Cytoskeleton

 What is it?
- cell’s framework
- made of proteins

 Functions:
- provide support
- hold organelles in place
- enable cell to change
shape
Cytoskeleton

Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubules

Types of Cytoskeleton
 Microtubules:
- largest diameter
- provide structural support
- form cilia and flagella
 Intermediate filaments:
- medium diameter
- maintain cell shape
 Microfilaments:
- smallest diameter
- involved in cell movement
 Cytoskeleton
Microfilament & Microtubule

Nucleus Microfilament Microtubule

Central
Dogma of Life:
DNA Expressing Itself

UST Senior High School

Earth and Life Science
TODAY’S OBJECTIVES:
REMEMBER LAST TIME?!c
 NUCLEIC
ACID

CENTRAL
DNA RNA DOGMA

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
REPLICATION

DNA  RNA 
DNA  DNA
RNA PROTEINS
 Whole Cell Activity

 A cell’s characteristics are determine

by the type of proteins produced

 Proteins’ function is determined by

genetics

 Information in DNA provides the cell

with a code for its cellular processes
It’s all in the DNA!

GENES
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
 Whatis it?
- double helix in nucleus
- composed of nucleotides
- contains 5 carbon sugar
(deoxyribose, nitrogen base,
phosphate)
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid
Nitrogenous base pairs
James Watson and Francis Crick

 Watson-Crick model

 “double helix”

They did not discover

DNA or even if DNA
contained genetic
information
Friedrich Meischer

 studied white blood cells by

collecting used bandages from
hospitals

 used alcohol to dissolve lipids

and enzymes that break down
proteins then noticed a gray
object left

“nuclein”
Rosalind Franklin

 first to confirm the helical

structure of DNA

 X-ray diffraction

 not recognized for her work 

died at the age

of 37 due to
ovarian cancer
Central Dogma of Life
Why PROTEINS??!

Proteins are used for digestion,

movement, respiration and practically
everything else that you do!
Central Dogma of Life
“unzipping “building “initiating “glue-ing
enzyme” enzyme” enzyme” enzyme”
Helicase: unzipping enzyme
DNA Polymerase: building enzyme
Primase: initiating enzyme
Okazaki Fragments – short synthesized DNA fragments on the
lagging strand
Ligase: glue-ing enzyme
Central Dogma of Life
Central Dogma of Life
Central Dogma of Life
 Try to think of it
as pizza-making!
Transcription and Translation
Transcription - synthesis of an RNA strand
(messenger RNA/mRNA) from a DNA template
 Transcription
 What is it?
- process by which DNA is “read”
- occurs in the nucleus
- produces mRNA (messenger RNA)
- mRNA contains codons
- codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases
that code for a particular amino acid
Codon - sequence of three DNA or RNA
nucleotides that corresponds with a specific
amino acid

AUG (methionine)
– start codon
UGA, UAG & UAA
– stop codon
Genetic Code
Translation - synthesis of proteins directed by
mRNA template (mRNA to tRNA/transfer RNA)
Translation

 What is it?
- process by mRNA is converted into
amino
acids (polypeptides)
- produces proteins
- occurs in the cytoplasm
- codons pair with anticodons
- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried
by tRNA
Central Dogma of Life
That’s all!