
neT\T eq s eTs\ |ejT nHwD ]+~. eT\ |<s
|ejT+> nq $\qT nqT\+ eTs |< k<qqT |P] #dTH |<
+ ne\+_+|k+~.
1.
eT\ |<s+
eTeTT
|ejT |<s+
eTd] ||
104
2.
3.
4.
5.
e+deTT
eT<eTT
yT< T qeTT
eTT<
eTsuw `1
|sT
kssTT
ksT&
ks|#T=qT
f+jT\T
{\ T
>+CsTT
>+CsTT >T
e+deTTq
eTeTTq
yTT<{ b
s +&e b
eT&e b
sy &T
n\+, y\T*
eT<Te, H
n|s |w+ d , >H sT || |sTwq
<q+, ><TeT\T
esT|sT
edTe
|T eTT
edT <s q+
Xb\T
\ H
\eTT
<|X+
d~
\|weTT
d\b
d b
sDb
X++
eTsuw `2
|sT
yT<Tq+
+Te<
eT<eTT
e+deTT
\TeTT+
*>&
y\T*
>TuT
|
>T&#{
\T
eT+
e_#s+
esT|sT
yT<+
jT+
rse TT
X<e TT
|<+
ydT&T
dTK<y
B Y
|j >yd
j
dTCqsd+
y <e+
XsD>
<M n ds|+. n+<Te\q yT s+ DeTT. sT<T&T L& n ds|yT.

jTq s|+ L& DyT . M]<] qTq n+s+ @$T+f D+ }s eTTK+>
+f n~ sT<+. (D+ >sT ydTy*). n<eTTK+> +f X+ (D+ >sT
s> ydT y*). jT++ sD s uVs>+ n+{sT. Xs+ u>\H y{
u$+#& n+s>+ n+{sT. uV bdq uVs>+ e D\qT
n<eTTK+>q. X D\qT }seTTK+>q *+#TsT. < dw eT+. d+VseT+
\jTeT+ eD\qT }se TTK+>q, X D\qT n<eTTK+>q +#TsT.
#sT\ |sT\T \j, deTj#s |sT\T dw e b<qksT.
(<X eTV$<\T ` . y+dTuse)
105
+ *| : V*| + d+|<jT| \ qT+& |]D$T++< #eT+~

|+&T \T u$ksT . < dd\T m H \TdT<+<. eTq <X+ + k+|<jT+
n bNq \+ qT+ +~. d+|<jT+ |< q $wjT + edT \ |P. +\
<D#s+ (deTj#s+), ye#s+ n s+&T XK\THsTT. <D#s+ eTyT+~.
ye#s+ n+f C <c#s+ <T. | e qT. | JeD+q d |sTw\T
s+&T +{jT JeXdE\T #TTHsT. sVk eTq |PsT\T mes |{sT.
< e&T nsHXsT&T e&+, $we \ ed\+ |Te&+, V y>$
H{ _+#&+ . k< &T u> e +T& (yMT u jTC) eqd+ > d nsTT |P+#\
yeTXs ++ #TTq~. k< &T eqd+ > d e&+ w+ . qT d yw+ |P+#&+
w+ . qT d yw+ |P+#&+ , d > ed< sD, n\+sD yTT<q uV#s \T n\esT=
|P+#&+ #seTsTT+~. |< H&T eTq sw+ yeTT\y& + #&e#TqT.
d ueq = nHVQ\ sDyT+< @y ?. e#sT\T |+#eTsy<T\T.
e#sT\, ye#sT\ u< + *jTbsTTq+<TH, ye#sT\T |Tq +<TH |\T
d&+|\ beTjsT. qT ye#s+ n$syT sT\ qw+ *+# #&T\T
yTT<\>T <Tw#s\ sDeTsTT+<H ue+ @s&+~. + k+|<jT+ <e\qT
|P+#& j <e\ s\qT s+>Ts+>T\ eTT>TZ\ yjT&+ +~. s\T
eT+> sK\T> essTT. |Ps+ | ysT H{ #HysT d+# ueT\T eTq *d
qy. n> $ <e\ HeT<j\ |<es\qT d+# d+\T> essTT. <e
dsb\T d+ \T> m esjTq& # <VsD eTq +&T T\d
e< ys+<\ sTy|, eT]= d+<s\q Ds\qT ^jT&+ +~.
Ds+, s|D nsTTq |s+_ dsb d+>V V+. |s+_ ds|+
+T+~.
n>_+<T *H+
nq_+<T |]* d+
H<_+<T sXH>TD+
H$TeT + |s+_+
| _+<Te eTTU, sr s+&T _+<Te\T dH\, sr eT&T _+<Te\T
yTT\q\T d+\T. n+f | _+<Ts|+ +T+~ s|+. ~L& Vs j>+
>sdq+ e+{ s+. |sT<T\| Ls= s+&T #T\qT =&\ +~ b | mq
s|+. +{ \T \+|s+ yTT<q \ #&e#T. B d+H]qT\T |PksT.
q>+<+ n+{sT (n+f j |PksT ). ~ n bNqyTq e|PC
106
$<q+. >e\ |wu> +e<T\ n\+]+#&+ e e s<H #syT.

eT |s+ ds|+ eT+> (D+ >TsT ydTy*) e+{ V+> $T*+~. eTq
*|\T > mH \ dsb\T n] n] @s&q{$ . l#+ L& e s<q
d+|<jT eT\yT. ~ +y< ks+X+.
(eTq *| < |T|Pss\T ` sTeT\ seT#+<)
+|P H\T (b\T) seTDjT +> +&*. Ds+ ` #T cDs+ `
d{Ds+ >, >T+&+> > +&*. B|| +<T\qT #j*. &eTsT s+ qT>
+&*.
(dTs R X) (e+d+ R e&T) s+&+{ rdTq y& use&T. s+&+{ d$+#&+
e\ e#T q+<yT y+.
dy<+ ` |seq+<+ ` Cqesq+ ` yDT>q+ ` MD ` $+ s<q+ ` uwD+
` |&be&+ ` #T ` $+_+#T n jT\T j> \D\T. y< Xd |sD\T
yX \e+{$. X+uM $< |e e+{~.
(se ++)
j|P : eTVuq>sY d]V<T s\T |D 30 MTs <s+
T+>u<q~| qTq~ n\+|PsY. ~ bNq #] |<X+. <D o> |d~ #+~q~
eTT. eTTH |\\T | b d sV+#e\dq |P j|P ]>~.
& $+q $>V+ +~. $>V \<T. q>+> q \ $>V+ s+&T
u> ] j (N* dV ) dw+ > q&T |&T q d +~.
|\\T d\T $>V $yTq |P #ksT. eTT+<T eeT\T> |dT|,
+eT, | yTT<\>Ty{ |P+ f+jT ={ |q j dw+> #|&T |&T=
q $>V Vs j N* yq|Pd |{ yq|PdqT |\\ T jTTe
$>V+ MT< e+ H\T H*. n #d |\\T |&s.
(yssTT{ ed | p 1982 d+ =+ u>+)
2013 d+es+ z {M #q d q d+q+ \>< < esZ+
#b\ z |s ~| |++~. |s ~| nH&T.
MTsT ss| D jT+ ^d ;Cs \T *+ jT+ |P#d eT+\T
#~$ jT+ yq|Pd + yqqT H{ H\T H d+q+ \T>TT+<
VMT #&T.
X
eT<+ e+d+ #eTX eTT< yT<TyTe#
@ |+#es: dT: y<V : jTT>jTT>! (++)
107
ns+ : eT<+ ` e+d+ ` eT+ ` eTT< ` d (yT<Tq+) |+#eTs n

jTT>q y k<H\T.
X
eT<bq+ $H<M Cq+ q\u
njTeV $|dT eT<bq+ de#sY !
ns+ : z <M ! eT<bq+ +& Cq+ b|+#<T n+<Te\ uVDT\T eT<+
| >*
(e ++)
X
* ` ]D ` B+>V eT<deq+
qs X eT deT+dV sD+
ns+ : * ]D B rdT= me& eT<bq+ #jT& y sD \+
& eT+ deq+.
(eK ++)
X
|+#eT<M dsweTeT bD|jT+ uyY
|+#yTq $H<M #+&eT++ <+ |Y
ns+ : z <M ! |+#eTs+ H bD+ deq+> |jTyT+~. yT<Tq+ +&
#+& eT++ ]|+#& M\T<T.
(se ++)
X
| |syTX Ms+ |sTw #
j s>: eTVX j> @ed+XjT
ns+ : z bsr ! | (d) Ms+ (|sTw&T) M] d+j>yT j>+. +<T
d+<V+ <T.
(CHse ++)
X
#s |sMs: \|P |sjTD:
u>*+> de j>Y X |e #sY!!
ns+ : #s\qT b{+#y&T, \|P |sjTDT&T nsTTq y&T sr+<q
+<+ ds|& dH |+ #j*. BH y #s+ \|P n+{sT.
( ++)
X
q>+ |sdjT+ M j|<jTT+ qs:
quyY ds $<H+ bs>: dsy<$Y!!
ns+ : q>+> jTTq |sd #d mes |~y\ ksT |+ #ks y n
$< bs+>T bsT. n y<\T *dq ysT nesT.
(ksdsd+)
108
sTTeT: u>+ |XH j|< sTT+qs:

nqT V<D ><|<eT+ sT uyY!!
ns+ : mes sTTeT >V+> #d |~y\ ksT |+ #ks y] ><
|<eTjT yD eTHqTL\+> esTT+~.
(\ dsd+)
X
q{ b* yXs H|+>H
uVD XS< H #< >b\ q
eT\sX H#qe H: |]:
ns+ : <=eT] d, b], yX, # d, eT+>\ d, uVD d, XS< d, >=\ d,
e* #+~q d =$T~eT+~ q\T >T| k<q me> qysT.
(>T| k<q ++)
X
#+&rT djT+o |j>Xs]D
nj<| db s eT<TseT!!
ns+ :
#+&\T o deq+. #s ]D |j > deq+. + (<X
~eT] C) d nj< deq+. # d eT<Ts deq+. M] de>+ ]|
rs|\+ edT+~.
(sT<jeT ++)
X
ds eT+ s|dTe e#q+ deq+ uyY
eTsq + s D+ $~ Ms b: $sq +
ns+ : dsyT (d+u>q+s+) H{qT+ y\Te& d ` d ` <jT eT++.
n|&T #]+# e\T ndq eT+\T. k\T. eTsqyT sD+. MsbyT $dsq+.
(|PC sVd+)
X
\ d deq+ |jY ds< |syTX
syT jTTer+ H+ yq+ $d+!!
ns+ : z |sy T X ! \ d qT+ > u+#*. eTTK+> yqTs \T, $dejT
q qqT
( ++)
X
*+>HeT d<q+HeT d<s:
*+>^se|: u>^sV dTKyT!!
ns+ : *+>yT d<q+<+. u>yT s. *+>dT eTV|, u>sqyT eTVdTK+.
(Xe #+~)
109
|q |s=q 13 +\T +~ |d e TT$

(|sD ||+ ` V]yVHsa. nqTy<+ ` C.\s&)
+&\+ ` >T+& \+ ` T~\+ eT&T \T HT s T H HjTq~ s\+>
q qeT+. bD+ s+ H +T+< jTs|jT q+<s 14e X+ es qeTT
+&ysT. d\T |f |VH\T +{ HTsT |PdT= ] ~>ysT. |PdTq HTsT
e\ eT \+ s+&+\eT+< qyTysT. eT+> s |ejT+> mseTqT
|PdTH d+|<jT+ e+< &.&. X+_ n+{&T. d +eT uT, b| d+<s+
+{ ~ sX\ V+> eqy n jTq n+{&T. H&T sT eT\ fq
kseT+ eTq <X+ +&~. os+ es+& <y\jT+, ]k DsY <y\jT+,
l+ nsd$* <y\jT+ ds <y\j. u\ ds&T ms> +{&T. n+<Te\
ksT\ mss+>T n+f # w+. ksB #|&T BT&T u\ dsT <+
b+<> #ksT >TsTe\T. >=sTTrd > BT& Lsu&sT. >MT< =
#\qT |sTksT. #\ MT< m<TqT \u{ deT++> < sdTqT K+&ksT.
BT&T mss+ kq+ #k&T. m<T s\qT, #\qT rdydq s >TsTe\ ds
k\ eT< BT&T k&T. n|&T BT&T ~>+ sKqT+ | e# u\dsT&
|k&T . <X+ +HjT k$T <y\jT+ VqTeT+T& +{+& d+< s+ |PksT .
+HjTT&T dsT& esT& < ! dsT ncs X He\T V |sD+ `
n<jT+ 33 >\e
d sTT sdTqT sTT|w sdeT us+ |s=q~. X+ sdTqT (|weTTqT) s
b +#*. |<| s \eTTqT &# w se+ rdT= k<&T H=d
\+> <]+#*.
(\ dsd r +eTT)
H&T d\T |sTw\T |PC deTjT+ qT<T +eT uTqT <]ksT. uT sTT
sdT |ejT+> e+<. +eT \_+# |Ps+ yesD |]dT\ b\
\_+#T s+ e+{ ms |sT>T\qT d]+ y{ m+&u{ b&#d \+> <]+#ys
=+<s+{sT. |\ +eT # beTTKjTTq~. udeTT (\T|) m+ |$yTq<
+eT (msT|) >& n+ |$yTq<. |P\ ms <TdT\T <]+#T, <y\j\
>&\| \T| ` msT| #s\T ^jTT, +{ dTq+ ydq s msT| s+>T |*
>&\ #T ^\T ^jTT >\<T. M{ CE|f\T n+{sT. |[ deTj\ s\T `
s*, $dTssTT CE dTq+ n\+]+#T >\<T. +\+ d$+#Tq|&T dTq+ y&sT.
dTH > dT y&sT. dTq+ (\T|) e&T. dT (msT|) bsr n ns+ #dT+f
110
#\T. ud+q <T\T> |dT|qT y&sT. |dT| s+>T +>seTTq >TsT. +>s+
X+sT (ds) MseT yqT \TdTH+. d\T |dT| Xs sdTe& sD+
+>s+ +{ d+q+ \>\ u$+#&yT. |dT| ` ud+ e MsyT.
+eT # ns\T \e. #+<eTT ` |jT +>Te ` |jT eTT ` se TT ` d+< seTT
` |q+ ` es+ ` ksu+ ` s+>+ ` eVK+ ` dsd++ yTT<\>Tq$.
X
+eTyT eT<yT ~eyT
+eTyT eTs|D+
nK+&eT ku>+
+eT+ |>V+
z+ \q eT: +eTyT deTsjMT.
ns+ :+eT ]\T rsT ~eyTq~. +eT eTsb *+#Tq~, d\ X
ueTT\qT #LsT +eTqT deT]dTHqT d]+|eTT. z \<M qeTkseTT.
eTe* eT++ : z+ eTe* s:s: k eT++ @&TksT |+#*.
X
sd dsT~s+ >s#q deT+
\+ <sHTsTcj eX+!!
ns+ : sd\ nsTTq d q Vw se TTqT >s#qeTT *| | eT++ n_eT++
\eTT> |T= |jTT <]+q# yT eX& +{&T.
(sT<j eT ++ ` eT* $<q+)
e y<+ : us<X+ y<eTTq |d~ #+~q >+<eTT\T dTX d+V,
#s d+V n #TT+{sT. y< >+<eTT\ $wj\T >& eT&qeT+
L&qy. ueTqT *+|Cdy.
X
<ywVA w$T+< dH:
#s+ y |sTcD+ Xuy>suwj !
|d<+ + +d*e V+
<sqd+ #y<X jj+ #|Xw!!
ns+ : nT\H y<T&T s #dT jT\T<]q|&T >{> \T yjT&T
Vw+ (njb|+) nqT < , BqeT>T < , @&T| < $q&qq, y+ #dT =qTq{j
T ,
nbqyeTT $&T#TqTjTT, eT\eTTqT $&T#Tq{ <jTT $q&qqT, >&<, +f M nsT|
$q& q q d + > y & \ e\< T . nqTy eTT $q& q qT, =* e TT\T
yTT<\>Tq$ >T#Tqq, mesH T$Tqq, q&T#Tq|&T \T =T|&q,
eTqdT $\eTT>qT+&qqT nXu deT *jTeqT.
111
(d+d d+V)
X
|d]wD +&+ eT#&+& $TX+!
jTT+ ww #s e d]c_q yq# !!
|+ |P|*: U< <sTD eT+&bds:!
jT <#<X e<Z+T+ |d+> e#jT!!
ns+ : me&T >Ts+ e s$T+#TqT, @qT>T e XX#q+qT |+#TH
y&T eTTd* >T&T, ww<q+ jTT _jT| |+&, =HsTT M *| u
$XweTT\qT #d q HjT+<T e+& uT+ ysTD eT<eTT jTT qT
>e\jTTqT.
(#s d+V)
X
d+ #yTq+ #yT ujTe+
(jTEs<+)
J$+ dyT #b*. nedsyT n<+ L& #| |< qT+
|+#Ty\ ns+.
d ns+ ks+. n+f q =s n. d+ n+f <qeT ns+L&. qT
&T =s n. du+ d+, &Td+ @ |HH #jT& keq eqe&T
d++#&q~ |ses+. n<e&e# X#sT&T yTT<\T= {\T
< #bsT. bq L& < uy e |]#&T.
y]C\+<T yyVeTT\+<T
bD$eq u+>eT+<T
#\ >> qsDeT+<T
u+e#T q|TeTT b+< <~|.
n+<T. &T d+b<q = esZ\T #bsT.
<e+, e++, uw+, #T X\+ @ eTsujT ~ j>dT
<Tsu
C\T #|+, n+\T yjT+, y<+ #jT+, n> b>&+ |q
|s=q H\T>T $wj\T n<\ L&Tqy. ~ |\qT yd+#>
|ekjT \TdTy*.
ke |<y $y>+<s
$$< s:rj nw.
s+ : qT yTT< keTT&T b+<qT. nT|q >+<sT&T b+<qT.
112
eT&y&T> n w|&qT. |dT]jTd eTqTdC eTqTw& |{q | H\T>e

