Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Electrical Circuits lab

0905212

Experiment #8
 Filters

Student name: Anas Alashal

Student ID: 201510316

Instructor: Dr. Sami Aldlahmeh

Submitted to: Eng. Khulood Attalla.

Summer Semester
2019- 2020
 1.0 INTRODUCTION
A filter is a device that changes the amplitude (height) of an AC voltage (a voltage in the form of
a sine wave) as the frequency of the input voltage changes. Filters have two terminals. The input
terminals take in the input voltage, which passes through the filter and onto the output terminals,
where the resulting output waveform can be observed. Figure 1.1 is a basic representation of a
filter.

Input Output
FILTER
Vin Vout

Figure 1.1

There are several types of filters, but in this experiment, we will be looking at three types.

 A low-pass filter is a filter that allows a signal of a low frequency (i.e. a low amount of
oscillations per second) to pass through it. Consequently, it attenuates (reduces) the amplitude of
an input signal whose frequency is higher than the cutoff frequency.

 A high-pass filter is a filter that passes high frequencies well, but attenuates (or reduces)
frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.

 A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects
(attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

These three filters will be investigated in this experiment.

2.0 LOW-PASS FILTER

2.1 CIRCUIT

Figure 2.1 shows a simple low-pass filter consisting of a resistor and a capacitor, which should
be constructed on your breadboard. Notice that the input is connected in series with the resistor,
and the output is the voltage across the capacitor. The input and output have one common
terminal, which is the low (ground, or reference) side of each.

R = 10kW

Vin C = 47nF Vout

Figure 2.1
2.2 TESTS

 Set up the function generator so that it produces a sinusoidal waveform, with a peak to
peak voltage of 10V. Use the oscilloscope to verify this.

 Use Channel 1 of the scope to display Vin, and Channel 2 to display Vout. You may need to
set up the triggering function of the scope, especially for the lower frequencies.

 Starting at 50Hz, vary the frequency of the input signal up to 2500Hz (2.5kHz) in a
sufficient number of steps. For each increment, note down the peak to peak voltage of the
output for each frequency, and tabulate your results in your lab book.

FREQUENCY (Hz) Vp-p (V)

50 Hz 8.8
100 Hz 8.4
200 Hz 8.2
300 Hz 7
350 Hz 6.4
400 Hz 6
500 Hz 5
600 Hz 4.4
700 Hz 4.2
800 Hz 3.2
1000 Hz 1.6
1250 Hz 2.4
1500 Hz 2
1750 Hz 1.76
2000 Hz 1.6
2250 Hz 1.4
2500 Hz 1.28
 Plot a graph of the amplitude of Vout against the frequency.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz
50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 20 3 0 35 40 50 6 0 70 80 1 0 0 12 5 1 5 0 17 5 2 0 0 22 5 2 5 0
 Insert the TinkerCAD circuit.

Figure 2.2

 From your graph, mark off 70.7% of your peak voltage, and note down the corresponding
cutoff frequency, fc. The cutoff frequency can also be calculated from values of the
components in the circuit, i.e. the resistor R and the capacitor C, using the following formula.
Show your calculation: 1
f c= Hz
2 π RC

 Calculate the cutoff frequency using the above formula, and account for any discrepancies
between the calculated value and the measured value.
3.0 HIGH-PASS FILTER

3.1 CIRCUIT

C = 47nF

Vin R = 10kW Vout

Figure 3.1

 Figure 3.1 shows an RC network that behaves as a high-pass filter. Notice that the high-pass
filter is the same as the low-pass filter, but with the positions of the resistor and capacitor
interchanged. Here the input is in series with the capacitor and the output voltage is taken
across the resistor.

3.2 TESTS

 Repeat the tests as outlined in Section 2.2, but this time start your frequency readings at
100Hz and work your way up to 10 kHz. Record all your results in your lab book. The cutoff
frequency can be calculated in the same way as for the low-pass filter. Note that your
corresponding graph will not be the same as that shown in Figure 2.3.

FREQUENCY (Hz) Vp-p (V)

100 Hz 1.4
200 Hz 5
300 Hz 6.2
350 Hz 6.4
400 Hz 7
500 Hz 8
600 Hz 8.2
700 Hz 8.4
800 Hz 8.6
1000 Hz 8.8
2000 Hz 9
3000 Hz 9.2
5000 Hz 9.4
7500 Hz 9.6
9000 Hz 9.8
10,000 Hz 10
 

10
0

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Plot

H
20 z
0
H
a

30 z
0
H
35 z
0
H
40 z
0
graph

H
50 z
0
H
of

60 z
0
H
70 z
0
H
the

80 z

 Insert the TinkerCAD circuit.

