Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abinash Mohanty
Anurag Singh
Avinash Kumar
DFT-4
INTRODUCTION OF DENIM…
• Denim is a rugged
cotton twill textile, in
which the weft passes
under two or more
warp fibres, producing
the familiar diagonal
ribbing identifiable on
the reverse of the
fabric.
Types of Denim
1. BUBBLE GUM DENIM (Lycra containing denim that has
between 35 to 50% stretch)
2. COLOURED DENIM (fabric is woven with dyed yarn either
warp or weft, It can also be obtained by Piece dyeing process.)
3. CRUSHED DENIM (Textured effect achieved through a special
fabric construction coupled with wet processing, Fabric is woven with an
over twist weft yarn, The effect can also be improved by bleach and
stone )
4. DENIM FROM FOX FIBRE (Denim fabric manufactured by
coloured cotton fibre that grows naturally developed and patented by
California cotton breeder Sally Fox. NITRA, India has also done work on
this line.)
5. MARBEL DENIM (It is an another name for acid wash, Some
crushed denims, if strongly bleached, are also called marble.)
6. ECRU DENIM (The denim, which is not having dyed yarn i.e. only
grey yarn in warp & weft.)
7. REVERSE DENIM (Where the face side and reverse side look
alike.)
SUPER STONEWASH
Scrubbing
Grindings-
Laser technology
grinding
Scrubbing
Tagging on pockets
OTHER CHEMICAL WASHES
RINSE WASH
Ozone fading
Sun washing
Vintage etc.
Stone Washing
• This method is most
common and is used to
give denim an 'old-look'.
• Pumice stone is one of the
most important
components used to
abrade the surface of the
fabric to obtain a surface
pattern effect with color
contrast and soft - handle.
• In this process, the fibres
on the surface of the
fabric are broken and
removed and the inner
white fibres of the warp
yarn are gradually
exposed.
• Natural patterns can be
formed as the degree of
abrasions varies in various
parts of the garment.
Selection of Stone
• According to the end product
& effect required.
• Large, hard stones last longer
and may be suited for heavy
weight fabrics only.
• Smaller, softer stones would
be used for light weight
fabrics and more delicate
items.
• Stone wt. /fabric wt. = 0.5 to
3 /1
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Recommended Specification for Stones-
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MICROSANDING
There are 3 ways for this
technique:-
• Sandblasting
• Machine sanding
• Hand sanding or hand
brushing
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Used in Various Ways
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SAND BLASTING
• This technique is based
on blasting an abrasive
material (mostly sand) in
granular, powdered or
other form through a
nozzle.
• It is purely mechanical
process.
• It is a water free process.
• Variety of distressed or
abraded looks possible.
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MACHINE SANDING
• In this fabric treatment
process, a series of
cylindrical rolls in a
horizontal
arrangement, either
wrapped with an
abrasive paper or
chemically coated with
an abrasive.
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HAND SANDING or HAND
BRUSHING
• Use of sandpaper to
abrade surface.
• Variety of looks and
designs can be created.
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Denim bleaching
• In this process, a strong oxidative
bleaching agent such as sodium
hypochlorite or KMnO4 is added
during the washing with or
without stone addition.
• Discoloration is usually more
apparent depending on the
strength of the bleach liquor
quantity, temperature and
treatment time.
• Proper after wash or anti-
chloring (incase of sodium
hypochlorite bleaching agent)
of bleached denim to
minimize subsequent
yellowing and tendering of
denim.
Process Cycle of Denim Bleaching
Limitations
• Process is difficult to control
• Problem of yellowing
• Required antichlor treatment
• Causes corrosion
• Harmful to human health
• Source of environmental
pollution
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Enzyme Washing
• This is a bio-catalytic
method where in an ultra-
soft handle effect can be
produced on denim.
• The hydrolytic effect of
enzymes causes the loss of
surface fibre, which
improves surface
smoothness and softness
of the fabric.
• Cellulase enzymes are natural
proteins, which are used in
denim garment processing to
get stone wash look on to the
denim garments without
using stones or by reducing
the use of pumice stone.
Limitations
• Garment load size of the machine is limited.
• Post treatment required.
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Acid Wash
• Acid wash can be
carried on Indigo &
Sulphur base fabric
garments.
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Acid Wash Garments