y&T b+<qT.
ky<<Y >+<sjT keTT&T >+<sTq #qT.
>+<s <<Y njT >+<sT&T n <q+ #dqT.
ssTT+# |+Xn<Y n: eTVeT< e+ |eT n H eTH,
d+|<qT, |T\qT d>qT. $ |[ = eT+\T. nsTT eT+\
|s+ |[ #dTq |y&T us H\T>ey> uskq+ b+<T&T. eq
H{ |[ jTTer jTTe\T |[ >T]+ +#*. H{ $yV eed
H{ jT<<+> eTq<X+ #]+|&TTq~. <X_e~ y*+~
d+Hue~. n~ |sTw k<+. qT |sTw&T d d]+#*. d |sTw\
de>eTyT $yV+. d+H eT eT\+. eT+ dTs eT\+ {
|[ #dTujT qqT dTs n_w+#\ #+<> uVD+ #|&+~.
& $Xc >V+#*. qjTT | d+~j, q+<~jTeT,
V<e s+&e eTTKeT e]+#sT. V eTTK+ y<\T #<Te&.
s+& eTTK+ d+H #k&. +~jT+ <s d\T |sTw\qT
eX|sT+THs, d\T n~]DT\T> |e]dTHs |sTw&T d j
sw nH C (H) +#TTH&, <e\q d+q+ \T>TT+<
uVD+ $e]dTq~
(uVD\T ` d+b<\T s|TTH<#s)
>s<q+ : |dqeTT >\<y XjTHeTT. us $TyT d+
qTeTT (n<sy<+. 14`2`2)
neTT\ b~ uDeTTqT j j T +< T | s T w & T | y +
|sy|T&q |T>!. HqT dsZkjTT&q>T #THqT. e |~e>T#THe.
HqT sdTqT. e sdTqT u]+#T<qe. esVeTTqqTd]+ |sY n
|* | >TV+~jTeTTqT d+#eqT. d+j>yTq yqT VY n
|* us >sXjTeTTqT eTTT=qeqT. > |s+ $yVq+s+
d+eseTT V#seTTqT b{+|eqT. < 12 sE\T > sT sE\T >
< s > b{+ \TdTq|&T |sTw&T sY n d >TVeTTqT,
d udY n |sTw >TsTqT eqT. |sTw&T Ms+ qT+#Tq|&T VY
n $&TeeqT. d+q+ \T>TqT #jTTeT ns+. n~ j >s.... nqT
eT+eTT\qT | d+>eTeTTq #]+|eq jTT&HsT. u<sjTTDT&T
113
e+ |<eT d+>eTeTTq eyT #]+#eqH&T. XS<T&T us us

d + * + > D X | P , | DV e# q , e | P , H+BX< e TT\T # d
jT\+]+#T= nX>+< sdeTTqT, <s\ sdeTTqT usjTT &eTT
|+& sqyTq s dsTq qeTd]+#eq, s XjT| jT~sV+
$wy qeT:, wqeT:, |C|jT qeT:, < qeT:, dy qeT:, dsd
qeT: n d j dw+#eqT. XS< eTseTTq >\<T. |sTw d+
=s |C| <esyTq kbeTT #d (<&>*q) e |sT>T# yT
<d* +| < s+&T $Tq|+\T, jTe ;eTTqT+ |sT>TqT yT
+#e\jTTqT. # $Tq| +\qT ewD <jTeTT>, jTe;eTTqT *+>eTT>
qV+#eqT. eTeTT jTyTq X. XseTT \T#T VseTT m+
eTTKyTq< nf eT+ L&. eTT+<T keTT&T, >+<sT&T, n q s\jT,
eTT<T keTT&T nqTu$+#TqjT, yT dqeTT\T eq|&T >+<sT&T
nqTu$+#TqjT, sd\ nsTTq|&T n nqTu$+#TqjT qT d+
u>T> VsZ+ eTTqT| yT $yV+ #jTe\jTTq n_bjT+.
B d+esT&T \|sT#T#TqT #TqT. & s+<eTT +>seTT+ X+
VsD>+ nqT eT+eTT #| e<TeqT n_w+TsT. +>s+ dTKeT>T >,
usjTq H dTKeTT \T>T >. |$yT usHq H XseTTqT #sTe
> n nseTT. \TdT ` msT| ` |dT| s+>T\ _jT| |+& |wsseTT
(|<eTT)> (#TsdeT =+<sT) eTT>TZ\T |T<TsT. =+<sT | @qT>TqT,
|| @qT>TqT ~<T<TsT (usus\T | || e~]>, ]=sT &T>,
&> *dyT*d +<Ts nseTT.)
(usrjT d+kseTT\T ` <es=+& Xw]se)
|[ s usus\T yTT<{s d+u>eTT bZH+f eTT+<T
qH+>eTT\ |P sTT|{ +~.
(2009 d|+sY H\ ys ~q| ~ys+ nqT+<+ | (B
>TsT<T). |sTTq nesTT yTT<{ sE s q j us |P+qT,
us |sTc+> qT |P+qT qMq eTd o] #|q~).
neT\T\ (>eT <e\T) |] ]> |P\T y&T\jT |Ps+u+H
yTT<\esTT. u$T| (+ jT++) eTT>TZ ^ksT. eTT>TZ| |Ps+u
|&sT. n+<T <T s\ \T, $H\T, =]jT, +eT |&sT.
T\T b d+qeT\ sT (>+>\eT T\T). >+>\eT >TsT
114
|T+ (+&) d|\ V+.

sT| >+> Cs T\T |{ HsTT. k~ysT e~>\
>. MsT |<eT <e \T Hy<+ |&sT. \T #TqT+ rd|&T
#T yTT<{ ^d ^ d eTs+>+> ^ksT. |<eT >T& <>Zs Hy<+> |{q
\TqT k<T\ |PC] (eT] e+XdT\T) \T bd m +~ n+{&T.
n|&T k~y&T neT>] |P.......... k&T> +<+{sT.
eT+ sb+~+q e_#s+ : Xe\, ywe\ $y<+ rjTT\T bj
+ $+_++~. eT]= = = \T |{sTT. Xe *+>jTY\T,
*\T, +>\T, + yTT<q \T @s&sTT. q+T\T ` kqT\T `
<dsT yTT<\>Tq$ ywe @s&sTT. +& bsTTH eT+ d+ m+{
>H yqTBjT M eTs @eTH*?. n& ><T. Xe\ w<e
yVq+ de&T { qyTq C m<T. }]MT< de& |sT e~ysT.
n> de& |sT =+eT+~ &y |[ #jT+& eT+ d+ \e+q
e_#s+ ~+|y. MqT d$s+&T n |*#sT.
~ >eT+#sT ywe\T. y qT{+~. eT+ |sT +> \_dTq
d y e+ m+<T e~*|{* nqTHsT. yX\T n eTT<yd <e
d\qT d<+ #XsT. b{|& Xe\T, ywe\T d |j+ eT |#s+ k+#sT
|+& |+&T. +& =+<sT &y n&bsTT |ds o
neTT+f N<]+#T= qs be u~]+#sT. $wq\H |sT d
\Ty $wjTT+ #d #s+ lw<esjT\ \+ es q~. e eTq
|Pss+ y T\T sdq y #dq |\T. |{ s+ #dq |qT\qT
s+ |dT+~. @+ #dH sujT s de<q+ #|>*>T +&*.
(neT*q X+>s+ ` .$. |Ps#+<T)
X+>s+ Cq|< kV+ u>yT. Cw+ ` Kq+ ` y<+ `
<]+ ` j++ ` eTTd\+ |<T\ |jT|PseTT> nHs+ (ys
ns+) d+#T |<C\+ m +< e |]s\ X+>s uy\qT m
nqsTT+#s b >+<yTq \Ce>Z+ = $wj\T +< e&sTT.
1. Cw |<
(CdjT eC)
:
n|TsjT >Dz
$sDV Ts+ >D
qVQCD dT> +
115
DV+TV |Ts|
ns+ : H +{H >D&T (Cw&T) H&T. |+#+> Cq+
n+>eT>T |<TH=+&T seTT\ CqeTT wseTT> (>) \T yjT>\&T.
, n X> ds|eTT *jT<T. n+<T HqT +{ #]HqT.
$\+ |\jT+ <s
qjT jT+ |>DjT Xw,
V$q y dT
d#+jT dTqVjT zd
ns+ : z >D& ! e >DeTT #jTT |\ y&\T>qTq~. X (dT<eTT
\|+) b&yq~. |\MT< sd \T yjTTjT+<* |&e e. nsTTqqT X
>V <X |+#T <$T?. eTT> e XSqV<jTT&e dTe !. eTqdT
|jT+<T \>+ #jTT <T.
2. Kq |< :
(VjT eC)
:
eTdeT* }D qjD|
VD>V }D eT&K* zd
z sddTL& VjT
dT\*jT |+ $Dd d
ns+ : ds eTsq+ #d jsT #jTTjT s<T. # (\+)
| T = =T| & T # T +{ $ . z L K L & =\beTT. +>s + e+{
dT\*eTTq>T + H\HXq+ #jTujT<e?.
|VQ\+ eTd ujTDjT+
n eTd $s + #\ |+
ne] kDC
VjTV jT V D u> Z
ns+ : dsT& |<<. n+<T ds L& q~ sjTT. eTT+<Tq {
L & $d y T q < . b& T K L & e es e# T y
$]beH?.
3. y< |< :
$q @k s z
qjTyV @d$ d+uz
edeTd DD+
$&+>CjeTjT sdD+
116
ns+ : y<T& ! ~ s+ <T. @ y~jTTq s<T. $&+> jeT

sdeTTqT | *| d$+q#~ |XjT$T+#TqT.
nq+ sT# jT
e|jT k |P]jT+ VjTjT+
HV dTsd\ jT+>
TVdTsjT + $ |&V

ns+ : z y<T& ! nqeTd\T sT+#T <T. H V<jTeT+jTT <|
+& bsTTq~. #eTTsT |{+#T= seTT n+>eTT\ Ww< |j>yT u>T>
|]+q~.
4. <] |< :
<Trs @D <$TjT
sTT #d *+>|PsD+ +
jTdT eT esV
&$T ds$T n$T@
ns+ : z <]& ! e <seTT\# (&T |Pe\#) *+>sq
#jT<\#T=q# dsT&d$T+#T y H +{ yqT u>eTTq #sT=q>\e.
meD$ V<Trs
@D *+>d e] \>D
Z
eT+<s jD <$TjT
& q+ dTV+ VAsTT
ns+ : z <]& ! <s deTeTTqT eMT< |{H <
k{jT>T dTKeTT { eT+<seTT\ n]+qq s<T. z <]& ! |sTwq
<sTs\T (>&Td], HsCD) e\q *q dTKeTTq k{ ysTTeT+~
s d\ e\q s<T.
5. j+ |< :
d<\jT+ ds|+ $D+
essd+ deT< dV+
+@] djT ++
dTV+ +VA \V
ns+ : X+ #jTT#T #& #< $dsyT u>T> sdeTT H=d>T#T #sTqT
eT]+#T Mq jT++ \_+q# j+q dTKeT>TqT (q d
117
\_+q|&T yT |jTTq dTKeTT> qT+&TqT.

V+ @D ++ n++
HVDs sdD
V|& eT+jT+&
u]j mD |@D
ns+ : j+&T # <&T. n&T < seTT> #eTTsT
|{q jT+eTTqT <TTq |ydH&T. #sT sdeTTqT ~+#T=qT +&
(b) sdeTT =*< +&bsTTq~.
6. eTTd\ |< :
#+<D e*jT+~& + +<q+
BVs+ dT|]eD+
VAsTT|Ts kVD+ eTTd\+
<HD eTVD+
ns + : # + < q + (CE) | P d q ~, ~ y T q bqT> \ ~, & $ > d ] j T
|]eDeT+<Tq~ nsTTq s* <qTq d\ +&H jTT+&TqT. eT+ s* +f +{|q+
Hsy ] qf.
u$Tz s+ ndk >yeTsTT
dVjT z djT+ ys+
>VQ\ |]eDD e$T
eTTd\+ jTd ~+
ns+ : z ds ! HqT qsTksT s\+ >eTeT+ ] #XqT. z n ! H +{
s\T q s* |+#<T.
(eC\>Z+ ` jTe\u) b uc >+<+
(nqTy<+ &sY . eT\)
118
<e\ T kyT\T.. b&T| <\ T

\Ce>Z+ = |sT d |sTw\ qH+>eTT\ |r\T> \TdTy*. $
X+>seTTq d++~+q$.
|\, |+ (+) , {j, |Pe, +& (b), s\T yTT<\>T d
qH+~jTeTT\T.
\|+, (\+) *+>+, s*, jT+eTT yTT<\>Tq$ |sTw qH+~j\T.
b uw nbsyTq kV+ \_dTq~. eTq \T>T uw+f |Ps+ qT+#
b uw n_e~ qTq~. b |u e+ e\H eTq \T>T kyT +~.
dT+~ n n+f! s* eT+>y & n+~. <e+ |sT |\qT m yd+ <q+
d+b~+#T @yT$T +\T |H #DT nsXd+ +~. s s
<y\jTeTTqT >, d<XeTeTTqT > sD+ #d n~ n<T d+|Tq jT |{+
j\qT, deeTT\qT n& e#Ty] qT+& <eeTTqT ed\T #jT e\eTTqT. n\eTTq
|w+q{jT, |*+q{jT #q eqeTT eeT+<T <e @~j |y+qT
#{+#e\jTTqT. d< |sTw\ yw+ <]+q eeTT ydeTT #jTT#T+&T ueTT qs*
sT#Tq<jT, < $T+|Cj
T T =s bsT\T, Cq|<T \T <q MTjTe\jTTq |#seTT
>$+#e\jTTqT. ks+> esZeTT d++<eTT >\ L|+qT+<T |&>\HeTT\T >\
H>dseTT\qT #|+, y ##T eq y] qT+& <qeTTqT ed\T #jTeqT.
# eT+<* q+ >, | > q H> |eT\ +< H>TbeTTqT < < |
rd VseTT# < eX |sT #T=qTqT q{+ nejT\>T |\ #|+#eqT. q$Tq
y] ysT >T >, kqeTT #jTT > $weTT *| (y] eTsDeTTq) <e
eTVeTjT sDeT #|eqT. < eTsD $~+q y& beTT# ]|+#eqT.
(#D nsXdeTT ` nqTy<+ e$T&|P& y+ s+>jT
< n~sDeTT n<jT+ 2. |sD+ 99)
X
#+d<d< ` |T{ Lsd_Ts

wH <s ` q \Xu \jT
qTT+ u+> ` <\$Te \>+ qTuTy
<q<+ <M ` e\e \;] e !!
nqTy< |< + :
119
_>TT s$ T |>T \T#TqT+&

uVQeT\eTTq+{ b*+&T b+>
q+u ueT + yT]jTT
dq jTT> us e TTq dq q&TeTT
sT>THy jTq ; eTsT&T
@\\ \ #\ _+
{q {$ eT&T T> #T
ejTeTT d+B|+T <M!!
ns+ : |XeqyTq ds|eTT >\ u>er!. m|{|&T #eT\T bsTT#Tq
bseTT\+<T n+T= jTTq s$qT |>T\T#Tq$jTTqT, uVQeT\eTT\ dMT| |<XeTT\
H=s$#Tq$jTTqT, +>sT \XeTT\ + ku> W+<seTT\ H=|#Tq$jTTqT n>T
#eTT\qT ]+#T#Tq eTq<T&T dqeTT\ sTe e\q q&TeTTq u+>bT \T>s<
\ q&TeTqT u+>eTT b+<+& b&T @\ \ # eT&T #T\T> {&H
nqT bMT< eT&T eT&\T (sK\T) #T#Tq$.
| XeTTqT jT+eTT L& Ls&+~.
1. jT+eTTqT +>sT s| sd 45 ~qeTT\T |P+ |~q+ X+
ysTTesT\T |+ jT+eTT <]+#e\jTTqT.
2. eT]jTT n_bjTeTTq : jT+eTTqT +>sT s| sdT= |<eT sd\
nsTTq q jjT+<T + nsTT<T ~qeTT\T |P+ |~q+ X+ ysTTesT\T |+
#jT+<T <] +#ejTTqT.
|\eTT : +<C\ |<sq X\eTT.
(lX+s#s $s k+<s\V] X+ 80 ` nqTy<eTT ` TeT\|*
seT*+>Xse)
1.
eT+yTT{ #| eT]<esq
#d eT >sTDC+~q<
y< |sq #d ysT b<TsT
$X<_seT $qTsye T
s+ : eTqTE\T eT+eTT\T #~$ <e\qT |P+ eTT <q\yTeT y<\T
#<Te\ y]ys bsT.
2.
+y<Tq.. <s#T>qTHsT
eT+y<\sjT eTV sT
120
+> ueT #+<eTT #q