0
10 Hz
00
20 Hz
00
30 Hz
00
amplitude

50 Hz
00
75 Hz
of

00
90 Hz
0
10 0 H
,0 z
Vout

00
Hz
against
the
frequency.
 Figure 3.2

 From your graph, mark off 70.7% of your peak voltage, and note down the corresponding
cutoff frequency, fc. The cutoff frequency can also be calculated from values of the
components in the circuit, i.e. the resistor R and the capacitor C, using the following formula.

1
f c= Hz
2 π RC

 Calculate the cutoff frequency using the above formula, and account for any discrepancies
between the calculated value and the measured value.

Show your calculation:

4.0 BAND-PASS FILTER

4.1 CIRCUIT

Figure 4.1 shows a series RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit used as a filter. Here the
output voltage is taken across the resistor. The input is in series with the inductor and the
capacitor.

L = 10mH

C = 47nF

Vin R = 1kW Vout

Figure 4.1

4.2 TESTS

 Repeat the tests as outlined in Section 2.2 (frequencies from 2kHz up to 30kHz). However,
the characteristics for a band-pass filter differ greatly from that of the previous two filters
investigated. When plotting your graph of the amplitude of Vout against the frequency, make
sure it resembles that of Figure 4.2.

FREQUENCY (KHz) Vp-p (V)

2 KHz 5
4 KHZ 8.4
6 KHz 9.2
8 KHz 9
10 KHz 8.8
12 KHz 8
14 KHz 8
16 KHz 7.5
18 KHz 7
20 KHz 6.5
22 KHz 6.2
24 KHz 6
26 KHz 5
30 KHz 5

 Plot a graph of the amplitude of Vout against the frequency.

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
z Z z z z z z z z z z z z z
2
KH KH 6 KH 8 KH 0 KH 2 KH 4 KH 6 KH 8 KH 0 KH 2 KH 4 KH 6 KH 0 KH
4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3

Vout p-p (V)

100%

70.7%

f1 f0 f2
Frequency (Hz)

 Insert the TinkerCAD circuit.

 Figure 4.2

 As mentioned earlier, a band-pass filter allows signals to pass whose frequencies lie within a
certain band, i.e. those frequencies that are between a lower cutoff frequency f1 and an upper
cutoff frequency f2, as shown in Figure 4.2. The bandwidth (BW) of a band-pass filter is the
difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.

BW = f2- f1 Hz

 From your graph, mark off the peak value of the output voltage, and consequently, draw a
horizontal line marking off 70.7% of this value so that it intersects the graph at the points
shown in Figure 4.2. Note in your lab books f0, f1, and f2 as measured from the graph, and
thus calculate the bandwidth for your circuit.

 Formulae can also be used to calculate the cutoff frequencies and central frequency (also
called the resonant frequency).

2
f 1=
1
4π (√( )
R 4 R
+ − Hz
L LC L )
2
f 2=
1
4π (√( )
R 4 R
+ +
L LC L
Hz )
1
f 0=
2 π ( √ LC )

Show your calculation:

 Use the above formulae to compute the desired frequencies, based on the nominal values of
the components used in your band-pass filter circuit. Next compute the bandwidth using

R
BW= Hz
2 πL

3.0 COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

 Comment on the discrepancies between the theoretical calculations and the practical results.
Also comment on how you would change the cutoff frequencies for the circuits investigated,
and what components you could use to tune your circuits.

There is no significant contradiction between theoretical and practical accounts

Frequencies can be changed using a fuction generator Using capstore and impedance
 In your own words describe what the three filters do, and can you think of any uses for such
circuits.

Low pass filter

It is a filter that passes through low-frequency signals and reduces (de-
intensifies) signals with frequencies above the stop frequency

A circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitors in parallel

Low-frequency filters exist in many forms, including electronic circuits

(such as whistling or whisper filters used in audio recording), anti-
aliasing filters to adapt signals before converting from analogue to
digital, digital filters to fine-tune (ensure the smoothness of) data sets,
sound isolators, image blur.

HIGH-PASS FILTER
It is a filter that rejects or attenuates low frequencies and passes high
frequencies.
A circuit consisting of capacitors and resistors connected in parallel

Filters are used in electrical circuits such as radio receivers to eliminate and
amplify frequencies that may interfere with the signal to be captured.

Band pass filter

It allows signals to pass in a specified frequency range (the range between Fol
and Foh) and prevents the passage of signals outside this range or range.

series RLC

Practical applications on this type of filter: wireless receivers and transmitters,

and their use is found in atmospheric sciences.