Introduction

1.1. Testing
Identification/determination of properties or attributes of something is known as
testing.
1.2. Textile testing**
When testing is done on textile material i.e. fiber, yarn and fabric then it is
called textile testing.
1.3. Objective of Textile Testing ***
Following are the objectives of textile testing:
1. Research: The results of testing in research will help the scientist to decide
which route to follow next. What appears to be sound theory is often disproved
by experiment and other lines of reasoning must then be pursued.
2. Selection of Raw material: Raw material is a relative term. The raw material
of spinner is the fibre. The raw material of the weaver is yarn and that of the
finisher is cloth. There may be variation in their quality.
Fibres may be vary in length, Colour, fineness, and strength etc.
Yarns may vary in count, strength, twist (TPI)
Fabrics may vary in threads per inch. EPI, PPI, and shrinkage
The testing of fibers is generally not so important when
dealing with MMF because they are supplied to customer’s requirements and
their properties including length, colour and fineness are determined and
controlled during their manufacture.
3. Process Control:
Spinning  Weaving  Dyeing  Finishing.
Yarn process:
Input  M/c  Out put
Fibre  Blow Room  Lap
Lap/Chute  Carding  Carded sliver
Carded sliver  Draw frame  Drawn sliver
Drawn sliver  Speed frame  Roving
Roving  Ring frame  Yarn.
End breakage should be controlled by controlling weight per lap length, sliver
length, roving length or yarn length. Weaving process should be controlled the
excessive breakage of warp and weft yarn, EPI, design.
Dyeing process should be controlled by M: L, pH, temp, pressure. Finishing
process controlled by softness.

4. Product Control: The end product of a process should full fill the desired
quality.
Spinning process  Yarn: Count, Twist.
Weaving process  Fabrics: EPI, PPI, Shrinkage.
Dyeing process  Color matching, fastness properties.
Finishing process  Finished fabrics: Softness.
5. Process Development: To avoid unnecessary waste of time and money and
improve the end product (quality) may change the machine design and setting.
May add or discharge some process.
6. Product development: The testing of the product helps in the continual
search for new knowledge. To produce new item first should develop a sample
as like desired product. It may change as demand customer.
7. Specification test: To re produce a product first should test the specification
to the material.
Specification of yarn  Count, Strength.
Fabric  EPI, PPI, Shrinkage.
Finished Fabric  Fastness, softness etc.
Garments  Measurement of garments (length, chest, sleeve etc.)

1.4. Types of testing

Usually two types as follows-
1. Routine process testing: When testing results is obtained immediately
after testing is done.
2. Quality record testing: Keeping the record of test results in order to
perform various tasks.
1.5. Relation between testing and quality control
In order to control the quality of a product, the results of textile testing are
applied. The attained result are evaluated and analyzed to select the raw
material and control of products quality. These two parameters act together to
achieve desired quality.
1.6. Causes of lack of Reproducibility

a. Variation in the material: Due to material property. Can be solved by

appropriate sample selection and accurate statistical methods.
b. Variation caused by the test method: Occurs due to operator problem.
E.g. not proper caring, test procedures not accurately followed etc. Or can
be due to sample dimension, ambient conditions, parameters and types of
the machine.
1.7. Forms of textile materials for textile testing: Fibers (matt, sliver, roving),
Yarn and fabric.

1.8. Typical tests for fiber, yarn & fabric***

For fiber: Identification, fiber length, strength, trash, neps, maturity, fineness,
color (yellowness), Reflectance (Rd), MR, MC etc.
For yarn: Linear density, strength, twist, hairiness, evenness & irregularity etc.
For fabric: Length, width, weight, strength, thickness, crimp, air & water
permeability, crease, Drapability, Handle, Abrasion resistance, comfort
properties, color fastness test, dimensional properties, resiliency test etc, pilling,
water absorbency, shrinkage, EPI & PPI, fabric construction, Thermal
properties etc.
1.9. Factors affecting test results**
The following factors may affect the test results of tested materials-
a. Sampling
b. Atmospheric condition during test
c. Method of test
d. Testing instruments used
e. The efficiency of technician