$X<_seT $qTsye T !
s+ : eT |qT\T HsysTq + jT\T #jTTys me> qTHsT.
eT+\T (#q\T) >\ysT u$T|q <=ssT. +\ qT\T >s&y ueT\
e+{ ysT eyT.
u>yH : e&T VC n *jTCd~ *+>s |+. *+>+ n+f V+ (>TsT n
ns+). |se |r> *+>+ n]+#&TqT. bqe+ *+>|s+. | X (j)
|r ~. \T>T uw yTT\ n n+{sT. yTT\ nH |<+ d |sTw*<] e]dT+~.
yTT\qT }s D+ n |sTw, n<eTTK D+ d n >TsT+#Ty*. nsHXs
+ bqe+ (j) # #T&q *+>+ (|sTc+>+). j nH Xu eT\sD+
| (j) n ns+ . <H eTV<V nHsT. <<s e~ sT>TT+< <H u> e T+{sT.
jH u>eT n+{sT. u>eTTqT+& e~ #+<T&T u>e+T&T. u>+ qT+ e~ #+<TT+~
u>e. d |sTwesH u>+ qT+& ksT. e~ b+<TsT. eTeTj s< V
u>eBZ. u>eTT *q y&T u>yH. < usZ, u+ u+ n+f e~. ># R sT>T.
DqTq~ j|s+ . j|s+ #T sd+ L& +T+~. B sD+
u$T #Tsd+> >T]+ #Tsd s|+ e&+. m+<Tq> u$T >T+&+> qTq<q
d+> bNq usrjTT\ *jT<T. VsD&T u$T #|> #T{ rdT= y[ {
eTT+#T bsD <q+. #| #<s+> +T+~ { u$T L& #<s+> u$+#&eTT .
n+<Te\ #T sd+ L& + kV+ # eTTKyTq ~. ds eTTKu <+ #T sd+H
^ksT. #Tsd+ eTT>TZ eT<q nw< |<+ +T+~. +Xd+ nw< |<+
d qH+~jT+q >TsT.
| : | nqTq~ XweTT nqT nseTT#TqT. nq> dw. dw Xwsq
<eqT | jT+<TsT. nf | nqT w >TDyTq d >TDeTTqT d+#TqT. nqTq~
sC >TDeTTqT, nqTq~ y >TDeTTqT \T|qT. $<+> ds Cdy >TDds|D,
dsX deTyTq |. dw $wjTeTTq |<q kqeTT eV+#T#Tq+<Tq | n
|s=q&q~. n<$<+> | nqTq~ |<eTeTTqT d+#T nseTTq+<Tq dw n nseTT.
nqT |<eTTq q+<Tq dw =\T <$+q <$ |jT+<TsT (V yes
|sD+).
1. sTZD ds|+ : sTZD ds|yT|&Tq, me] >#seTT <T.
@\qH <weT+jT $T<jT. qXsyT s|sVyTT >#seT>TqT.
2. sTZD X : sTZD X <TsZeTyTq~. X eTHy\ >#]+#<T
121
(<M u>eeTT d+<eTT 3)

X : @<H #jT>\ deTs (X R @<H) #jT>\~ R deTs) |wT\
|ssT&T <MdeTTq, +Xd+q #|q eTVX sq
#|e#TqT. <Md+ X bXk *jTCdTqf nH s + >+<\T
< M bs e #T T HsTT. < + > eTT k~ + # & s +& T
esZ\THjT bNq kV+ n+T+~. n$y~ esZ+, + esZ+. y<\qT
> e \, + \qT > e \ n+{s T . > e T ` > e \T @ X
*jTC|$ e. j |sD\T, +Xd+ esq\ <s+> <XeT+{
nH X|s\T y*XsTT. nH eT\ ysT X eTeT eTeTT u>+>
#dTHsT.
+Xd+ V+<e+ ` Cq ` u< eT\+f # bNqyT~. +
+Xd+ eekjT+ qT+ |{+~.
>eTXd jTe\ |s+ <y\j\T ]+#&sTT. >e\ |s+
<y\jT sD+, jeq+ yTT<q$ s|& M\T <T.
|ssT |]|Ps ds|+ m+{ eTVT\T, eTVeTVQH |ssT
n+X eyT <]+#sT. |seT |]|Ps ds|+ eqe >#s+ <T
` <T ` u<T n <Xs~ s+>#sT\T y<\qT nqTe~d sT><+
eTT+<Te |J 9 |s=H&T.
(|ssT n+X s+>#sT\>sT <]+#s? n nqTeq+)
<$ : eTT+<T <$ jTTjT qT+&qT. yTjT ><+&+ (V+&+) qT
d+#qT. eTjT, X+>s jT *jT&T#Tq~. yTqT+&jT V
|fqT. $we, sT<T&T, deTd eTsT<ZDeTT\T, >+<sT\T, n|sd\T, Hs\T,
y<eTT\T ysTT+#TysT, u>eTT dseTT |fqT. d\ XeTT, n+&eTT,
~eTT, sjTTeTT, bDT\T, keseTT\T, +>eTT\T, eTqTw\T |{]. yTjT
|sX, X+uM $<, ~ $<, V~ $<, k~ $<, sVdeTT, z+, yq+<Tq~.
yTjT |sjTeTT, Xs jTeTTqT y|+jTTq~. |\, y\T|\ uw+#T#
<X\, s edT d++<eTT e\q eTV|s dT+<]jT |.
(V #|wT)
|seTeTTqT >] + ks+><sT yV+ #|q >jT+
HqT #|q~ eT~qT+#ysTT
122
y<XkeT m+#ysTT
|seT+ q+<ysTT
n~jTT ds >y T jTT+&THsTT
|# q~ <=sTqT ><sTT
|jTq> d jT+ysTT
(\T>T Cq|< kV+ ` _sT<TsE seTsE)
u>e+T&T : d+usTeTT ` usTeTT ` HeTT ` >eTsTT eTT ` dweTT `
ds Xs+ ` dsu+ s++ ` sd \ <weTT ` c&TZD |PseTT
yTT<\>T >TDeTT\T >\y&T u> e +T& msT>eqT. d+us T eTT nq> |s D d+b<qeTT
nq> |. |sTcseTT\ s\eTT\qT |{+#Tq{ j>qT \T>CjTT. usTeTT
nq> d \T>Cj
T T. >eTsTT eTT nq> d+VseTT #jT T. dd eTT nq> d+#T.
ds XseTT nq> ||+#+ XseTTqT * jTT+&T. dsu+seTT nq> m\
ueTT\ |\ qT *jTT+&T. sds \ <weTT nq> | d++<+ #
e#& <weTT\T @$jT +&T. c&TZD |PsDeTT nq> XseTT ` MseTT ` jTXdT
` d ` CqeTT ` ys>eTT sT >TDeTT\T *jTT+&T. u>eY >TDeTT\T {$ n
s|+| y>TB+~jT eqdeTT\ n\$><T. |s|se TT\ |sy T , nqqyT, bd<y T ,
ds y|yT ~ sDyTq eTq>Tq&T sTZDT&T nsTTqq yT~ jT+<T \T>T >+>~
>TDeTT\qT XsTT+q yjTTe ds >TD s|D y\T>T#T+&TqT. d ` Hd jTqT edT< jTeTT
* $sT< <seTT\T> +&TqT. ydHXd, k+K XdeTT\ deTyT M+|<q |syTq
n ds|eTT msT> yu<eTT\# j^XsT\T yVT u<eTTqT #~+
eT dTK <T:KeTT\qT #T |uTe #|<TsT. <e\T >V<y<T\ |uT+
d+b~+TsT.MTed+\T KseTTq bueeTTqT |{+TsT. jT\T dueeTTq
|uTeTTqT k|+TsT. ><qT>VeTT =s n&T HeTs|eTT\# msT>&T#T+&TqT.
eTT $#]+| n HeT s|eTT\T e. ds eTT me] e\q qeTT\>TH me] e\
d b+<TH, me] e\ \jTeT>TH n{ nq+ >TDeTT\T >\ eTVT e]+| me]
seTT.
(|sDHeT d+>V+ k<T q]+VXs)
mesT >=|? :
X
V~kes+X |Xe |]s

c+ |< uX Xe |X| d: !!
123
ns+ : V~ kes |s++ jeT |Xe\T> #|&sT. d<sT jeT

uH<T&T (e&T) yTT>T&T. n+<Te\H e& |X| n+{sT. (e|sD+)
X
d|e ydT<yjT+ kY |sTw #

dbjT yTs+ ><V |sds+ !!
ns+ : ydT<e =&T lw&T & ddq eT>y&T. V yTT<\T jeY
&y deq+. ($w |sD+)
X
X+s] eT\C eT|Tys*X $w eV esTD:
|eqXkeT: Cd+Hq edy 2| V |ue+
T<<+ e>TD d>TD eTqTwjT: CH $w :
s$T <T s+u kY+ k eTT<~ C+
d s <+#sd Vs e+\ eT d++
y<+_: qT |q : K\T sTZD+ +
ns+ : z <M! V]VsT&T ` V ` n ` usT&T ` s$ ` esTDT&T ` |eqT&T `
keTT&T ` edTe\qTysT mesTq ~e dT>D |ue yTsT>C\sT. >TDVqT&>T mT
\TdT=q>\&T. eTV<TjT>T $we d+ d>TD |<q XjT, ds |<jTT,
&* |f \>H msT+>TqT. V qT sd X> q T, sT<T&T eTd Xj
T > eT>qT <\+TsT.
ysTqT sTZD X ds|eTT HsT> HssT.
(l <M u>e |sD+)
dw]D : u <$ ee TT\ qqT> eqe d _&\ q#TqT. n+<Te\q
d eTVeT, u e eTVeT $<y T q $. n$ +<+ *jTTq$. =s jTT> bs+u \+
H{ e<$ ueT\T ($>V eTT\T) jTs|t e+<\ =\~ \_+q$. |sTw |eT\T
HeTeeTT>q q \_+#< T . ewue TT, |+~, yTbT e+{ +Te\T |sTw X d+ eTT>
|+#e#TqT. <$ eyT H&T eTu$ +q ~eeTT n jd|t +|tu sd].
uTeHX <$ keTTqT |]o*+|&T. <$ $Xq, nH +Te\ *, =* <e,
dw]D, <$jT V ` $w ` eTVXsT\qT dw+#qT.
X
j $d $X+ >< #s #syT (<M eTV+ 1`15)
$XeTTqT, #s#s >TqT <$jT d+#T#Tq~.
X
$wX s >V D eTVMTXq @e# ]d jT
k+ kT+ XeH uyY!! (<M ` e ` 1`84)
124
eTeTT\q+<], $weqT, qqT XsT XseTT <]+#Tq{q]q qT dT+

X>\ysT mesTHs V |*qT.
X
VT: deTd >+ >TD| <w:
qCjTd V]Vs~ ;s|bs!
dsXj\$T<+ ><+X u
eTHV |seT | de< (< ` e` 4`7)
ds >T\ sDyTq e >TD+ njTT y <weTTqT jT+<T
qse. V]Vs<T\T L& qT >V+|C\sT. m\sqT y n+&e. >+jT
H= d\ u>eTTqT+& qyTq~. eTTq e |s~eTT> < | uTeHX
<$ >TqT dw+q~. yTjT dw>, >T> e]q~. eq dw |Ps+ |sTw\T sT.
<$ dw+q |sTw\T yT _&\T. |sTw d+|seTT jT <$ _&\qT HqT. eq
=\T +q |T&T H|T&>TqT. e<e |TH us> d]+#qT. qH<$ q
|T&q &TeTTJ us> d]+#qT. ddt |T&q sdt e| nqT _sT<T >\<T.
~X eTsT\ qT dw+ q s$T+|eT sqT. V $we \T neT ]qT sd ]+].
e&T yT ]qT eT+ yT usjTjTqT. ~XjT u ` $we\ dsd,
\ dw+ y] us\T>#q <M u>e |sDeTTq+Tq~.
eTq \T>T kyT * eTT +& n<eTT.
>T& : # y~ jT+&\T Vs+>+>H, X\H +{sTT. d<dT
|sVT&T, jTe, n us y~| +{sT. d<dT #T &\qT { eTdyksT.
< #q ds[ +~. B B sVd $<qyT <s+. mes =+#&L&<T.
y #d >s<q d+<s+ =+#dqf. eT >\ >T&d dws+ sT>T
+T~. B nH |qsq BT& Ms+> +{&T (yTsTTD d+V). >T&djT j
(jT d+V). <y\jT+ eTd q >s\jTyT. >s\jT+ |se j.
<y\jT+ XsjT | (j).
sa+& : usrjT ydT XdeTT q\T #<s|{syT eTTKyTq~. B +<T&
<+ MT< usD+> $Xs #&T. n~ |]|PsyTq $<H |r. B s|+ s+&T
|sds esyTq +\ *+>qeTT $T& q~. s+&T sb\T eqe | <s,
n edTe\ d *| d+\T> >T]+|&sTT. M{ , <] X\T s+&T HsTT.
(>T& ` & ` s#q. |<b{ H>Xsse)
uVDT&T z e C (eT+>) d n+< #d yVT& n+{&T.
125
jTq<s dT< <qMTjTy e

|Tqs# \X <qMTjTy e
eTTd* y>yT ]u<q MTjTy
qsesT >V<qMTy bT&
rjT{ |<e\qT <qMTjTeT+{&T. \X+ b*q dH \qT <qMTjTeT+{&T. {
(yTT\) u$T b* eTq<T >V (j) <q$TeT+{&T. n|&T d $<+>
n+T+~. MTsT y< |+&T\T. jTj><T\T, |P\T #dysT. s&+ eT+~ <T
n+T+~. < de<q+> uVDT&T n+{&T.
j>eTT\T Cd~ s+u u>eTT\ eTT\q ys |DeTT>\<
(cV jT>qeTT\T ` d+|{ 3)
V]q d+> dTK+Tq
seX y\ jT<\T
C+seTT\T ysT>MT #=<yT
dTdTT+ ] #=]$T+H!
ns+ : n+>qqT n#T n+>d+>eT dTK+ # m+ bseX+ #+~ |\T T
|eTT\T C]be&+ *jT bjsq&+ $+<T. <e+>q\T e+ n+Ts\ +
qT+ sd& $deT+ \+ ] dyVT\jsT.
(bq u>e+ ` <XeTd+<+, |Psu>+, |<+ 107)
jTeTH q~ d e TTq C\] q
#qT<sTT q+& XdTT&T
q+<e+T q*HuT +&T
$V]+# ~jsT y\ dT \
<e<sT eq+T\ $sb+&T
eTT u $TqT\HT yd| #
==sjT &jT m\T+
jTeTs HjT+&T V\>*d
yTT\ #qT\ bjT+| eTT<T+>+T
T=HHT |= |T&T
#+<TsT+&T b+<H #sTe
126
qqT#T $|+&T s$TsTT+# qq dT\

(es eTV+ ` lH<T&T)
d q j u $T b* mesH eekjTeTT #jT T >\s yq +~
> jTeTTq n&T>TT+~.
*k bs H k$T
b*k bs H k$T
s+&T >T q&Te H k$T
s>&k <Tbs H k$T
sjT+{ H yTT&T>T s+>yT* ] s<T
H #qT <TH* H sT eT+y&T y*
ejT #+*T+> eTT> |]+~
rjT qT e<T\THqT ` H `
~ yTTTHqT
yT|TeTT\{ eTT H\H\
eq+& yq ]dqT ` `
eqeTT =\]+#qT
;T#qT H~ yeTT> <TH*
sT bT >*
sT yTs +&*
s
@\ H>| |HsTT+
efq \ {*
eTTb<T sTesT *
>&|\Tq & sT\ <*+
H= >&+ |
uuq y*by* ` `
*d jTTq >& #y*
>T+& ~\|q s+&T #T\ {
>+& H>*yT& <+& *|
=+& H= H>*
|Ds >&q eTTq>*
s
127
yTs |\+Cd yT> <TH*

s>+& sT #sTe>T+&*
sT>T sT>T |+&* ` e `
m>kjTyT u>T#j *
s
mesH #jT>* * #dT+&
ee\ >T e|\ >&
sT |+ <] $e]+ #d
m<s y&TH~ e #qT wyT \Tk+
(| |<\ qJe+ ` s#q ` m\+& s|TTes&)
d qqT +{ \T| b\T= qqT n+T+~.
uTMT< H~ \T ` u+>s\ u\T \T|
eT\b <s+<+
e+ss eH& ` #+>T <* qujTes
(\+>D |b \T ` _sT<sE seTsE)
1.
+| &T& H<T&+{ e
dj |\d~ \T>T
HMT< #eT\T MT< k
o>+> kq| |\eTT \T>T
nq+T eTT n<sbqeTT Cd
ueT @< |\eTT \TZ
s <jTT s[ d*
es d\ d~ \T>T
>T\+{ |ydeTTq |\eTT
e\ dsd+T& q~ |\eTT
e\ eTT~d lseT qe$T |\eTT
qqT H* qq+ { |\ eTT!
2.
H{ e | qT+&q #\T
<y+< |<$ d~+qT
128
s uq>> & #\T

