Biomed.

Electronics & Measurem-1L

Lab report 5

Mohammed Alharbi
2190001013
 EXPERIMENTS 5: INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE FILTERS
PRE-LAB

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT

a. 1. Build and test low-pass and high-pass filter on multisim.

b. 2. Calculate the cut-off frequency of filters.

c. 3. Use a Bode plotter to observe the frequency response of the filters.

d. 4. Do the needful calculations of all filters given circuits in guideline.

INTRODUCTION
An electric filter is a frequency-selecting circuit designed to pass a specified band of frequencies
while attenuating signals of frequencies outside this band. Filters may be either active or passive
depending on the type of elements used in their circuitry. Passive filters contain only resistors,
capacitors, and inductors. Active filters employ transistors or op-amps in addition to resistors and
capacitors. Active filters offer several advantages over passive filters. Since the op-amp is
capable of providing a gain, the input signal is not attenuated as it is in a passive filter. Because
of the high input and low output resistance of the op-amp, the active filter does not cause loading
of the source or load

A low-pass filter has a constant gain (=Vout/Vin) from 0 Hz to a high cut off frequency fH. This
cut off frequency is defined as the frequency where the voltage gain is reduced to 0.707, that is at
fH the gain is down by 3 dB; after that (f > fH) it decreases as f increases. The frequencies
between 0 Hz and fH are called pass band frequencies, whereas the frequencies beyond fH are
the so-called stop band frequencies. A common use of a low-pass filter is to remove noise or
other unwanted high-frequency components in a signal for which you are only interested in the
dc or low frequency components.

A high-pass filter has a stop band for 0 < f < fL and where fL is the low cut off frequency. A
common use for a high-pass filter is to remove the dc component of a signal for which you are
only interested in the ac components (such as an audio signal).
A bandpass filter has a pass band between two cut off frequencies fH and fL, (fH > fL), and two
stop bands 0 < f < fL and f > fH. The bandwidth of a bandpass filter is equal to fH–fL.
Task 1: Build and test low-pass filter on multisim, Consider Vin=1Vp-p
a. Calculate the cut off frequency.
b. Design the low pass filter with Cutoff 48.2 Hz and capacitor is 1μF.
c. Design the low pass filter with Cutoff 1591.5 Hz and consider resistor is 1kΩ

a. Cut off frequncey = 159.1Hz

Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout
1 20 -2.10V -2.10V
2 50 -2.02V -2.02V
3 100 -1.79V -1.79V
4 500 -0.720mV -0.720mV
5 1000 -0.330mV -0.330mV

b. Cut off frequncey = 48.2Hz, R=3301ohm

Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout

1 20 -7.02V -6.47V
2 50 -4.87V -4.86V
3 100 -3.04V -3.03V
4 500 -0.67V -0.670mV
5 1000 -0.338V -0.337mV

c. Cut off frequency=1591.5 Hz , C=10uF

 Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout
1 20 -2.12V -2.12V
2 50 -2.12V -2.12V
3 100 -2.12V -2.12V
4 500 -2.12V -2.02V
5 1000 -2.12V -1.79V

Task 2: Build and Run high-pass filter on multisim. Consider Vin=1Vp-p

a. Calculate the cut off frequency.
b. Design the high pass filter with Cutoff 318.3 Hz and capacitor is 1μF.
c. Design the high pass filter with Cutoff 723.4 Hz and consider resistor is 1kΩ
Vin=1 Vp-p, R1 1kΩ = R2 = 10kΩ; C=1μF

a. Cut off frequency=159.1Hz

Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout
1 20 -1.25V -1.24V
2 50 -3V -3.00V
3 100 -5.94V -5.32V
4 500 -9.52V -9.51V
5 1000 -9.87V -9.88V
 B. Cut off frequency=318.3Hz
R=500ohm
Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout
1 20 -1.25V -1.25V
2 50 -3.10V -3.16V
3 100 -5.99V -6.01V
4 500 -11.3V -11.12V
5 1000 -11.1V -11.12V

C. Cut off frequency= 723.4 Hz

Capacitor. C=723.4 Hz
Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout
1 20 -0.276V -0.27V
2 50 -0.69V -0.69V
3 100 -1.37V -1.37V
4 500 -5.69V -5.70V
5 1000 -8.10V -8.13V
 EXPERIMENTS 5: INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE FILTERS
LAB GUIDELINE
OBJECTIVE

Construct different types of Filters by using op-amps on breadboard.

INTRODUCTON

Main disadvantage of passive filters is that the amplitude of the output signal is less than that of
the input signal, i.e., the gain is never greater than unity and that the load impedance affects the
filters characteristics. As their name implies, Active Filters contain active components such as
operational amplifiers, transistors or FET’s within their circuit design. They draw their power
from an external power source and use it to boost or amplify the output signal

Where:

F = The frequency of the input signal in Hertz (Hz)

Fc= The cut-off frequency in Hertz (Hz)
Af= The pass band gain of the filter,l
 PROCEDURE
Build up the following circuits on breadboard and compare your results with prelab

a. Low P ass Filter

Vin= 1Vp-p:
Cut off Frequency=159.1Hz
Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout Measured Vout
1 20 -2.12V -2.10V -2.1V
2 50 -2.12V -2.02V -2.01V
3 100 -1.80V -1.79V -1.9V
4 500 -0.64V -0.720mV -0.680V
5 1000 -0.33V -0.330mV -0.368V

b. High Pass Filter

Like the previous active low pass filter circuit, the simplest form of an active high pass filter is to connect
a standard inverting or non-inverting operational amplifier to the basic RC high pass passive filter circuit
as shown.
A simple first-order active high pass filter can also be made using an inverting operational amplifier

Cut off Frequency=159.1Hz

Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout simulated Vout Measured Vout
1 20 -1.25V -1.25V -2.25V
2 50 -3V -3.00V -3.10V
3 100 -5.94V -5.32V -5.22V
4 500 -9.52V -9.54V -9.44V
5 1000 -9.87V -9.86V -9.76V

c. Active Bandpass Filter

For a low pass filter this pass band starts from 0Hz or DC and continues up to the specified cut-
off frequency point at -3dB down from the maximum pass band gain. Equally, for a high pass

filter the pass band starts from this -3dB cut-off frequency and continues up to infinity or the
 maximum open loop gain for an active filter.
However, the Active Band Pass Filter is slightly different in that it is a frequency selective filter
circuit used in electronic systems to separate a signal at one particular frequency, or a range of
signals that lie within a certain “band” of frequencies from signals at all other frequencies. This
band or range of frequencies is set between two cut-off or corner frequency points labelled the
“lower frequency” ( ƒL ) and the “higher frequency” ( ƒH ) while attenuating any signals outside
of these two points.
Take Vin=3 Vp-p
Cutoff frequency
FL = 2340.51 Hz
FH = 338.63 HZ
Fin(Hz) Calculated Vout
1 20 -0.14V
2 50 -0.44V
3 100 -0.96V
4 500 -1.12V
5 1000 -1.22V
6 2000 -1.15V
7 3000 -0.98V
8 4000 -0.83V

In conclusion

In conclusion, three types of filters have been implemented. First,

with the low pass filter which is decreasing the frequency of the signal after the cutoff
frequency to eliminate noise and provide a clear signal. Second with the high
pass filter which is decreasing the low frequency and allowing the high to pass, last with
active bandpass filter which is between the high and low frequency.