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Refrigeration Cycle - is a sequence of thermodynamic processes

Refrigeration whereby heat is withdrawn from a cold body and expelled to a hot
body.
Refrigeration - a branch of science that deals with the process of
cooling a space or substance below the environmental temperature. Methods of Refrigeration
1. Ice refrigeration
Refrigeration System - is an assembly of four major components, 2. Mechanical Refrigeration
namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, the evaporator
through which a very low boiling point substance flow in a cycle and 3. Absorption Refrigeration
absorbs heat from the immediate surroundings, thereby producing the 4. Air Cycle Refrigeration
cooling effect. 5. Steam Jet Refrigeration

Product Load
Calculating Cooling Load from Products: and,
The total Refrigeration load is equal to the sum
of the cooling load from products and the heat gained
from external sources.

where: Q = total refrigeration load

Q1 = heat to cool from initial to freezing temp.
Q2 = heat to freeze
Q3 = heat to cool from freezing to final temp.
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Ice Refrigeration

1. Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it were

Amount of cooling provided by the ice: to be cooled from 20oC to 4oC, after which it is frozen and cooled to -
18oC. Specific heat of beef above freezing is given as 3.23 KJ/kg.oC and
below freezing is 1.68 KJ/kg.oC, freezing point is -2.2oC, and latent
heat of fusion is 233 KJ/kg.
A. 41,319 KJ
B. 37,438 KJ
C. 36,438 KJ
D. 42,329 KJ

example

2. How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10 metric 3. An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at -15oC from water at
tons of ice per day at -10oC from raw water at 22oC if miscellaneous 25oC. If miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling load,
losses are 15% of the chilling and freezing load? calculate the refrigeration capacity of the plant in tons of
A. 17 TOR refrigeration.
B. 20 TOR A. 28.13
C. 15 TOR B. 38.13
D. 24 TOR C. 31.50
D. 41.50
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Mechanical Refrigeration Compressor

the removal of heat by utilizing a refrigerant • the heart of the vapor compression system.
subjected to cycles of refrigerating thermodynamics
and employing a mechanical compressor.

Condenser

• receives superheated refrigerant

from the compressor, remove the
Types of compressors superheat and then liquify the
1. reciprocating - consists of a piston moving back and forth in a refrigerant.
cylinder with suction and discharge valves arranged to allow pumping
to take place.
2. rotary - it has rotating member and a positive displacement machine
3. centrifugal - it has a rotating member and operates by centrifugal
force.
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Expansion Valve
Evaporator
• it reduces the pressure of the
liquid refrigerant.
• a heat exchanger which transfers heat from the substance being
• it regulates the flow of the cooled to a boiling refrigerant.
refrigerant to the evaporator.

Vapor Compression Cycle

Pressure-Enthalpy Diagrams
It is the most important refrigeration cycle from
the standpoint of commercial acceptance.
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Analysis of the Vapor Compression Cycle

1. Compressor Work, Wc 2. Volume Flow Rate at Suction; V1'

3. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, QR 4. Enthalpy Leaving the Expansion Valve, h4

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5. Refrigerating Capacity, QA 6.Coefficient of Performance, COP - it is the ratio of the

refrigerating effect to the compressor work.

7. Power per Ton of Refrigeration, P(ton) 8. Power per KW of Refrigeration, P(kw)

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9. Volume Flow per Ton of Refrigeration;Vton 10. Piston Displacement, VD - it is

the volume swept through by the
pistons in their suction strokes per
unit time.

11. Actual Volumetric Efficiency, eva - it is the ratio of 12. Clearance Volumetric Efficiency, evc
the volume flow rate at suction to the piston
displacement.
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13. Compression Efficiency, ec 14. Mechanical Efficiency, em

- it is the ratio of the isentropic compressor work - it is the ratio of the indicated power to the
to the actual compressor work. brakepower.

example

1. A refrigeration system operates on an ideal vapor compression using
R-12 with an evaporator temperature of -30oC and a condenser exit
temperature of 49.30oC and requires 74.6 KW motor to drive the
compressor. What is the capacity of the refrigerator in tons of
refrigeration? Enthalpy at condenser entrance = 382 KJ/kg, exit =
248.15 KJ/kg, at evaporator entrance = 248.15 KJ/kg, exit = 338.14
KJ/kg.
A. 43.1 C. 21.3
B. 34.5 D. 18.2
2. An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5KW to power the
compressor. You have found the following data for the cycle: the
enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203 KJ/kg, exit = 55 KJ/kg;
evaporator entrance = 55 KJ/kg, exit = 178 KJ/kg. If the mass flow rate
of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, then the coefficient of performance of
this refrigeration cycle is most nearly:
A. 592 C. 5.92
B. 59.2 D. 4.92
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3. A 95 tons of refrigeration system has a compressor power of 90 Hp. 4. A 500 KW refrigeration system is used to produce cooled water from
Find the coefficient of performance, COP. 24oC to 3oC. Calculate the mass flow rate of water in kg/s.
A. 3.85 A. 5.69 kg/s
B. 2.77 B. 4.69 kg/s
C. 4.77 C. 6.69 kg/s
D. 1.99 D. 7.69 kg/s

5. What is the COP of a vapor compression refrigeration system with 6. The mass flow of water entering the condenser is 20 kg/s. If the
the following properties: Enthalpy at suction is 190 KJ/kg; enthalpy temperature difference between the entrance and exit temperatures
after compression is 210 KJ/kg. The enthapy after condensation is 60 is 20oC, determine the rejected heat in the condenser.
KJ/kg. A. 1,674.80 KW
A. 4.5 C. 6.5 B. 1,774.80 KW
B. 5.5 D. 3.5 C. 1,574.80 KW
D. 1,884.80 KW
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Assessment:

1. A refrigeration using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kW of refrigeration. The

7. Compute the cooling rate (energy flow rate in Btu/hr) produces by evaporating temperature is -10 oC and the condensing temperature is 40 oC.
Calculate the fraction of vapor (x) in the mixture before the evaporator. Properties
ice melting at the rate of 150 lb/hr. of R-22:
A. 30000 Btu/hr @ -10oC; hg = 410.60 kJ/kg, hf = 188.43 kJ/kg
B. 10,530 Btu/hr @ 40oC; hf = 249.69 kJ/kg
C. 21,600 Btu/hr
D. 15,000 Btu/hr 2. Five hundred kilograms of poultry enter a chiller at 8oC and are frozen and chilled
to a final temperature of -18oC for storage in 15 hrs. The specific heat above and
below freezing are 3.18 kJ/kgoC and 1.55 kJ/kgoC respectively. The latent heat is 246
kJ/kg and the freezing temperature is -5 oC. Compute the product load in kW.

Assessment:

3. A 10 tons ice plant using ammonia refrigerant operates between evaporator and
condenser temperature of -20oC and 35oC respectively. The ice plant is to produce
ice at -12oC from water at 30oC in 24 hours. Assuming losses to be 18% of the heat
absorbed from the water, determine the power required (kW) by compressor.
Note: Properties of Ammonia: h1 = 1437 kJ/kg, h2 = 1736 kJ/kg, h3=h4 = 366 kJ/kg.

4. An industrial plant requires 10 kg/s to cool water from 30 oC to 1 oC. Find the
tons of refrigeration required.

5. A 352 kW refrigeration system has a compressor power input of 1 kW per ton

refrigeration. If the coefficient of performance is 4.5, what is the compressor
efficiency?