V|+T #|{ q T
DyTq dsde& #\T
s&T +T*qT
$Tw+T s$TsTT+ #\T
sC~ u>+T \qT
eTqdT ]+ k+ e\| p|
|P #* H=jTT eTT<TuT
udTs $d bH] |s yd
bV lw >BX |seT |sTw!
(X+>s |<eTT\T ` sTeT\ y+fXs T seT+&, 1980)
X
eT# ##T +eT

jTsTD T\ \H !!
ns+ : us \<$ #qTyTTq\ jT+<Tq +eT |e s+>T n+Tq+<T e\
ms&q k{ q\ Xs+ \y&!
X
+<s <sVs dT+<s ~eeTs
+ #T+V \\ <w!
ns+ : eT<T >seTD# z ~e dT+<seT, eTs yTT>Z+{ |jTTs* dH\ y|
X> #dTq y& !
(y+fXs dT|u+)
]q dq+T\ |T{+ <{+
&\# y~ qTH=&\ q~$T
|\T>+T #d >sT\H{ <=$T>
jTTer dV d+T\T |s ~
+<q eTT\ qT u = $Ts
s$TsTT+| <T]+| sH{
&* Bs k|>s dTK<
ue [+ jTTq{ ue$T#
<#T#Tq~ d+|\ jTC
129
yTu! + C>$T yT\T=qy

|ue <Duy
V$eT Je l+< <y!
ue+ : kMT! y\=\~ jTTeT\T eT >{ dqeTT\# eeTTqT s, &\
qT $deTT ={ sT>sT =&\ n~$T|{, <+eTT\T, qK eTT\T Cd, | #]
|sTcjTTeTT eTTq>T s +<eTT\ qT s$T+HsT. n+<T# < sTyq~.
&* rsTqT> dTKeTT> ~+#T#THe u\T. yT\T=qTeTT.
(+< HjT XeTT ` dT\ |sTceT $)
\ keTT
X
jk |<dqk $|\ { { |< |jT

>+;s esH; : dq us$T Xueksj!
\] ysZC+< yTsD >TD K: k| VeT +u
]+ k|< VkeT eTedT >V dse+> jTT!!
s+ : @ eTV\ |<oqTs, $ksyTq {{ (yTT\) \~j, |<|+
e y&\sTTq HeTT\T \~j, q dT& e qTq H_ \~j, dq useTT #
=~> e+q~j, s\yTq n+>edeTT\qT eyT> <]+ jTTq< eTV\ ds
e+>eTT\ L&q<H jTT +{jT+<T m\|& e+#T >!
(l d+ ` |\d ` q|] es+&jT Xs)
l_qeTd <Mk+ :
X
HuX< ds e $\ d<+< |csTD+
ud<ds eT+&\+ T<s < #+ eTVY
q< $| yT<Tq s |<TeT deT
|w+ksTDs { $\ dsb+uC!!
s+ : H_ eT< ms eT+q |e. <|q ms ds eT+&\+ e~]>
|X+# \ eTs |<+. |<+ eT< |< #+e $d+q y&q j,
jqT+# eT<q |sTcsTT+ jT d+u>+ #dTq eT+ \+>\ $T yq u>+
+~. n~ { u\udsT\ +H seTT> <]+q~. nTe+{ |w (yqT) u>+
>\ j qeTd]kqT.
130
(<XeTV $<\T ` . y+ dTuse)

lw z qs n+T+~.
z HsH ! # d<Tsq+ f jTTq~.
#&T H #T \q, b<\q H\T>T #\T HsTT. Vw X ! e >+>qT
b<q <]+#e. HqT #|q, sdT| (#eT sbq) <]+#qT.
e \X*$ >qT n#\T>e. HqT n\qT qT #+#\qT, e V+& >
d+#*+|CdTHe. HH d| >\qT ~*+#qT (d| >\T : 1. #T\T, 2. b<\T, 3.
q&TeTT, 4. |sT<T\T, 5. yT& 6. #qT\T, 7. H\T).
(C$ T us+ ` nqTy<+ @\]b{ nq+seTjT)
n*+>H| qqjT+T qT>&
\T&T>q H\T>T #T jT
s+ : m|& |jT Ts* * |+ #&+ e\q H\T>T #T \T * jTTH&
#| &qT.
(nqe#sT\ X+>s sq #sD+)
H\T>T #T\Tq <e\+ nsHXsT? |jTTs+& *+\q ys ?
20 #T\TqysT \e+Ty?.
>H +<+T\T eT+E>qeTT\T>
>+;\ d+D \H<+T\T V<y<eTT\T>
>+<sT |sq d\s+>eTT\ >eTT&q{&+>&
H&+|> \\HbeTT& >=|sr dd
nseTT : +s s>\T eTHVseTTq b\T>qT, yTT\q\T q+<* sT eTTe\
< qT\T eTHVseTTq y<eTT\T>qT, HeTDT\ sT (=&\) u>\T s+>d\ eTT>qT |#T+&
eTq<T &H& q&T &+|> s& jT+<T d> \ sT DeTDT\ $deTT& d qeTT
>$+].
(es d+ueeTT `qH #&T&T)
X
$X$T |sXs |uTj y+T sXHd 2|
leTTK |++ dT\*+ <wq yV+>:
X\q+eT|T + |j <~j
T T+jT
u eqydc $T+~jT >VAjT~u ~dwy
ns+ : $X$TT&T, |sXsT&T |+&T eTVsT\ d+ks+ u| \T ~qT#T
131
< n&$jT+<T |dT #jTT#T+&]. n{ysT >& dyeTT <$T p&>H eTsT &
e\|H=+~]. b\T ` |sT>T ` HsTT #] e]jTqeTT ~qT eqe\ +~jT >VeTT
*>H $+< |seTT deTT<eTTq <\TqT. |s+ \T mT d+uey nT eqe\
+~jT >V eTT \T>TjTT <Tds e TT.
(usV] dTuweTT\T)
<V +q eTVT&T dw <=s&T. d\ #s#s >T s><c\
+&jTTq<. *jTT>+H <T =*jTT>+q L& sTT< |]d. <e\T s
e\T, <V+qT\T, yd>. sTT eqe\T, |X|<T\ e #b!
(l<M u>e |sD+)
>jT+reT++ :
Y d$TssD+
usZ<ed BeTV
~j jq |#<j Y!!
ns+ :
d$ <e eTV dTqT yTeTT b+<<eTT >!
n d$ ejTT T~ |s|+#T>.
(sT><+ ` 3`62` 10)
| >jT eT++ dsT <+ b]+#T eT++. ueq e+ n+<sT d
|s+>H }VdTHsT. n< Xs+. >jT eT++ | b< 8 ns\T +{sTT.
eT&T b<\ 24 ns\T +&*. | eT+eTT yTT<{ b<+ @&T ns\T eyT
HsTT. yTT+ eT+ 27 ns\T HsTT. |<!.
*+>s|+ :
H s|eTT> u+TeT~ {|y? d

#H ? +#y ? yT|+{j ? d+<VeTT eH
HsH ueBjTeT] dT>TDs+T> p|
s $VseTeT<Tb! lVdXs!
(VdXs X+ ` $ <s{)
Xs ! s |+ d #qT, yT |+{, +#+ (<q+ =*# b) e~]> n>T|dT H e.
yTq dT>TD s|+ @$T{?.
|eT |P ls+T> Cd
|& |<DeTT #jTT|&T\qT
132
q\dsT| >T+&T q&T> d+q

$T#TH y] +T\qT
ns+ : s $>V |P\T #d +< <=sT+ <e #T |<D\T #jTT
y] d\ ]q+ eeTTq q\ s>T+&T (*+>+) d+q$T#TH?
(eT] d<|)
eTT~ (yH\) |+&T> :
X
nH+ bse k+
T#s C>sD+
eTTBk deU
Xs] u yT
eTT<+ |PjT \+
+<yTse+ dsTdT>+~
s d< H s>D+
X < es< \+:
C> uwD
d$+ |j#$T
n &+ sjT.
ns+ : |+&T> nXjTT |P]eTH&T #ksT. y yH yXy k>
>&|&+, p<e&&+, s n+jTT C>sD ##jT&+ sTT $H<+> e+ #ksT.
y C>s+ #dyqT \<$ yT+ edT+~.
(*+> |sD+)
nq+>XjTq e+ (eTq<|P) |PCeeTT\T

ejTqeT:
yVsD qeT:
+<s<jT qeT:
|eT qeT:
kKdeTT<jT qeT:
ydyjT qeT:
V<jTXjT qeT:
bC |Pj$T
+|T |Pj$T
yT&+ |Pj$T
{+ |Pj$T
H_+ |Pj$T
<s+ |Pj$T
V<jT+ |Pj$T
133
q+<sD qeT:
dX |Pj$T
+sjT qeT:
+<+ |Pj$T
V<]D qeT:
d+ |Pj$T
|w#bjT qeT:
ye+>+ |Pj$T
|wuDjT qeT:
<D+>+ |Pj$T
nq+>jT qeT:
eT[+ |Pj$T
$jT qeT:
XH |Pj$T
dsH qeT:
s: |Pj$T
(eT eTV|sD+)
eTq |sD\T nq+> (eTq<) eeTTqT >] # e]+#sTT.
eT<yjT $<V! |w uDjT BeTV! H nq+> |#<jY!! nH nq+>
>jT d]+#T+ sr eTq<T\qT |P+#\ L& #|&+~.
eT<e&H, nqT+>T&H, |w uDT&H, sTTe eTq<T |sT.
usus\ eT< nqTs> |+b+~+#T e+ s+|&+~. |P
| ~ys+ 13 edeTT\T #j\, eTq< |jT+ nH& eT++ uVDT
>+< Bbsq\ |P+ +#&T _jT+, HbqT <q+ #j\ #|&+~.
13e edeTTq uVDT <q+ #jTe*dq edTe\ |sTHsTT. #
uVDT& eTq<T& #|&&T.
d+<e+<q+ :
X
j< (jT<V) b|s+

eTqk y# Vku+
|<yT, <sD, X
sd (nVd) <e\T+|T
jT+# <T]+eTsTT!!
ns+ : &q s (&q |>\T) eTqdT, e\T, #T\T, , &T|,
X\ @ bb\T #XH bb* s (|>\ T) q+|Cj
T T >.
dHq <s bsjTTDT&q | e $~> d+<e+<qeTT #j*.
<jT+ ` kjT+\T d+<ys+, bb\T y<+> &Te&+ <?.
s, |>\T < qH &Te&+ n+f < ns+ T T n
ns+ <!
134
n&TdT =H\ ` \T &T>H\?

CsTTr> +f d]b<?
(eT >+<\ ejCsY ` Xs|uT)
eT#+<T&T : ds|\T# k|s +>eTT\T njTT e sT<eTT. es|eTT
eTjTq nes|+ eTVXsT&T.
sT<T&T qsT&T
`
eTH] ` y] qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T V
`
eTyD. y]<] qeTkseTT\T
$we sT<T&T
`
\ eT, yT n qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T dsT&T
`
#jT eT, <] qeTkseTT\T
keTT&T sT<T&T
`
qeTT\T eT, y] qeTkseTT\T
~y (|>\T)sT<T&T
`
s eT, <] qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T jTeTT
`
eTy~, yT jTq qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T eV
`
eT kV<$ y] qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T y<eTT
`
eTXdeTT y] qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T >+<eTT
`
eT |weTT y]<] qeTkseTT\T
sT<&T nseTT
`
eT nseTT y] qeTkseTT\T
sT<T&T *+>eTT
`
eT |seTT, y] qeTkseTT\T
(sT< V<j|wT)
<e\ qT+ |{q e\T, |P\T :
>H<T H_qT+& |<+ |>H ns <e\ qT+ L& j |c\T<$+#sTT.
eT<q Te s>eTTqT+ dT+<sy T q <+ + |{+ ~. jTq |wyT m+ |. jT X sT&q
eTD u<T qT+ ee+ |{+~. jTq eeTT m+ |eT. |seT e&T q
V<jT+ qT+ ee+ |{+~. jTq eeTT m+ |eT. |seTe&T q V<jT+
qT+ <$+q yTqT m|& |$Tk&T. VXs+ eT+qT+ ne]+q
eTs es| K~s e, $Xs qT+ |{q + e+, bsr<$ ns# +<
|c\ b<, >D| +ud\eTT| y$*#T, jTeTT &=qT+ y<T>T #T, m&eT
&=qT+ q\yT&#T, sT<T qT+ u *Z+# <Ts<>=+&, es k$T eT+q #T,
\<$ # es&T #T, H>| Xw s\T>+, ydT $X\yTq qT+ \>],
M|qT+ q\>] |{sTT.
135
(yeTq |sD+ ` 18e n<jT+)

ed+\ ds|+ : ed+\ |jT+>T\\jT jTeq| q&$T s|+. ~es\T,
$Td$T, <e , ms nX #T\T. y<T>T b<\T. X ET. $d
eT\yT eTTK+. q\\Te qjTH\T. es&T| s=eTT\T. u> Mq eT <+\T,
|P\>TT #T\ #\+. eT+q|Py |<$ \y$* |P >. >T+&T sTT\ LjT
+sds+. +\yT ed+. HeT* >T+| q>\T. #>TZsT |\ L q|s (<qT)\T.
b>+XyT yTT\q\T. eT<V+dq& q&\T. TyT< >>& e>s+.
(yeTq |sD+)
<e\ &d\T : <e\T m& &ks+f! m& jTTe b<eT+Js ds\T
qBds\T>q, V+d\T e&# s ek\T>q, V+d |+# H\T> |kj n&
<e\T &ksT. <e|& |Pb<q, q<T\ <>Zs, |s\ e<, d\jTsT\ &,
|D\ |q, <qeH &dT+{sT.
(>T& ` &. |<b{ H>Xsse)
X
<s+ d+jT$T: |j<s usD |&: bDC
s*<XH <s |: XD fHV:
VdH q$T: #<s dT<q+<q dyV:
+:eT| |e |<e TVA eTd ye>:
ns+ : deTjTeT+<T lw&T s<uVQ\ {yjT&&T. dqus+ |q yd
|&+#&&T. |+& +~ |<$q+ =s&&T. |sT<T\qT <sT\ H{ =&&T.
ET| T= e+>BjT&&T . n<s eTeTH \Tbd yV+|&&T . s+ > #jT &q|{
n&T #| q\$> >=| q+< b+<&T. Ws @$T~? eTq<T q&+ eeTyT><!.
(^ >$+<+ ` dsZ 12. nw|~ 23)
nwd<T\T : j>+ <s nwd<T\T \_kjT |+* j>Xd+ #|&+~.
nwd<T\T $.
1. nDeT ` nd\ |]eD+> <\&+
2. eTVeT ` n|<> es&+
3. >]eT ` $T* sTe <\&+
4. \|T j ` n* <\&+
5. b| ` ds#+<<T\qT d]+#>\ X b+<&+
6. beT+ ` wyTq | #jT&+
7. X + ` ndeq X \ T b+<&+
136
8. e+ ` ds+ eos+ #dTe&+

nwd<T\qT d jTT n+>\T>u* X rsT= k<X+.
+~ |<+ jTT ks+X+.
d ` nDTeT< ! eT< eTDeT+T sV+#T
eTV{ ! { eTVeT >+#T
]# ! # ]+<T ]eT+T
q\H ! s| \\|TT \|TeT
|TqyD ! yD eTq|Tq lb|
qe ! yTsTT |eT H
q+>q ! us mX <>T
* eX s $\T
yueTT\T >* sT>T>&
u\ qeTTq +u\ #jT
>=<e yTT<*q~~ eT+#TeT<T |D
e\jT & +&Te CjT eTq
(++{ b|sE ` s sejTD+. n ` 3 ` |<+ 107)
eTT\T qT\>T |+# yV+<s+ eTTjTT+& $T f\ e qT\>T|&>
nwd<T\qT d n+>\T> u* X rsT=q k<XyT |<+.
eTj>eTT Cd >*q
|eTyT <e |>q
b\T|\s dTs +\ sdb q+T
q*H keTbq+T>qT
\\+T\ eT+ >se+T\ y
\=q y<eT+eTT\T >qT
|& q $sV |eTTq Tq jT
n&] <=s> =q VAe>qT
&& deTsT\ qT<sTT+q #eT
<&jTTfjT~ jTTe +<+T>qT
qs >T#eTT\ sT#T\T <+ &
qqT|q |X +<q +T >qT
|*$
eT
eT
137
jTqd l y+fX b+<T

|TqyTq ~e u>+T>qT
eT
ue+ : q |eT dsk <e\ deT]+ y] nqT>V+ =s eTq< jT+
#d+~. dTs deTjT+ d$+# sk keTsdeTT>qT, d+u> deTjT+ e# <qT\T y<
eT+\T>qT, |jT T&T m&uT e\ *q #eT &e &yT kq \+>qT, n+<yT q q
dH\MT< | =s> @s& >+qT jTC #+|& |Xe u{q >T >qT,
y+fXsT e\q *q d+u> dTKyT jT|\+>qT dT+<] b+~q~.
(nqeTjT X+>s sq\T. d+|eTT 5 sq+ 223)
| |P \#> >{ eTDT>T
ne |se XeTT Vq+<ejT
|\$
e eTqdT eT+ jdq+ujT
Hq+< uw\ eTs<TjT
MTH #qT<sTT $T+ B|eTTjT
Hqq dT<sd+ _w ejT
|
eT>Te sTqe eT+ =$sTjT
>TyT $ #+<qeT\<T {jT
>> qT + sq+ujT
>&+| \T\T| #s+TjT
|
qTqT|q b+<T qy< TjT
y y&T \T +\ejT
e sTy+fX CjTT
$qjT $es+T\ s$] eTTjT.
|
ue+ : |sTw k{ dTs $<q+ +#> { sT> d yTeTsT|
q+<eTH V+ + #d+~. n+<yTq q |jTd eTqd sd+. yT q+< uc.
ns b<<T\T. yT s+&T H y\T>TTq Bb\T. yT n<seTyT n_w+. |jTd
sTqe \ eT|P\T. |jTd Xs| ydq eT+ >+<| |P\T. |jTd Xs|
+T Vs. \V +CeTs\T. z # ! dT+<] y+fXsT * >T#Tq~.
yT bseX+ # d>+ $q |e nsTT+~. n&T yT q rsT|s T * +\+
e s+#&T. s +<H* Hy< |s+> nqTu$+#sT.
(nqeTjT X+>s sq\T. d+|+ 5. sq+ 301)
deTs& |~|PjTs ` #\eTdyT \s
138
deTjTeTTs eTTe>b\ ` k$T @yjT jTT+&e

d
n&T>&T>T qT qT>=qeq ` e&> qT\T us
q& M~ qTpq He\ ` m&T>T+# eT~<#qTs
$&$TjT # kq H ` jTT&\ \qTs
&T y&T \T ` e\d eTT#fs
d
>T\T eT ]ds ` =q>sT qT+ eTqds
>=Tq qT *+#eq ` ]H jTTq$s
seT>T y$ H\ ` qTp& Hss qTs
<s& HsqTs n ` y <$T<&d ><s
d
q{qT+ $sVeTT $T+ ` <Ts +{ s<Ts
nqeTT H{+|><Ts ` || ueT #+<qTs
H bjTeTTq H=H&y ` >*d e|&$T *jT<Ts
H&ud njT sd ` $TweTT b<Tb<Ts
d
( jT |<e TT\T)
+<D n+Tq~.
+< ! d~=eTT\T >\ u> *dq uT e\qT @ $<+ > <>\T>T#Tq<
n<$<eTT> e H d+u+#TeTT (sT><eTT 10` 86 ` 15 ` y<\+f yH? Xs
|uT)
z dsT& ! eqe&T @ &< &T|H $q+ HTH yTqT >=| ku>e>
#d |+|eTT. yT e d+u+#\qT+f yT q =&\qT y&\T> #dTy*. yTeTT
d+u+#\H ]H yT y&\sTTq =&\ eT< e X +#<eTT >! (sT><+.
10` 86` 37. y<\+f yH).
jT+ #sTT+# uVD |sVT\T jT+ #&& eq =+eT+~ |sTTq
&yqT, |[ q\qT y] |dy| y* $<+> m>[ #jTk].
&T~ q&#|&T, yT q&T#Tq|&T |#T n]qT VV n #|&T #dT+~.
XeTT < <]q|&T n~ >Y>Y #|&T #dT+~. m+<Tq n~ Ms <ydT+~.
(jTEs<eTT ` 23 `22. y<\+f yH? Xs |u9).
|sVT\ T L\ &y q\T |+ #+~ |sVT\ X\y|
y* #|+ m b&#sT. z |sTVTs ! MTsT e{&q|&T MT HsT VV
nH #|&T #dTq$. MT X\T (|sTc+>\T) MT Hse |dTHsTT. m+<Tq> MT
X\T MT Hse uC\qT *jTTHsTT. MTsT HsT eTdT+&.
139
(jTEs<eTT 23 `23. y<\+f yH? Xs|uT)

z dsT& ! HqT H X <s& M\T> eT+ nesTT q =&\qT
y&\T> #dTe& V|sT#TeTT.
(n<s y<eTT 14` 2` 28. y<\+f yH? Xs|uT)
z |Pk<e ! q =&\qT |P]> |+>{+ #T= y{eT< H jTT X
+#& |H &T~ # eT+~.
(n<sy<eTT 14`2` 38. y<\+f yH? Xs|uT)
z n <e& ! z dsT& ! z dsd ! eT>y eT>>T] (#T*) m|{q
$\+T H]e >&<HT #jT+&.
(n<s y<eTT. 4 ` 4` 7) y<\+f yH ? ` Xs|uT)
<e + n+f eTe? (d?) n+ # $wj \T #]+#+ $wj \ <e u
|sTq #eT+~ #]d n+<T eTT>bjsT. + u n+f @$T{ ?
u : eTqdT ` e ` XseTT sDeTT\# @s&T u eT&T $<\T. 1. 2.
y~ 3. <. eT+eTT\T y<eTT\ qeTkseTT\ nVAeTT, X<eTT yTT<q
y u$+ jeXeTTq j <e\ |eTT\T #jTTq~. y u. <qeTT <qeTT
# > HsT y<se TT |> = V |>sT u eqd jTq&TqT. ebk~ jTeTeTT\#
eTT +~jTeTT\ s~+ #, #+<jTD, k+|qeTT\# V #| ydeTT\T
eT]jTT j Xu eeTT\T #jTTq~. sTT u.
1. u :
e\T b\T, |sT>T, HsTT, sB|eTT, X<eTT, >+<eTT\T, |P\e\\T, XdeTT
#| q ss \ <Te\T, >T>T\Z T, q\ n>sT yTT<q |]eTeTT\#, +>sT, s\ s+>Ts+>T\
q>\#, u, u, V bjTeTT\qT H\T>T s\ |+&e+\# |eTVQ\qT<+
#jTT u eTT.
2. y~ u :
y<eT+ V$s<T\# #jTTq~ y~.
3. eTT e\q V jT&\ u\
@s&Tq~ j> u.
(|< |sD+)
uC nqT <Te qT+ u nH |<+ |{+~. y<\ u>e+T |P+|eT
140
#TsTT. u>e+T bdq #j* n+f u>e+<T dMT|+ Lsy\ ns+.

u>e+T | >&qTs * jTT+&&eTT u n ud X+&\ eTV]
e]+#&T.
y\ +& u>e+T |d u>e+T n++ e&eT $e]+#sTT. HseBZ.
|sy T XsT b< d~ $&Te +&&y T u n+{&T ~X+sT \T yq+< \V]
n Jy e+# <y ++#T u n+{sT |\ eTV] k+Ke#q d .
u>e+T& <]+ |P+ n + e&yT u n+{sT jTeTTH#sT\T.
u>e+T| <& $XdyT u n+{sT eT<#sT\T.
unH |< $u+#& M\T ~, eTT, $s[, de, ks+, u>+, bdq,
$Xd+#T, q#T nqT ns\T >\e.
u 9 $<\+{sT. 1. XeD+ 2. sq+ 3. b<deq+ 4. nsq+ 5. e+<q+ 6.
dsD+ 7. <d+ 8. dK+ 9. y<q+.
|\$ :
u eeTT Cdq |\eTT <T dTMT ` $
nqT|\$ : s\eT yk\T <]+#T sV yDT>b\T b<
&T\ yqT Js&qH$T?
CV$ |\ eTT>qH$T ?
&T |>={ q{sTT+qH$T ?
b<T\T yT{qH$T ?
u
$ edeTT\T >{qH$T ?
+&T eTdT= >=Dq H$T ?
e> sTeTD yTqH$T?
\ T\d q]+qH$T ?
u
yT+& udeT\~q H$T ?
jT&\T sT<\T |Pdq H$T ?
HH u eTT\T ]q H$T?
q<T\T <T\T qT>=+fH$T ?
u
141
(ks+>bD |<eTT\T)
u >] s#H\TH +<T yTq u ? eTq ns+<T. ujT+qT+ u,
ujT+qT+ <e&T |T=#sTT. @ <s+ e q JeHb~ $T+ + e|
<s|& J$dT+{&T. #|q | #d Jeq+ kdT+{&T. @ bsbT #dH q
JeHb~ qH uj
T + TT+{&T. XeT #d H jTe yT|b+~ = n<q|
ks\T sTT+{&T. jTe n c\T rsTdT+ {&T. XeT #dy&T ud, #sTT+#y&T
jTe. es jTe <e&T> es&T. ud u&> es&T. B u <e
>\ d++<+. <e& > #|{ nejT |\qT yd+ #d XeT +&
qT\qT |&+# esZ+ yT+ <e |<T\eT+ #T jT\T<]+~. esZyT |PCsT\T
(uVDT\T)\T> ds|&sT. <X+ # <y\j uVDesZyT |P\T sVd
<e+ |sT u\qT <#T+THsT.
B&T eT#sT\T, |s~|T\T Xe\T k|+ y{ n+& <e&T sTZDT&T,
ssT&T n+ jT\T<]qysT ss ` sTZD <e& sTEe #jT #\|&
bjsT. + X, X n+ |\qT eTu|&T es MTsT L& eqe&H
<s+> rdT= <e& d>TD ` ks s|+ eqe&H <e& s|+ =\TdTHsT.
m+ <s>+?. eqe&T <e\T m ne&T?. ~ + yd|#&yT neT+~.
eqe&T eqe&.
yeTq>] +~ |<+ #&+&.
<sqeTT\+<T <swDeTT\+<T
esXeTeTT\ e<\|&T
sT>T#Tqy&T <sq q+<T+&T
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
ue+ : <sqeTT\T sT (k+K+ ` j>+ ` HjT+ ` yX+ ` |PsMTe+d `
s MTe+d). wDeTT\T sT (Xe+ ` ywe+ ` X+ ` >D|+ ` usd+ `
142
kse+). M{ eT]jTT esXeTT\qT e<\+& sT>Ty&T u$T >T&y& n ns+.
<e\ T kyT\T ` b&T| <\ T

#s+ ` #sD s+&T deHs |<\T. M{ q&e& n ns+. |Ps\eT+<*
q&e& |Ps#s\T Xd |eD n+<bsTTH <X#s+` #s+ ` #s+
` T+u#s+. n+{ $T+ deTj#s+ n+ neds { #s\T esT
e#sTT. #s\qT nqTd]+# <s\T esjT+{sT. #s\T \TksTT. ns\T
e]bjT |<\+{sT. eTq<X+ mH d+d T\T |{ |]>sTT. n+<T =
q+#sTT. = @< s|+ =qk>TTHsTT. |&Tq d+d mH #s\T b{dT H +.
=+{ ns\T eT]bj+. eT]bsTTq y{ =+&+ ns >s+ #|{
eTq kyT\ s|+, b&T| <\ s|+ e~*ysT. y{ ns\T jT rj\+f
\ bD+ edT+~. = kyT\qT yT<eqTe+{ ysT L& |&s\T dw+
eTqTL\+> eT\T+{sT. keqT& d+> #| q\$ <T. eTq+ XsD + nqT
@MT e{&sT. kyT\ >TT jT rj\+f y<\T, |sD\T, |wT\T, <sH\T,
+\T, #] >+<\T, # |sq kVeT+ #<y * +T+~. n> #s\
d++~+q Cq|<T\ d+d TbT\T *d +&*. yT<e +&*.
eTV$, ||Ps l \q]+V |+T\T>sT Vd qe\ (>D|)qT s+#sT.
n+<T >+>eT nqT b <s = <+& |*k&T . n+<T T +~.
<T+|> n. <T+| @$T{ ? be&yT$T{?. ns+ <T. +q |<| yeTq
|< + { C| e+~.
e&T eT\<T+| dw# $we
$weq> e&T y\T>T<H
e&T $we q> es| HeTeTT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
| (u<$) d |s+> u$+q|&T u$T|qTq |s\T ` q<T\T ` e\T `
q \qT d| s + >H ns+ #dT y*. # d <e\T ns+ sT. |&T e\qT rdTq|&T
e\ eT> e\T m +{j ns+ #dT eTT. n#T |P\T|Pd jT\T d | \T>
sb+s+ #+<TsTT. =#T ys<s |\\T yd e\T> sb+s+ #+<TsTT.
|&T #T +&, jTqT, |+&TqT, ysT s|+> u$ksT. |P\T ` \T ` d
jqT\T >T]+#&sTT. eeTT seTT ` r> d|s+> #&*. jT\T, +&eTT, ysT,
|+&T, $H\T |sTc+>eTT> u$+#*.
143
<T+| (ysT) R |sTc+>+

<T+| > : eTTqT\T Xe\ eT +\ \ #d =+&, #+|+& n+
s\T, s #|{ <e *+>+ ujT+s+> rd |&yXsT. *+>+ |&ydd] XsT&T
n+sqeTj&T.
(yeTq |sD+ ` 22e n<jT+)
s |sD\ L& < < |yT +~. <T+|> nH |<\qT T s|+
eTq+ L& |sTw\qT {q|&T |jdTHeTT. |dT|=eTT (<T+|)qT |$+> u$+
| eT\b\| +#TTHeTT. qT |dT|=eTTqT s+&+{ #d eTT+C
sDeTT> <]+|CdTHeTT. eT\b j V+. n+f d |sTw\ \sTTjT dw n
ns+. |[ n+fH dw seTT. eT\b\| eqT < Kss| |+&TqT, ns{ |+&TqT
L& +#TTHeTT. ejT T n|+qq |$yTqy. M{ |P L&
|j dTH eTT.
y|jT+ <e& e#{, bjT{ <+&+ |{]
~ b&T| <. y|jT+ <e&T nq> y\T>TTq C (B|+) n ns+.
B|+ y*> C y| jT> +T+~. n+f <e& y| jT b\&+. qeTd]+#&+
n ns+. y|jT *+> ds|+. n+<Te\ y|#T s$#T |[#ksT. d+q+
\>\ y|#T, s$#T #T |<D\T #ksT. s$#T $wds|+. s$ j
V+. ##T ]>yqT #d kyT +~.
nX (s$) |<D\T #d &T||{ #dTqT
s< <y<sT&T d]jT e+H =\Tyq <c T\d yTT\ ed+
<< |s~H |sd]+#T= |[ ]|ksT.
Hs&T#TqT |$+> u$+ Cq|<T\T b b&THsT.
eqT #\T |+&| { \T
eqT \T l<sD\T
eqT jT\T |+&b \T
(d\ >j\ d+|<jT+ ` d.edT+<ss&)
b&T| < 1 :
+ >T eTq<T |+>T \Trd $T+>T. yT (ns{| + &T)
nq> eTq<T&T (|sTc+>eTT) +>s+> yTsTdTH&T. |sTc+> n# \T>T
|+>T n+{sT. ns{ |+&T \Trd $T+>T n ns+.
144
b&T| < 2 :
s a +&MT< # | > T s T > \ y& T . yT (eTq< T & T ) # |
|sTc+> V+. sa+&MT< eTs+ (yTTd*) >TsT L& +T+~. eTs+ L&
|sTc+>yT. eTqeT<T& eTs+&T n+{sT.
b&T| < 3 :
*+>&T H eTqdTqT <=+*+qy&T. yT (eTq<T &T) *+>&T
L& |sTc+>eTTq >TsT.
b&T| < 4 :
d|*<] |]
\Te> #T>\<T
sTe] eT<q
|+ |P|P jTTqT
yT (B|+)
Bb\ >& nH s\T+{sTT.
d]jT B|+ ` eTjT B|+ ` qTe\ qH B|+ ` |+&B|+ ` |B|+ `
|wB|+ ` H] B|+ ` VsB|+ ` rsB|+ ` HB|+ ` y|q H B|+ ` =]qH
B|+ yTT<\>TqT. eT\ eT\T ` eTs&T eT\T ` ns{Hs eT\T ` &T
eT\T ` |dT|s+>T ` msT|s+>T eT\T. Bb\ m eT\T yd y*d @@
|* \T ekj .
1. Bb\qT >T]+ #| &sTT. = Bb @&T qT+& m$T~ |* \T #| &sTT.
Bb\ |* #| & $T> |* \T d uy\ e\ e~*yjT &HsTT.
@e |P e& |s|+
s+&T eT\ |P nsHXs +
eT&T eT\ |P ds|+
H\T>T eT\ |P V ds|+
<T eT\ |P |+#eTTK Vds|+
sT eT\ |P >D| ds|+
@&T eT\ |P eTq< ` nq+> ` \ ds|+
nw eT\ |P nwu>e\ |P
=$T~ eT\ sT< ` use&T ` jTeT<ssE
145
<X eT\ |P d+|Ps $Xd+

eT\T yd qT\T <e|P\T #d m|& dsZ+ +&ysT.
|qT\ #eTTsTb&T ` |b&T nqT +{sTT. +#+&.
|$T<\qT eT{ j sT #ksT . B|+ eTT{+ #& s +&T |$T<\T y&sT. <|
{ + |< qH bd s+&T eT\T #d B|+ y*ksT. s+&T |$T<\ +~
|$T< us, s+& |$T<qT us> u$ksT. s+&T eT\ { us, { us.
|< |< <y\j\ & #dq +<T\qT y&sT. $ eT&T, H\T>T n&T>T\
mT es +{sTT. +~ |$T<qT u]+ <|qT+ d+u+ e~]> <+& jsT
#d | u>+ |$T<qT *| + y* q |$T< qH bd eT\T yd Bb
y*ksT. +<T\T (|$T<\T) +> n+<+> +{sTT. u]+q |$T< s+
D+ +T+~. | |$T< L& He D+ +T+~. D\T j, |sTc+>
>TsT\T (usus\T). s+&T D\qT \T| b&y{ <+& #T> b\&+ ]+~.
|sE y*> C |P> (|w+) e]+#sT. |PH jT> esTT+~. jT
|+&eT+~.
b&T| < 5 :
n+< s +&T u+<\T ` s +&T \T. yT ([uT)
& s +&T u+<\T nq> s +&T >T+\T. [uT >T+\e~]> +& Ds+
+{sTT. M{ { us, +={ us. |sTTq | d yT& [uT +T+~. $
H\ e~]> q+<Tq \T nHsT. M{ <y\j\ d+^ < qT\ |j ksT .
usus\T s|P \ (s[) &sT.
\ (s [) m +T+ss q \ {
+~.
+d dd H$TdTH
+T\ <$TsN &T k<M&T
=Hu&T <<MT >T+b & q+{
|#$ y&T = u\T& M&T
s# H #qT\T ueTs\T H&q+{
|#Ts =+>T{ dqy& M&T
nsd H |sT~~ & #| _\+{
dsT d eT dqeM&T
|\$
+d
146
>]eT<=&\T eTT{ +u &q+{

|s>H=&s N|&T#M&T
+d
n\] H q|\|& q+{
|* L& |q _&& M&T
n\$T l y+fX & *eT>H\+{
#\s yy]^ sT M&T
+d
(nqe#sT\ X+>s sq\T. d+|+ 17 sq 173)
nqe#sT\ysT 32y\ sq \T sXs n+{sT. eTq| &T \_dT q $ 29 d+|{\
14y\T eyT. M{ b\T n< d+sq eT&Tb nqeTjT sdq X+>s
sq HsTT. +<T eTq #q\ |f uw, |<+<\T, nqTs> ue |s+|s\T
yT+&T> +{sTT. ||+# kV+ X+>s >T]+ + $|\+> sdqysT mes
sT.
nqeTjT |<\T |syXq+< d+|< H\e. XsyT |seX, q+<
Cq d+|< dTK<T:U\ \jTyTq~. |uy <syTq~ T~. T~ >& eV+#~
<VyT. Te+{ <V >T]+ <e |s+>H nsTTH nqeTjT #dq \q q+
+ deqyTq~. dsTH eT H ++~.
(nqeTjT |< |]#jT+ 1. jT|u >]$ | e\T =)
b<T| < 6 :
eT\b #qT
rdT eej!
#y
dTqyT<e?
dTq+ >& +~
rdT eej!
s+& |[ d++<+ =s z eTTd&T |[ #|\ e uHq+s+ y\T
LsTH&T. *<+&T\ eT LT] u&+ w+ * z bjT+ | eT\b
sb ne! n+~ LTsT. nesTT eT\b rdT= eTTd* |[ =&T eT\b
#qT rdT eej n+~. #y dTqyT<e nH&T. nesTT #T, dTq+
qT eyT +~. dTq+ >&+~ rdT eej! n+ y[bsTT+~.
147
eJy\T #bsTTq e n|&T ejTdT q nesTT |+<T ? qs>s+>

nesTT e\T >V+ y[bsTT nesTT q =&T $jTeT+~ |[ ]|+#&T.
(Cq|< <\T ` eqe d++<\T ` #s .mdt. yVH)
b&T| < nesTT |*q qs>s+ nH e\T @$?. n$ m{ ns+
#dTy*?. & eT\b n+f j n ns+. dTq+ n+f Ms+ (ud+) n. Ms+
\+ b d+q+ \><T. #T n+f msT| *+# |<s+. eT\b #T,
dTq+ s+&T *|H HsT msT|T+~. +<T #TqT d s (eTTTs+) >TsT. \T
` b\T d |sTw eTs+>\, #T, #Tq+ X ` XD\T s+&T *dH |+ |+&TT+~.
b&T| < 7 :
\T yTT>T&T |+&T+f
n+&>]+~ n+\sTT+~. yT ($dTssTT)
$dTssTT n+f s+&T >T+& s |\\T. M{ |+& $ds& jsT #ksT.
+~ |\| | |\ dT\u+> s>& @sT #ksT. +\T yd | |\qT |>H
< & |+&> e] +< |&TT+~. |+& n+*> #dT+{sT. & +~
|\qT us>q | |\qT us>q u$+#&+ ]+~. <] eT<q s& ]q|&T
\{ <e+ jseT+~. < n+*> u$+#&+ ]+~. |#jTT s+&T edTe\qT
usus\T> +#T |sqT\ $XdeTT. edTe @MT #jT<T <!. |[
$dTssTT |P +~ < !
eTq<X+ |d<yTq eT\T sT. 1. Xe+ 2. ywe+ ` XjT+ ` >D|+ `
usd+ ` ks+ (dsd++<+). $ |&T #<X qT+& s +<T >D|+
` ks+ ` usd+ qTeTsT>jsTT. >D|+ e+ n&& y|qT+&~. s
~ Xe+ *d Tq deTjT+ us<X k+ bs+ eTVsw
b++ u\>+><s \ |\qT k+ bs+ y| eT[+#& >D|
|PqT sksTT rdT= y[H&T. |& n |+&>\+f >D| |+&> beTTK
|]+~. >D| <e&T |&T |[ |sjT> |[|\ MT< <sq$TdTH&T. n+
bNq jTT>+ Ls <e> u$+&q >D| s|+ $s+> qT \TdTq~.
|sDjTT> s+u+ >D| e |P+qT> *+>s |eTTq s~+qT \TdTq ~.
>D| |P+#yqT >D|T\T n+{sT. MsT >D| *+>\qT |P+#&+ #s+.
X+sT & |X | nqT >D| nH e >D | n ns+ . >D| e&>,
Vd> |dT+#&&T. sT><+ >D| |keq <T. Vd < uVDd
148
|keq +~.
eTqTe #|qT X+ |#s+ +~.
$|D+ <e+ X+uT:
jD+T e<e:
yXH+T uyY V
XS<D+ >DHjT:
(eTqTe #|q X+)
ns+ : uVDT\ X+sT&T <e+. jTT\ e<e&T <e+. yX\
V <e+. XS<T\ >D| <e+ n. >D| |T >T]+ |sD\ |~
s\ <\T jT |&sTT. @ < qe eTq ns+ <T. ywe\T \>D|>,
u<T\T >CqqT>, CqT\T deT]>, ye#sT\T w >D|> s~dTHsT.
>D| >T]+ Cq|<T \ b { { +~.
ee eT]$ >DH ` qTe e esT&e >DH
u|ysT qT >=\ >DH ` ueT<e&+<TsjT >DH
eT{ysT qT >=\ >DH ` {ueT+<TsjT >DH
|ysT qT >=\ >DH ` &yT&e+<TsT k$T >DH
e&ysT >=\ >DH ` u <=&<e&+<TsT k$T >DH
(Cq|< q ` &sY #s cs&)
| b eeT] n+f *+>s| n ns+. eekjT<sT\T &yT&
n+f H>* (|sTc+>+) d++<eTTq s|+> |P+#sT. +Xd+ >D|
DeT<>T& n+T+~. eTTTk$T BT\ |d< sq y| >D|
q B |keq +~. eT<s dT&> < qT+~. j>Xd
>D| eT<s # n~|. eT<s+ dw #+~q~.
X
k: d+u >DX u>yH uY!

jT< s|e: k<bV >DXs!!
ns+ : >DX&T kY |qT+& d+u$+q u>e+T&T. e&T @ s|+
>\y& >DX &T n< s|+ >\y&T.
(k+< |sD+)
X
e+< >C+< e<q+ ye+s& e\u 2dw+

149
+eT |s>XD+ e\sTT^ Cs s |&q+.

ns+ : m&eT =&jT+<T mq e\u<$ # *+|&q y&Tq +eT |b&e
ms + >\y&TqT. =\Te =\q T&>T (eTHVsT>&T #+<T) yTT>dsuwD+
>\y&TqT mqT>T eTTK+ >\ $|TXsT $qT+#T#THqT.
$XweTT : $|TXsT&T l \* eTV<$ deTT (q>e) e\q |fqT. |
d<\ n \*bUqeTTq qTq~.
(s~X ` <Tsd eTV])
nqTy<+ ` H>|P& |k$T.
>D| $$< sb\T :
1. X >D| : |# n+<yTq d <y] eT m&eT bseTTq \T|= H\T>T
#T\ # yTqT *+#T= +& XeT+T&q X >D| eTT { |<X eT]+
<>Zs> +TqT <sq$Tk&T.
2. d~ >D| : #TsTC\ L&q eTs= >DX eT] s+&T y| d~, T~
dqT +{sT (=+<] $esD |s+ <s l<$, deT~ <$ n n+{sT).
3. w >D| : #TsT w >D| =+&+ |jTu$T u>s+<
j skk<q #dT q T +T+~.
4. \>D| : sTy| u<$ , l<$ dyTT& jTT+& &m&eT\ <y] <]
#T\q = q\ eTs|Pe +T+~. |~ #T\T >\ &T s+&T #T\T |jTTs
|q yjT & +{sTT.
5. eTV>D| : &T eT&T |~ #T\T * +{&T. m&eTy|q q
|jT Ts* # *+#T= de T] nqTs>+ Xw d T q eTTKe[\T * +{&T.
6. @s >D| : H\T>T #T\T >*Z |<+| Ls= +{&T.
7. e\u >D| : deTd usDeTT\T <]+q e\u nqT |jTTs* yeTu>eTTq
*+#T= <s q$TdT+ {&T.
8. V]< >D| : Ks u>eTT *+> >* +~ \+u<s d+#
X+KTe s+ H\T>T #T\T * jTT+{&T.
e|sD+ 21eT+~ >D|T \T.. y] us\T 21eT+~ |s=q&sT . ks d+<V +
e+{ + >+<\ >DX =eT+&T>TsT us\ #|&+~.
>D| nq> >D | n ns+. >D| n+f |\ <e&T. >D| nH
|ejT He\THsTT. y{ +<T , H< nH y{ b<q q~. V+<
150
<e\ >D| n+ sVdyTq <e. j>T\qT |sV, qs\ H{#sT\T,

u>eT\ >qeT], $<+ >\y] $<H<T&T, keqT\ d+Vs&T, dsd~,
|<, s H jT&T. ><\ >&| sT\T $HjT T+&, >< \+u<s, ><\
ssf #\T >D| #e\, b\T <TH H>* @<+, b\ beTT\T
H>usD\, eekjT<sT\ , =&e >D| jTT<q + |r\ k+|T
Xdy\T s HjT eT] <]+|CXsT. + >+<\ $HjT | ujTyT
ee TeT+~. >D| |P+q s $>V \qT }] jT \Teq, #sT eq
eTq+ #ksT. d+w+> e+ sT|sT.
u>e <XeTd+<eTT &H jT <qXc+& jTs >V: u |
|XXjT sHjT n +&&+ >eT+#<>Z~. je* d L& >D| n>
e]+#&&T. X+s#sT\ H{ L& >D| <<e. ns\ >D|T\ <q
X\THsTT. y{qqTd]+ \T\T sH, V\H >D| eTsT\ qT sb+~+#&+
]+~. , m+{ s+ +& =# e\+ s $HjT&> |P+|&TTH&T.
osY +& djT+u >D| $<sY q~ |<ssTT eyT. s msT| s+>T |Pd
>D|> s~ksT . lq>sY dMT|+ =+& +< ;eTk$T> eeVeTjT s
>D|> u$+ |P\T #ksT. wH>+> =+& esTd >DX |{ >D| 50
n&T>T\ |< K+&+. <D q& e*+>H >D|> |P+#&+ #s+.
{e\ eTVuq>sY ne+# >eT+ nC+ > q 25 n&T>T\ ms TTq @
$>V + y\T>T#d+~. ~ <X+ H ms TTq s +&e $>V +. $yV~ Xu s\ $|T Xs
|P #d|&T u\+ eTTH, |dT| =eTTH, eTjTH, eH >D|> |PksT.
msT| s+>T ssTT >D| |r. >& | |& <e&T >D|. Hs&T|+&TqT >D|>
|P+#&eT +~. = # yqT (<T+|\qT) >D|> u$ksT. Kss|+&T, sT<qT
>D|>q u$ksT . + kV+ >D| ewu< , ew q, ~VQ& L&
nHsT. eT eT >D| #d ey n+f ` < nqT #d kq *+>eTTqT #d
#&. kyT *+>s |+ >D| +{& ns+ .
LsT+f >D| ` d +HjTT&T ~ kyT.
>D| ` +HjT T& ` dTeTDk$T ` njT|k$T MsT X+sT d+q+.
M+ *+> ds|. lseTT \+ +HjTT&T seTT +T> esqT. +HjTT&T
s=eTqT N* #|> dseTT\T n V<jT+ +TsT. s us<X+
XeT+HjT $>V V<jT + ebsT\TqT +|&qT. eq +HjT T&T =\T
eu & *jTT#Tq~. eTV\T&T ` eTHe&T ` ds #]D ` ds $< k+|<jT&T.
151
eTV\ |seTT&T ` |+#& T ` >+>e<q X\ yd ` eTs| ` es+&\T&T

` y>BX&T ` #TsVQ&T ` V]eTs eTsT&T ` <XuVQ&T yTT<\>T HeTeTT\T
VqTeT+T ncs XHee[ >\e. MseTT nq> sdT. Ms+HjT HeTeTT Ms
b<qeTTqT \T|qT.
+HjTT& +&\d j>Xd+ VqTeH n+{sT. ed+ +HjTT&
|P\T+{sTT. M{ |P\+{sT. +HjTT&T nds|&T. n #\sT#T
eT\b\, e&\ (|+&e+) e\ |PksT. (eT\b ` e& d qH+~j\T).
dsT&T q LTsTqT dTes<$ +HjTT& $yV+ #XsT. +HjTk$T
d++~+q+ es |sXs d+V |seT beD >+<eTT. |sXs d+V <XeT
|\+ dTes\ jTT n+>+> esq |~ XeTT\ dTBsZ+> +~. eq +HjTT&T
V#] &T.
+HjTT&T yTsTe |seTT eqT+&TqT. X+sT esT&T. eT] ds|&T
L&. q s|eTTqT q~>, |<~> #dT=qT keTs+ >\y&T. u>e+qqTd]+
eTs|&T eTVuq>sY ><\ \ <ssT eT+&\ +<+ +HjT
k$T eT| n |\TksT . nsTq T C+&| | >TsT. jT+eTT\| V+ (s|+).n+f
>D| e~]> +HjT T&T |sTc+> s|+. = b+\ d+q $Ty T +HjT T
>T&#T d |<D\THsTT.
eT+ nH |< nseTT eT>>T] ` weTT ` #qTyTTq ` \Te eTs& ` C+& s ` >=&T>T
s yTT<q |T+Te ns\THsTT. eT[ |< ns+ s ` dTseTT ` eT& yTT<\>Tq$.
eT>$T $#\$&> d\ qT b+<Ty&T n ns+ . yT| >\y&
L& ns+. VqTeT+T s|+ d+< |sD+ +~. z
<s Bs! eTVMs MT ds|eTT e #|eTq> VqTeT+T&T
nH&T.
H s|eTT, XseTT *jT+<T |+#&T. z
u&Ts ! n~ Cs eTjTeT , ~eyTq< \TdT+&. MT
keTT\ |seT u #dq y{ HqT |dqT&jqT.
| &q H sb #|kqT #&+&. uVDT\ n{ #| >
ysT n seTTq deTT eTVs|+, eTVjT+, |# e TT
>\ ~e ds|&q VqTeT+T #d q+~+#sT. (|#eTT R
yqT u>eTT).
(d+< |sDeTT ` VK+&+ ` <s sTDK+&+ n<jT+
152
37)
z jTd+ X{ <es ! MT+<s qeTkseTT\T. |Ps b|eTT\T eTq<T&T
#dqT. eTT& #dqT. HqT <T. eTT& s HqT <T. eTT& #sTT+#Ty&T. HqT nd+T&qT.
z eTT& ! eTjT $>VQ&yq dTVQeT>T >! (HsjTDjT j|wT, X+
173)
eTq<T (eTT) |+#uD\T :
1. ns$+<eTT : yV+ n~+> e\|#w #sTTdT+~.
2. nXeTT : yTqT &T>TT+~. $ueT+ +~dT+~.
3. #eTT : d>TZ b>=TT+~.
4. eT : eTq< s+ #w\T&T> CdT+~.
5. \+ : eTq<|+ n~+ > eTsDyT XsDeT|dT+~.
(u\+ : u\+ U< |<s+> r| edTe> *d+<. +L |<s |<+
m+<T |sq~. u\|sT#T n+f m<T{y] dTeTTKT\T>, eT eXesT\T> #dT=qT, eT
|qT\T # uTe& n~sT\qT d+<]+# d+<s + r| |<se TT\qT rdT= y& +
n+ss+ < >< !. u\|]#~ u\+. n~ < . & |sTc+>+ n ns+. n+f
d\qT u\|]#~. + #b\+f d+w|]#~. |dy] (eT> |\\qT) d\T u\+|T
u\+ |T n *+#&+ \T>TH eTT#.
(s~ k+q+ ` { s+ ` js>& u\>+><sYse)
LsT+f >D| ` d +HjTT&T kyT n+ss+ # T>
+T+~. n+<Te\ $wjT + me] ys +#Ty*.
+& MT< u..? $|TXsT& MT< u? ~ kyT. +& $HjT #$
#d r| |+&e+&+. M{ u\+ jsT #ksT. +& $|TXsT ;C
;C\ d+\T. +&\H, $|TXsT&H f. + kyT. u\+ $HjT& eTT&
* Hy<+ |{qT $HjT& #j\H u\+ y*. $HjT& Hy<+ |{\H
u\+ y*. kyT $|TXsT& |PqT es+#y]~ e#TqT. +<T e+>eTT
L& +~. <e|P\ ` Xus\ ` |[ e\T` \T ` |P\T ` jT\T `
|+&T me> |jksT. |+~ yjT& y<T>T \T, eT] \T y&sT.
sD\ e$T& \T, =]eT\T ` ns{#T <s+<\ y&sT. |P
eT\b\T, |P\T, |+&T, e\T, =]jT\T y&sT. |[ yT&=eTqT |jksT.
|Ps+ sjT& {j\T, uss |\T y&ysT. H&T + y&TTHsT.
\X+ :
X+ : |sd <]r \<s \X+ *+>+ XeT]+
153
ue+ : |s+ nH u $T \+ +&q \X+. X+ *+>eT]. eTq+ |P\T `

e\T #jT Tq|&T \X+ { +|eTT. \X+ nH~ | . X +<+. { +&q
&, < eT{, < s bqT \X+> rdT+{sT. | u>q e$T& \T y{|q
=]jTqT +#TsT. \T| < msT|<s\ yT&#T #TTsT. + b
|P\T, |dT |, +eT\ n\+]ksT . bqT { > _jT+ |+&> +|q|&T
|Ps+u+ n n+{sT. k+|<jT<+> #d | Xus+q \X|P |+&
sVksT. dw $sy eTT+<T l eTV$we b\deTT<+ H>XjT| |e[+
HsT. jTq H_qT+& y\Te&q |< +qT+ V<e&T <$ + ||+ # dw+ #&T.
n+<T \X+ sT, dw $s$+ |<eT CjTq { |r> \TdT+~. ~ n+{
Je<, q HeTsb\, & |<s\, #*+# bDT\ n+sZ dw s . ||+ #+
q<+ dw eTT+<T>qTq XqT+ e+<. n+<T \X Xud#+> |]>D+
|PdT+ {sT.
X
\Xd eTTU $w+s sT<!! de:
eT d VeT< e >D: d:
ns+ : \X+ yTTK+ $we, +s+ sT<T&T, eT<V, e] Xs|+ *
+{sT.
eT\b : Xus\ ` |P\|j+# eT+>|<yTq m$T~ edTe\T (eTT>TZ
` dT>+<+ ` n\T ` |weTT\T ` <|+ ` B|+ ` +\+ ` |Vs+)\
eT\b {. eT\b yTT<{ \<$ eT+ dsd e] u>+ Cwu>e
|sTw&T { d. s+&T eT\b\ @~ dj ? @~ |sTw& ? >T]+#&+ w+ {
s+&T \T <| { + | |q eH, Kss |+&TH
|dT|=eTTH |d]> +#TsT. yTT<{ j >TsT>, s+&e <|qTq e
` Kss | + &T ` |dT |=eTT +<T @<H |sTc+>eTTq >TsT. eTq |sD\ +Xd+
djTT j s$ s+, \X+ s+, uTCs+ +T+< #|&+~.
eTq+ e+#T +{ y* j>H >T]+#*. y*|q e$T& \ sD\T & sT.
e$T& |sTc+>eTTqT >TsT. e$T& jT\qT eTs sD\+{sT. eTse TT |sTc+>eTTq
>TsT. =]jT L& < >TsT. |[ =]H\T (&\T) & eT\b\ kq+
b eVksTT. |{ + =]H\T Xus\ V+#&+ +~.
|Ps\+ |{ e~]> |[ |\T |[ V+#&+ <T .
+ L& qT>=q&<T. n+<Te\ Xus\T, s |+<\T ]q|&T =+eT+~
|<\ deT+ sj
\T ] +\T |#THysT. |[ |+<+ L& <$<+ >
154
]>~. |[ e Xde T n+{sT. n|&| & |<\ deT+ ]q |+<\

\+|Tq ]>~. >=&e\T ]>$. >=&e\qT rs |<\ @$T #j #~<T.
BqqTd]+# kyT (+*#+ qT#e+&) jT\T<]+ |[ |+<+
]q|&T |~eT+~ deT+ +\T |#TH~. = jT+& s usus\
d]|&q |&T n< |<\ deT+ $&\ =s eTs |+<+ <TsT= eT +*q
s usus\T $&be&+ ]>~. BH $&\T nHsT. \+ y] $&\T nH
|< ns+ *jT<T. H&T>& |[ |+<+ (s+) +\T |#TH~
+~. nsTT, n+<] +\T V+#&+ <s y{ kq+ |[ |\T e
#ssTT. &T\Tq ysT |[ |\ \\T KsT|{qysTHsT. |[ nsTTbjT es
m+ KseT+< }Vd Xs+ ydT+~.
|{ |[|\ MT< nH eT\T+THsTT. y{ s$, eT\ , ns{ ,
\X+, z+s+, >D| ueT, ddeTT, yjT< |]s\T (\T 2 uC\T 2 \T
2) |w+, eT\b\| e\T, |dT|=eTT\T, |dT|, +eT s+>T\T, HeT* qT, eTTs[.
n\T ` [uT 2 yTT<\>T ueT\T +#&TTHsTT.
& \T, |P\T, \X+, HeT\qT j >TsT\T. z+s+ ` >D| ` dd+ `
e ` |dT|=eTT ` eTTs[ ` n\T |sTc+> >TsT\T. ysTT< |]s\ {
|sTw&T, { d.
&|&#T\ e&_jT+ bd|&T s+&T s$ >T&\qT Ds+ eT&u
e& |&sT. >T&\qT Ds+ eT&u&eTT +#seTT qT+ e+<.
eqT >] z q Cq|< > jT+ +~.
L&TeT+{ >T& eT+{
|& <+{ |\yT$Tk$T
eT+{ e eT+{
|& <+{ |\yT$T k$T
(|l ` Cq|< X+>s > j\T)
n+f neT d++<+ e<T. HqT qT e ee. <s+ +{H H+ ><!.
|sd |& m+<T us usqT sT+T+~.
d nq+ |{q + |D+ ~ kyT.
eTw * rs\+f + +& y*. +& b sd+ b&T. n<$<+ >
*+f \esyTq * eT+. yTT<{ * m+ nedsy s+&e * n+ neds+.
155
eTq+ qT j V+> u$dTH + <!. B <w +#T= +\+ d$+#

e qs>s+> d H d+~ d nq+ u{q+ |D+ nH&T. n+f e
H { \H X n& +{&T.
eTT\T MT< |& ` eTT\T MT<|& sT>TT+~. n+<] *dq kyT
~.
qT n+<qT ` bqT b+<<T ~ eT]jTT kyT.
kyT q|+d\qT <wqT+#T= #|q<y?. nsTTqy] ` y]
+# kyT. w+ y] eeT\T> n+<] deq+> +# nq+ e&d T + ~.
qwy T q y] uq d<T bj\ bT qqT qT deT]+#T= q+~dT+ ~.
eTq <X+ q<T\qT, dsdT\qT, y>T\qT, >T+&eTT\qT, ue\qT, rsd\T>,
|$yTq~> u$ksT. nsTT, d L& rs+> u$+#\ #bsT. rs d\ <M
dsb\T.
keT<e d = $<+ > HsTT.
X
>VD >VeTT# q|q: & d+|:
ns+ : >V+ n+f >VDjT (usjT) n+ >&\T, #|\T <T.
X
#Ts ~edk d rs+
ns+ : H\T>e sEq (sTT) kq+ #dq d rs+.
X
rs|s<: eTV<sqT q:
ns+ : rs |+#&+ n<s VTe.
X
jT<eT+ $TH+ yXH+ yd+>V: |s+

nsyHV |eT: DeV:
ns+ : eTeTq d\ qT, yX \qT jT<# > d]+#e#TqT. $wjT + s
+& |e]d n~ Ds+.
X
rs|ydw <ed|] VsD+ yqT<X

sTD$Te, k#s#Tw b|;sT $Te
ns+ : |D\ +&y (|+&\T yTT<qy) <e <H |]V]+#&+
(q+& +&&+) Ls +Te C* +&&+ e+{~. #s w\ bb; +&&+
156
eT+~.
X
n<]eT+, n ws+, e+#+, #bjTD rsydH+ |:
ns+ : n<s+ #]+#&+, # wOs+> +&&+, yd+ #jT&+ $ k<sD+>
rsydT\ (|D rs\ e+# |sV<T\) due+.
X
yXyXq CsHwq, | V<jY d

V<jT+ e_#s jT ds| yXe.
ns+ : yXyX n+ C yqs <T. us V<jT+ qT+& q V<j
e_#]+|Cdq d L& yXjT.
X
${Cs q C <wy , drV<j Y

dV<jT+ e_#sjTH ds 2 n| $jTe CsjTe
ns+ : $T&T ` CsT&T n+ C y<e\dq |<T. eTTsq us
V<jT+ qT+ q V<j e_#]+#Cdq |y&T $T&, CsT&.
(keT<e d\T ` nqTy<+ ` |\ lseT#+<T&T)
|sjTX <]r \<s \X+ 1 *+>+ XeT]!!
|s+ nH u$T \+ +&q \X+. X+ *+>eT]. & u$T \X+
bsT. u$T ` \X+ j |r\T. *+>+ |sTc+>eTTq >TsT.
q<T\T eTTT nesTT : q<T\T eTV y>+ k>seTTq >*dq# q$ |De+eTT\T.
q+<T\T XeD ` u<|< edeTT\+<T eseTT\ e\q n|]X<eT>T { |eV+#TqT.
T n$ sd\ n>TqT.
(<M u>eeTT. d+<eTT 6. n<jT+ 12 X+ 7)
\d, *jT q #dq b|eTT\jT >+> eTd\ kq+ #dq #
q+#TqT (s* kq+).
(<M u>eeTT ` d+<eTT 9. n<jT+ 11)
qBkq+ #]+#|&T Xd |s+ |sTw&T qB |yV n_eTTKeTT>, d\T
y\TeTTK+> kq+ #j\ Xk\T ddTHsTT.
q<T\T 12 @=k] eTTT nejT n+{sT. y{ |ws\T n+{sT. n
q<T\T eTTTe n L& nHsT. >+> ` jTeTTq ` dsd ` e q<T\T eTTT e.
|ws \+ kq+ #d m+{ bbH =\bjT+{sT. |ws+ nq> # ns\T
157
HsTT. sd\ ` $d+q |<+ ` \ eTs|w+ ` rs+ nH ns\THsTT. rs+ nH

|< j n HHss e\ |T +Te |s=q~.
@q~ eTTT m+\eTT+&~ XdsT\T #|<T. |D rs\ n~|jTq |wsT
< |sD\ e]+#sT. d+V+ ` s sX\ eT< dsT&T q|&T n q<T\T eTTT
nejT qT n|&T q<T kq d+<<T\T #jT>&<HsT.
yeTq ueTT\qT ` q<T\qT ` rsd\qT >] H&T.
1.
u$T|sTe\ |Dd\+ujT
y\jTTse\ y\TjT
|sT e\ \ rseTTjT
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
2.
|sTw\+<sT |DueTT\+<TsT ><
T~< jT<jTT u$T><
|D rseTTq usTT eeT+&T
@eTq+<TqjT qT yeT!
3.
d+<Tq @sT& <qT
eTT>TZ >+&T eTTHsT
qsT&T <Tqq q>TuT ><
$X<_seT $qTsyeT!
(yeTq |<eTT\T H<Tq] >+><s+)
| s+&e |< |DeTueTT\T nH&T. u$T (j), rs+ (j) +{
usjT >< !. yTjT dsd+. T~< ? n {bX&T. n$ m& e. &
nH&T. eT&e |<+ d+<Tq @sT nH&T. n+f jjT. jTsTH V `
$w ` e&T eTTbjsHsT. n+f eTT>TZsT <e eTeT us\H m\|&
+THsT >< ! n ns+. yTT<{ |<+ s, , u$Te\ <e\T ` |Dd\T `
rs\T> sb+<jT nH&T.
1. +& eq{? rs eq{? (kyT)
~ ` yseTT ` qeTT @B #dT+& +{ eq y] n~ n+{sT.
z|Te+T LTsT z|Te. yT us dT<sqT&T. &T +{ eq n~ dsd+
n]+#&+ >VD <seT u~+#&T. +&> n~ +{ e yTqT *jT
s&T. n~ nusqqT, | q deT++< eTV us <q+.
158
s|TTeTVsE # <H\T #X&T. jTC\T #X&T. j#\ ]q

<H #&T. H&T j#&T e+<T&q |uT +H s&T.
||Ps+> eTVsE q usH <q+ #X& $ s|Te+ nH >+<+
$e]++~.
d+<T, <XeTT\ sCq u\TDT n<T\T @~ ] n~ #y&T.
e&T esTyw+ e yX y\+{&T. uDT yX <=s bjT|{
n~ | #jT& q usH |+|+#&T. n+f |Ps\+ +{ eq
n<T\T rse&T (d nqTu$+#T) #s+ +&<y?. #s+
b{+#ysT #s |$+> u$+#sy?. n~> eq y] >VD
n~ +& eq{? rs eq{? q uy |{++~.
2. n+s~ rseTT $<e yTqqT #Xy? (kyT)
n n\T d++<+ m +T+< #|& #eT+~ s<w\qT
|s=+{sT. s<w\T |[ #dTH |eT |sT dVJeq+ #XsT. s<
lwD yTq . B <s+> kyT |{+<y?.
3. |&! e neqT #Xy?. n+f
rs+ e ueqT #Xy?. nq< (kyT)
ne eTqe& d++<e ?. m +#*?.
|Ps+ ~X <$+ eT&T >T&T |&TT+~. yTT<{ >T&TqT+ |{q
VqT X qqT |&eT+T+~. e H * deq+. |&q+{&T. n|&T
X VqT ud+ #dT+~. s+&e >T&TqT+ |{q $weqT n> n&T>TT+~.
$we L& V> sd]k&T. $weqT >& X ud+ #dT+~. eT&e
>T&TqT+ eTVXsT&T |&&T. X qqT |&eT+T+~. eTVXsT&T L&
e *e sd]k&T. n|&T X n+T+~. HqT >T&T |{q|&T ~ yTT<{
q. >T&T |* jT e+~. s+&e q. yTT<{ q e =&Te.
s+& q e eTqTeT&$. eq ne eTqTeT& | <T n #TT+~.
$T*q < eTq d++<+ <T. ~ |sD <q+ n+. ny eTqe&
d+> @$T{ *jT<T eTqTeTs* d++<+ |{ +~. H $TT&T
b<jTT&T. us #bsTT+~. n ejTdT |&T 78. nsTT n&T 24
@ eTqTeTs* |[ #dTH&T. n< $+. ` s#sTT
< kyT rs+ e ueqT #Xy? n +~. uyeTs< d+>
d m& b n yTT>T& ~ nqT uyeTs< neT d++<\
159
d .
4. yTT>T |[, |\\ rs ys<T (kyT)
|Ps\+ |[ q ejTdT ]>$. ejTdT & +&~. &y] ejTdT+f
eT>y] ejTdT n~+> +&~. ~s~ <T. neT esZ+HH ds q ]
HsysT=qT sTH ` rsj\T ` |[ d\ deTjT+ ~ M{H. H{ d\
eTH> ~ n<+ |&TT+~. rsj\T ` sTH ` |[ neT d++<\
<V<+ #d +&e#T.
5. &usTTq rs+ m<TsqT (kyT)
mes eT&T rse&\ (d {\) m<TsT#dTH&T. nqT+&
mes d n< n_w sd|&+~. ~ eTT& *de+~. < kyT jTT ns+.
6. X+KeTT bd > rs+ ><T
(kyT)
X+KeTT |sTc+>eTTq >TsT. <y\j\ <e \X+ { n_w+ #ksT.
\X+ {H rs+ n+{sT. \X+ d j >TsT <. |keT eed |sTw& ~
|]q|&T \X+ kq+ X+K+ #]+~.
7. r] sT| [ q&TeT <=]#T = q+T\T<+
(~ T kyT)
H{ rs d\ neT d++<\ \j\T. sT| L& j+<yT.
H{ q+T\T (yw e \T) <Ts+ &>{ sT . d\ qT yd| eT |+ >&T |HysT.
8. rs+ ks+ *k+~ (kyT)
& rs+ nH~ q ks |j>|&+~.
9. y* ysDd ` rs+ ` &T| d+.
rsj\| +~ >j\T #&+&.
e yTjT # <
Hq s> uMT <T
q\>=+& rsTeTT\
=+>T sTe C><T
yT n # \qT sT #qT d |s |sTw\ m&+f n& $#\$&
X+>s+ eTTbsTT+~.
sTH HusTT rse&H
f+jT >={ B|yT*+
160
\&+ +<T> }s>TT+f

*|y&e& q+>q=
d+ dsTTy{ dsde&&
mq #d * m*bsTTH&
e#s H& ejT\ y&
(| |<\ |CJeq+ ` m\+& s|TTes&)
# @ + d $ sdq > jT+)
H |sT d\jTsT qHesT |sT
H >\>\ q&\ X \| yses
H \\ qe\ eT~ sT > yses
H |sT
m+{ eTTqHH H #+ >q
m+{ \H *+\T d*|q
H |sT
eTq d\T Xus\T, |[, |+&T>\T #d d+<s+ +{ Xu+ #d +{eTT+<T
| #*. s+>Ts+>T\ eTT>TZ b&T\ #T\ bs+_+ \\T, \T, |P\T, jT\T,
|+&T ksT. n> dssD\T, z+s+, dd+, |Ps+u+ ueT\T ^ksT. #T\T
#Tsk\T, e\T, D\T, s<\T, <e\ ueT\T ^ksT. n> |\ ueT\T, beTT\T
yTT<\>Tq$ eTT>TZ ^jT&sTT. ejT +Xde TTqT+ e#sTT. ++ eekj
d++~+q~. eTT>TZ | |sTw\ d++~+q +q+ $T& +~. eTq
*|\T (ns\T) +Xd+ qT+# @s&q~.
eTT>TZ\qT >] = kyT\T
1. +{ eTT>Z+<+ ` * d>Z+<+
2. eTT>TZ +{ eTT+<T _#> L& \e<T
3. eTT>TZ *H n+<yT
4. +{ \ y* \T|T+~
5. eTT>TZ\T |sT > e+\T |>\sT
6. eTT>TZ +& bj&T
eTT>T\Z qT >] eTq \T>T kV+, Cq|< kV+ |<\T ` b\T
HsTT. Ls>jT\qT >T]+ L& kyT\THsTT.
161
n&+> dq Ls>jT\T &$. b&T>Z (\Te) dq Ls>jT\T eT>$ (kyT)

u+&jT eTT~]H V#] eTT~]H |s<T (kyT)
eT\T ` #s\| nH T kyT\THsTT. kyT\ n#T|&q >+<\
\_ksTT. y{ $esD nqeds+. m+<T+f >+<+ <e ` #s\T ` qeT\T
yTT<\>T y{| # $wj\T #]+#&sTT. $wj\T ns+ #dTq y] +~
kyT\T L& ns+ nesTT.
1. &~ n& He\T rsT+f ` b&~ |+>He\T rsTq<
2. o u+&qT e~*H&T eTT+&qT e<\<T
3. >s\T e+& |e n+f y\T (s+<eTT #jTqT y*e+ q<) #|qT
4. >T&#T ] u&T y*|{qT
5. &T eTT& <e&T
6. jTT\ |\\T |& H+<T
7. q&e rs+ by* yTT&&e |[ by*
8. qy& & *+>+
9. <esdy XsT *+>+ XsT
10. |+&>H&T b yTT>T&H? (~ > #+~q #s+)
11. |P n+f |Du $T <?
12. Vq |T ]eT >T\T
13. jT+ #d s+ \T|qT
14. >T&+& HTsT.. >T& +
(+eTuT)
15. os#H\ _&\T |sT
16. >T& *+>+u q+_X+s+ bsTTqT
17. #d~ e|P ` <s~ <=eT] >T&d
18. u+#Y <e& ` eT<sY #< |
19. Cs CT\T+&e ` >+>eT u<\T+&e
20. e+ #&H dTK+ <
21. qH&T >~ |+&T> ` H&T eTT |+&T>
22. =&eT s+&T jT\T
23. us nqTL\e nsTT dT +f y<+
24. k$T<$T k>dT+&qT ] kej dsZsT&H?
162
25. >yT ]q u| C+<yT \?

26. d\ Xk\T \& eT\T
27. Xd+ | ##~ +
28. Xb\ #qy&T &T ` Byq\ qy&T &T
29. eTTe |+#+>+ #d |#jT<T
30. e{&y $Hy& ns+ < y<++
31. e eT+\T e eT+<T\T
32. eT+e, T+|se
33. X+KT bd rs+ ` |+ bd
34. HsTT #&, qH#& , b>e+ $T*+~
(jT+)
35. q+_ *+>jT ` +>+ s+>jT +&sT
36. rs+b rdTbeTHsT ` |+& b |TbeTHsT
37. q>\eT +& rs\ jT|&T T+~
38. >TsTe sTeT++ #|qT
39. Xs <e V\eTTH +~
40. ned VqTeT+T& eTs ` b eTs
41. >+<+ deTsj$T n+f ` >=&* qs+> nH&.
42 q T u> e BZ bsjTDe?
43. nqTue yT Xd+ e eT+\T
44. f+jT <=+*+ Hy<+ |{qT
45. <e& d+ |PC]sT
46. <e\ <TeTT ` sdT\ eTqT
47. |jT+ eTV\ ` # XXs+
48. ysDd >+> X~ ` >H<+ \+ X~
49. eT&T q\ d+> #| >\qT ` |Psq+ |T<T . qT q
<e&T HMT jT<T. qT eTT+<T q HMT +&<T.
50. ned nT ` |H s\T
51. <e& eTT&T| <j eT++
52. Xys+ X|P ` Xys+ e|P
53. |<eTw, |C| |eTT+<T $+_+ |>H X+ksT
54. H=d He\T ` H +&T\T
163
55. B$+#TysT @+&T m ksT ?

56. + e< #sTT He<
57. + *+>s+ ` jT #s+ ` & e#y &\T <*
58. jT ys>+ <T. d<+&T& X+>s+ <T
59. |\ ef <e e
60. +{+{ +~ T\ bsTT ` e +{ +~ eTs= s+ bsTT.
(d]+q ysTT T kyT\T nH >+<\ qT+ rdT=q&q$. n+<TqT+& 60
164
kyT\T & HsTT. M{ $esD MTs +#Ty\. >+< $ds ;# n kyT\

#T <T.)
|jT T >+<\T
1. $jT $s eT<+< eTVus+
2. eTVuseTT (e#qeTT)
- |]|+& n|\k$T
3. C$ T use TT (nqTy<+)
` @\]b{ nq+seTjT
4. u>eeTT
` bq
5. sTD D+
` bq
6. y< d+V\T
` mdt; s|TTH<#s {{& |#TsD\T
7. uVD\T
8. nsD\T
9. usrjT d+kseTT\T
` <es=+& Xw]se {{&
10. y<\+f yH?
` Xs |uT
11. eT>+<\ ejTCsY
` Xs |uT
12. T<T&T #] e &T
` Xs |uT
13. >T& ` >T+b
` JsY es
14 yTsT<y
` JsY es
15. [+><y
` JsY es
16. yeTq |<eTT\T (5010 |<eTT\T) ` H<Tq] >+><s+
17. $ yeTq
` eTsT|PsT <+&seTs&
18. yeTq y<+
` sT<
19. |wY \sTe (108 |wT\T) `>s dHsjTD >T|
20. \Ce>Z+
` &sY . eT\
21. ~dt uVH
` sD eX+s Xs
22. #sd+V
` lb< weT] nqTy<+
23. dTX d+V
` y$ se$T
24. {\T nsXd+
` e$T&|P& s+>jT
25. y sejTD+
` l|\ lseT#+<T&T
26. seTT& d @eTeT+~?
` sT<
27. b yjT+ seT <
` &sY sTeT\ seT#+<
165
28. d+d yjT #]

29. b |<kV+
30. \T>T Cq|< kV+
31. neT*q X+>s
32. +<qjT X+
33. es d+ue+
34. jT |<eTT\T
35. k+<s \V]
36. ld+
37. k+K <s q+
38. j><sq+
39. HjT<sq+
40. yX <sq+
41. s MTe+d
42. ^ >$+<+
43. lw s+ D
44. lw seT+
45. #Ts< ks+
46. dd+V
47. \T>T #T $+
48. | |<\ |C Jeq+
49. \jT q+
50. d<+ UeTD
51. es d+ue+
52. ~u< Cq|< > j\T
53. Cq|< >jT ><\T
54. n_qjT <s D+
55. HXd+
56. s~X
57. usT V] dTuw\T
58. <XeTV $<\T
` eT~ dsHsjTD Xd
` X+>s sq\T d+|{\T
` _. seTsE
` .$ |Ps# + <T
` dT\ |sTceT $
` qH #&T&T
` $k nbse
` TeT\|* seT*+>Xsse
` q|] es+&jTXs
` |+& >|<y
` |+& >|<y
` |+& >|<y
` |+& >|<y
` |+& >|<y
` jT<e
` HsjTD rsT& T
` dTKT&T
` b\] keTH<T&T
` Xs]
` b . \*
` m\+& s|TTes&
` &sY db <TsZ|k<
` &sY #+<XKs y#s
` <dT
` m+. HsjTDs&
` HsTT we]
` bD+ lseT nbse
` bD+ lseT nbse
` H>|P& k$T
` y<+ \HsjTD Xd
` . y+ dTuse
166
59. \ dsdr ++
` *+>+ Msu<$
60. se ++
` <es=+& Xw]se
61. + |]#jT+
` <es=+& Xw]se
62. sT<jeT ++
` *+>+ Msu<$
63. X+>s Cq|< > j\T
` |l
64. jT>qeTT\T, d+|{\T (3`8)
` md C>se
65. CJeq+ ` |]DeT+
` HsY
66. Cq|< q
` &sY s cs&
67. d\ >j\ k+|<jT+
` d. edT+<ss&
68. Cq|< e#q<\T ` eqe d++<\T ` #s mdt yVH
69. \T>T d\ *|
` s$ |eT\
70. sT| >+>Cs
` |l
71. |Ps><\ V]
` yeT] lydse
72. |sDHeT d+>V+
` k<T \qsd+V Xs
73 \T>T kyT\T
` ~ys ` |.jTX<s& ` <+&seTs&
74. b&T| <\T
` y\> y+|jT
75. |sq HeTX+
` <sE s<w
76. neTsX+
` y$ |#TsD
77. \T>T |sjT|< |T+Te
` #s JmH s&
78. XusseTT
` dse#sT\T
79. n# \T>T XeTT
` bT dTD Xd
80. |u< #+<<jT+
` q+~ eT\jT ` >+ d+>jT
81. |s<obs\T
` =+&M{ y+ $ (H&T |)
82. n<\Y sT rsT
` (s T 1811 ]q~)
83. 16 |sD\T (eT\X\ s+) ` y+fXs s $Cq dT
84. *+>|sD+
` s\ X+sXd s<T\T
85. HHs se\
` JM VsH<. Vs lseTeT]
86. ;Cs |T+Te
` H] dTeTDXd
87. <jT+ ~q| (~ys+ d+) ` (3`9`1989)
88. sT><+ (nqTy<+)
` s+>#sT\T
89. deT\ eT<+< sT>< d+V <e u>+ ` &sY e&eT&
167
90. nqeTjT |< |]#jT+ 1

` jT|u
91. nqeTjT |< |]#jT+ 2
` jT|u
92. keT<e d\T
` |\ lseT#+<T&T
93. u>eBZ
94. XjTD e<y#sT\T ` ds<sq d+>V+ ` (nqTy<+) |\ lseT#+<T&T
95. yjTq eTd\T
` s +{\ >b\w
96. nq+>s+>+
`DeT\T&T (+u+b{ djT+|X)
97. |sD\ T e+<T?
` e+>|+ &T n|\k$T
98. >T& ` &
` |<b{ H>Xsse
99. |sD ||+
` $jT\s&
100. X+>s |<eTT\T 1980(seT+&) ` sTeT\ y+fXs T
101. +< |u
` ~q|\T
102. +<u $T
` ~q|\T
103. ys
` ~q|\T
104. <jT +
` ~q|\T
105. +<C
` ~q|\T
106. H&T
` ~q|\T
|\ qT+& $q kyT\T` b&T| <\T.
de|+
168

Alochanalu Nammakalu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Alochanalu Nammakalu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

e{ eT*sTH

|#T sD \+ : nsY, 2016

n+~dTH&T. jTq sdq \yTq $wj\+{ eT<s\T #|dTH&T. qT e\+

q~+#sT. nsTTH y<T\T, uy<T\T eT uy\ $sT<+> dsq de<H*d

sTEe\T+&e. dH sTEe\T+{sTT. H&T eTq<X+ eT $Xk\qT qyTysT $Xk\qT

sE\ keTT s b \T nqT s bj T \ = = < y \j \T

de eT k|+qy&T dT. k+ eT k|+qy&T eTV<. u< eT

>&MT< # q n ueT\ n +~j\T H n$ @ | #jT C\e. y<\T L&

HeT<\T, <edeJ\T, ;sT eZjTT\T yTT<\>TysT y<\qT sd]ksT.

$>V e jT<s_eH <e+ n XjTDT&T jTeTT $>V s|eTTq H\=\&q

eT |T \ #\|jT\ (b\T $&q e<&) e+d+ |+ >TDe+T\qT, \e+T\qT,

n& ds+Z +<? <? me] \TdT+ ~. n #| &+~. + +> +H

>+<s>+> ysTTd +{sT. es*j jT y~ e< m$T~ eT+~ <d d\T {

@M neds+ b jsTT. $+ @$T+f |wT \ qT u |<s+ > e]+q

q+&T dT &TqT q+TCdq

s MTe+d : B <e d++<+ <T. qT deT]dT+~. s

u<y<eTT <, n< y<eT L& n+{sT. Jy e] |se *dbeq.

eTq \T>T |C$ yeTq |<+ #b&T.

C (y\T>T) , eTTe qT+ neT |jD+#<eTT >. ~ eTq $s>T\

_# |T= CsTT+|> n+\qT <V]+#Te&+ | eTq yTq \d,

\T. <+|T\ LTs y<e. yT $weH $yVe&\ |Ts+> |dT #dT+~.

qeTVsE LTsT d<$ |&T&T. + nH sejTD\T |#s+ +&&+

lw =&T\T |<TeTT&T, k+uT&T d+ q +& >s$+#<T. |<TeTT&T |+|&T

nkBq+ <+ <e+ |s s_s<!

s & & D < < <

n+f jT d+K 81. eTq+ d+d uw 18 nc<X n+{+. eq 81 d+KqT s>d

V# u$T |T\ <s+T

yT |* nH&T. B <s+>>H yeTq j |sT <ssE |qTy| $j nH

>T{ |P+#&+ <T. eqe&T XsT&{ ne&T. @ eTwH qT u>e+T&q

$<+ > ns+ #dT y*?. d n&q |X \ de<q+ #| y<+T\qT @eTH*?.

jTT>+q ne]dH +{qH&T. eTq H\T>T jTT>\THjT+{sT. , , <|s,

< >T]+ ~~~< #|&TTq< n< V<sD|wT n+T+~ (4:6`15)

n+f uVDT\T, jTT\T |DjqT?.

|sTw\ \sTT sp bD+ q Je\T #d V$< b* n~ \sTT >< nqe#T.

yVq+ <T\ j>|\+> \_+#y. nd\T H j>|\+. neqT eT]! +&

50 @+ o |+&T&T u>eBZqT eTXd|s+> yUkq dy\T

(eTVj eTVsV) n+<TqT+& HqT s|+| Cd nH&T (e|sD+).

es eT>ysH > \ \Tc n++& +{s <+. e{ m n |d

+ #dTH+. dweTeT+ > sT>TT+~.

|sD X+>s+ m +T+< s \TdT+<+.

e<* VqT #se\q ns+. n+\qT L&q# 1G0G8R9 n>TqT. 9 @ n+

(q\T) : edT<e us sVD, \seTT us se, #+<T us n, <

eTqeTTq+<Te\ u>e+T&TH&T. eTq+ u>e+T& dw <T. nd\T |<s+ (<e+) nH<

ns+ : <e&T =jT ueT\H, #T =eT\H &T. ssTT &T. u>e+T&T

sd]+q eTV$ ll +~ >j #&+&.

<e + (<e&T) n+f eTe? (d?)

yjTqT eTd+ nH Xd s#q s+_d <ss e\ qeTd]dTH&T.

n+~+#>\~, eT<T eT<Ts k<q X>\~ n<. q+<VeT \||&q~.

1. X\ + ` \\# #jT &q~. nq> s $>V eTT. s $>V eTTq+<T eTs

|+#ueTT\T, |+# V\T, |+#X\T yTT<\>T y{ d+eTT\T. +<* e |<eTT

eT]+D jTs eT s|\y

>+jT \jTeT>T# *+>eTqT |sT eq~.

sT<>ss+ Ms+ <d |]]+

ns+ : eT <VqT&q e*+>eTT qT+& jTT<$+q |+#d eT+eTT\# n$TyTq

(V+&|sD+ ` |Psu>+ ` n<jT+ 27)

eT<VqT&q e n+>eTT\ qT+& jTT<$+ |+#e eT+eTT\# $s\T udeTT H=d

(yjTT |sD+ `|PsseTT. 24e n<jT+)

eTTq>T HeTeTT\ eT<XSqeTT >* #> <+&seTT> +&T s+&T }s |+&eTT\T

jT+<T eTs +&\eTT, m&eT#$ jT+<T +eTT\T+&T |sTw d usD<sD e\q

n+s& nq |s |dT+~. V $w eTVXsT\T eTT>TZsT nq<eTT\+{. u<$

>+ d+uwdT+~. s+& $&BjT n$Hue d++<+ \$. ns+ Xu

k+N d|+ !! es k#sY k+N ~\T. usrjT m\|& q|& s|+

~ L& n+<] Xs|]# \T>T kyT.

jTT eTeTT $qysTT eTq<T jTT ds s |]|PsyTq jT eq+ >*qTe+{ >=|

$<+ > ns+ #dT y?. d n&q |X \ de<q+ #| y<+T\qT @eTH?.

+ | : V| + d+|<jT| \ qT+& |]D$T++< #eT+~